Production technology of broccoli

WILD MUSTARD PLANT (Brassica oleraceae)

Department of Vegetable science
COLLEGE OF HORTICULTURE, BAGALKOTE
26-May-21 3
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Couse title: Advances in cole crops VSC609 (1+1)
Topic: Advances Broocli
Presented To
Dr. Raveendra Jawadagi
Professor & HOD
Department of vegetable science
COH, Bagalkot
Presented By
Sanmathi Naik A T S
1st Ph. D (Hort.)
Department of vegetable science
COH, Bagalkot

INTRODUCTION
 Common name: Sprouting broccoli
 Scientific name: Brassica oleraceae var. italica
 Family: Brassicaceae
 Chromosome number: 2n=2x=18
 Origin: Meditaranian region
 Proginator: B. oleraceae var. sylvestris
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Broccoli is recently introduced to India during 1990 from USA.

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Broccoli is an Italian word dervied from Latin word Brachium – arm or branch
or Brocco- Young Shoot
In Italy, used as vegetable from early times
In USA large part of the produce goes to freezing industry
Edible part comprises unopened green flower bud clusters along with
part of fleshy stem
All the species of Brassica contains glucosinolates (goitrogenic
substance)
It is mostly cultivated in hilly regions of Himachal Pradesh, Jammu
Kashmir , Uttar Pradesh and Nilgiri hills.

MEDICINAL VALUE OF BROCCOLI
 Broccoli contains multiple nutrients with potent anti-cancer properties, such as
Di-indolyl methane and small amounts of Selenium.
 The 3, 3-di-indolylmethane found in broccoli is a potent modulator of the innate
immune response system with- Anti-viral, Anti-bacterial, and Anticancer activity
 “Glucoraphanin” which can be processed into an anti-cancer compound
“Sulforaphane”
 Excellent source of “Indole-3-carbinol”, a chemical which boosts DNA repair in
cells and appears to block the growth of cancer cells.
 Sulforaphane induces the production of certain enzymes that can deactivate free-
radicals and carcinogens.
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The real potent nutritional value of broccoli lies in substances called “Isothiocyanates”.
They are a class of very potent anti-carcinogens. Meaning, they fight and help prevent
cancer. Tests have shown that broccoli’s anti-cancer compounds greatly protected mice from
stomach cancer( Abdullah and Koyama, 2009).
Mukherji and Mishra, 2012

 Broccoli sprouts have been developed under the trade name
“Brocco Sprouts” that have a consistent level of sulforaphane –
as much as 20 times higher than the levels found in mature
heads of broccoli (Jackson and Singletary, 2008).
 Sulforaphane, boosts the production of an enzyme known to
neutralize carcinogens before they trigger tumor growth.
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Broccoli is good. Broccoli Sprouts are even better. At a mere 3 days old, they
contain at least 20 times as much of disease- fighting Sulforaphane
Glucosinolate (SGS) as their elders.
It has been studied that just 3 servings a month of raw broccoli can reduce
the risk of bladder cancer by as much as 40 %( Liu2009).

NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF BROCCOLI
TABLE 1: PROXIMATE NUTRITIONAL VALUE (/100gm) OF BROCCOLI
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TABLE 2: PROXIMATE VITAMINS (/100gm) IN BROCCOLI
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TABLE 3: PROXIMATE MINERALS (/100 gm) IN BROCCOLI
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TABLE 4: ELECTROLYTES AND PHYTONUTRIENTS IN BROCCOLI

BOTANY
 Sprouting broccoli plant grows erect about 60 cm high
with large flower heads, which are arranged in a tree-
like structure on branching sprout from a thick edible
stalk
 Plant Habit: Herbaceous, Biennial
 Stem: Short and succulent
 Leaves: Glabrous, Glacous and succulent, alternate,
rosette of leaves in early developmental stage, large
with wavy margin.
 Root System: Shallow root
 Flower stalks are longer than cauliflower
 The Sprouts in the axils of leaves develop strongly,
specially after the removal of the terminal head
 Flowering is hastened by exposure to low temperatures
 Both terminal head and the sprouts with bud clusters are
consumed as human food.

FLOWERS
 Complete (Actinomorphic and bisexual)
 Entamophyllus (Honey bees)
Highly cross-pollinated crop due to sporophytic self-incompatibility, which is
determined by up to 10 alleles at S locus

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 Androecium is tetradynamous i.e., there are
two short and four long stamens
 Flowers are borne in racemes on main stem
and on its branches.
 Calyxes are gamosepalous with four sepals
and the corolla gamopetalous with four petals
and cruciform
Anthesis takes place early in the morning
between 7:30 and 8:00 a.m. and remains
continued up to 11:30 a.m. depending upon
prevailing weather conditions.
Pollen fertility is maximum on the day of
anthesis.
Stigma is receptive 2–3 days before the day of
anthesis due to protogyny condition of the
flowers and remains receptive even up to 4 days
after anthesis

 The glycoproteins present in the stigma hinder the pollen
germination and penetration of pollen tubes through the styler
tissue.
 Cytoplasmic male sterility (Ogura male sterile radish) system
in which male sterility is manifested due to interaction of
cytoplasm, and nuclear gene is generally utilized in hybrid seed
production of broccoli
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Pollen fertility is maximum on the day of anthesis.
Stigma is receptive 2–3 days before the day of anthesis due to
protogyny condition of the flowers and remains receptive even up
to 4 days after anthesis

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Seed
 Fruit is glabrous siliqua
 Pods are linear, cylindrical, or conical, which dehisce longitudinally
 There are between 10-30 seeds per siliqua
 1g= 325 seeds

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Types of broccoli

 Brocooli is a cool season crop.
 Seed germination takes place at 12-16oC
and optimum temperature for growth is
16-20oC.
 Hot weather results in development of
small and thin leaves in the head.
 Generally, the plants of broccoli are
hardy, can withstand fairly heavy frosts.
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 It requires moist soil for fast
and proper growth.
 The shoots become more
fibrous under dry soil.
 It comes up well in pH range
of 5.0 to 6.5
Grows best on a well-drained, medium to heavy soil with high
organic matter content.
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All weeds and stubbles are removed from
the field and well-rotten farmyard manure
is incorporated in the field thoroughly.
The field is prepared well in advance with one deep ploughing and 2–3 light
ploughings followed by planking as essential to obtain a fine tilth.
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Classified based on maturity groups
1. The early maturing cultivars
 Annual
 Requiring no vernalization to initiate inflorescence and
flowering
2. Late maturing cultivars
 Biennial type
 Require vernalization to produce inflorescence.
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On the basis of maturity
Early season (58-65 days) Mid season (65-75 days) Late season (>75 days)
Gypsy (F1, 58 days) Marathon (F1, 68 days) Green Sprouting Late
Blue Wind (F1, 49-55 days) Belstar (F1, 65-75 days) Palam Haritika
De Cicco (OP, 48 days) Diplomat (F1, 68 days)
Resistant to downy
mildew
Amadeus (F1, 56 days) Express (F1, 75 days)
Arcadia (F1, 63-68 days)
Early season (58-65 days)
Gypsy (F1, 58 days)

PUSA BROCCOLI KTS-1
 A variety developed at Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), Vegetable
Research Station, Katrain, through selection from a segregating exotic
germplasm has medium tall (40–50 cm) plants.
 Its foliage is waxy and dark green with slightly wavy margins.
 Heads are solid green with small beads slightly raised in the centre.
 Its average main head weight is 350–450 g.
 It takes 90–105 days after transplanting to
be mature in temperate climate,
which may be 5–10 days earlier in the tropical climate.
 Its average yield is 160 q/ha
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PALAM SAMRIDHI
A variety developed at Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishva Vidyalaya, Palampur
(Himachal Pradesh), through selection from an exotic material produces compact
green heads free from yellow eyes and bracts.
The average large terminal head weight is 300–400 g.
Plants are branched, bearing sprouts in the axil of leaves, which develop into
small heads.
The average yield varies from 150 to 200 q/ha.
It is ready to harvest in 85–90 days after transplanting
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A green sprouting broccoli with delayed maturity and dark green upright leaves
with purple reddish tinge produces tender and crisp heads, which are full of flavour
and suitable for salad as well as cooking.
It attains marketable maturity in 145–150 days.
Its average yield potential is 175–225 q/ha.
PALAM HARITIKA
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PALAM VICHITRA
A variety with open dark leaves developed at Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishva
Vidyalaya, Palampur (Himachal Pradesh) through recurrent breeding produces
purple heads.
The head is medium sized, purple coloured, compact and attractive, attaining
marketable maturity in 115–120 days after transplanting with an average yield
potential of 225–250 q/ha.
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PALAM KANCHAN
A heading type variety developed at Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishva
Vidyalaya, Palampur (Himachal Pradesh) has long, broad, bluish green upright
leaves with prominent white midrib and veins.
The heads are compact, attractive and yellowish green, attaining marketable
size in 140–145 days after transplanting with an average yield potential of
250–275 q/ha
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 A variety developed at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana through
selection is recommended for growing in Punjab.
 Foliage is dark green with smooth leaf surface and wavy margin with a
bluish tinge.
 Main head and spears in the leaf axils are dark green with bluish tinge.
 It takes 65–70 days after transplanting to harvest and its average yield is 70
quintals per hectare.
PUNJAB BROCCOLI-1
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 Puspha and Prema by Seminis Vegetable Seeds India
Limited,
 Tahoe and Monfalis by Rizwan Seeds Company
 Green Beauty by Doctor Seeds Private Limited.
 CBH-1 and CBH-2 by Century Seeds Limited
Fiesta
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Heat tolerant varieties
 Flash: ready to harvest in 60 days of planting
 Green Magic: green blue heads, good for freezing
Side shoot producers
 Green Goliath
 Bonanza
 De Cicco
 Waltham
 Apollo

 Romanesco broccoli : It has a distinct fractal appearance of
its heads and is chartreuse in colour. It is technically a
Botrytis group cultivar.
 Broccoflower : cross between Broccoli × Cauliflower
eg. Veronica
Romanesco broccoli Broccoflower
Special broccoli varieties

Broccolini : Natural hybrid between
Broccoli × Chinese kale
 Developed 8 years back by Yokohama
company, Japan
 Broccolini is simply a term for broccoli
side shoots.
 Many heading varieties of broccoli will
produce a flush of side shoots after the
main head is harvested, and these can be
harvested and prepared like the sprouting
broccoli above.
 Some varieties, like 'Apollo', produce
more side shoots and are the preferred
varieties for producing broccolini.
Broccolini

 The seed rate depends on the variety, plant spacing and real
value of the seed.
 About 300–400 g seed is required to raise seedlings sufficient
for transplanting a hectare area.
 A quantity of one gram contains 350 seeds.
 For direct sowing, the seed rate is about 1.2–1.6 kg/ha
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Seeds
Sowing in nursery beds (3.0 × 1.0 ×
0.15 m ) (10 beds for 1 ha area)
Farmyard manure or compost @ 20–
25 kg +single super phosphate @
200–250 g per bed and 50 g of
(19:19:19) + 200 g powdered neem
cake + 10 g Furadan 3G per bed
incorporated in top 5 cm soil at the
time of bed preparation
Beds re disinfected with 0.3%
solution of captan, thiram, mancozeb,
or Bavistin as 2% solution @ 5
litre/m2. Chlorpyrifos @ 2.5 ml/litre
of water may be used to protect the
nursery from soil-borne insect-pests
Seeds are sown in rows 5.0 cm apart
at a depth of about 1.0 cm
Then they covered with sieved
mixture of well-decomposed manure
and soil in equal proportion+ covered
with straw or long dry grass until
seed germination
Light irrigation is provided Wwith
rose can, to ensure uniform
germination and good growth
Mulch are removed as and when the
seedlings start emerging. Light
hoeing and weeding are needed
Hardening (by withholding water 4–5
days before uprooting the seedlings
or adding 4000 ppm sodium chloride,
or spraying 2000 ppm Cycocel
(CCC))
20-30 days after sowing when plants
attains 3-4 leaves transplanted to
main field.
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 FYM @ 20–25 t/ha, nitrogen is applied @ 150 kg, phosphorus 100 kg and
potassium 50 kg/ha, depending upon soil fertility status and cultivars.
 Full dose of phosphorus and potash fertilizers along with one-third of
nitrogenous fertilizer is applied as basal application.
 The remaining two-thirds dose of nitrogenous fertilizer is top-dressed in two
equal splits within 4–6 weeks of transplanting and just before the initiation of
heading.
 Weekly spray of 2% urea 20 days after transplanting increases the biomass of
whole plants, marketable yield and total antioxidant activity.
 broccoli is also sensitive to the deficiency of micronutrients, especially
molybdenum, in highly acidic soils and boron in alkaline soils.
 Application of 1.0 kg sodium or ammonium molybdate and 10–15 kg borax is
recommended in such soils.
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Objective
To study the effects of integrated use of organic manure, biological amendments,
and synthetic sources of nutrients on nutrient uptake and productivity of broccoli and
effects on soil health.
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Materials and methods
 Design of the experiment: Randomised complete block design
 Treatment details
 Number of treatments: 12
 Three Levels of NPK (100%, 75% and 50%)
 100% -125N-33P-50K kg·ha−1
 75% -93.75N-24.75P-37.5K kg·ha−1
 50% -62.5N-16.5P-25K kg·ha−1
 Two levels each of cow manure
 10 and 20 Mt·ha−1
 Seedlings were inoculated by dipping the roots for 15 min in a slurry containing
Azotobacter prior to transplanting
 Number of replications: 3
 Spacing: 45x45 cm
Sharma et al., (2008)
Uptake of N, P, and K was calculated as:
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Table 1: Effect of integrated nutrient management on different yield parameters of
broccoli (pooled data over years)
Results
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Table 2: Effect of integrated nutrient management on yield and
economics of broccoli production
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Table 3: Effect of integrated nutrient management on NPK uptake
(kg·ha−1) after harvesting of second crop
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 It appears that there is a possibility of saving up to 31N-8.4P-12.5K kg·ha−1
in cultivation of broccoli if 20 Mt·ha−1 of CM and Azotobacter are used in
combination with synthetic fertilizers.
 The combined use of organic and inorganic materials and Azotobacter
resulted in better utilization of nutrients, which enhanced yield and soil
health as evidenced by nutrient uptake and post-harvest soil fertility status.
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Inference

 The time of sowing depends on variety, growing season and location. In north Indian
plains, the optimum time for sowing seeds in nursery beds is from mid-August to
mid-September.
 In hills where snowfall is rare or mild, seed sowing is carried out during July–
August. In higher hills where snowfall is severe, nursery sowing is done in March–
April.
 Mid-September at Bajaura (Kullu valley) and second fortnight of October to the first
week of November at Dhaulakuan (low hills) have been reported to be the best
period for transplanting broccoli in Himachal Pradesh.
 Depending upon the prevailing weather conditions, the
seedlings become ready for transplanting after
4–6 weeks of sowing.
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 The seedlings are transplanted on flat or raised beds, preferably during afternoon
hours.
 The yield and size of broccoli heads are affected by plant spacing.
 The yield is more but closer spacing reduces the size of main head, less production
of spears and delays the horticultural maturity. The optimum spacing for planting
broccoli in field is 45 × 45 cm.
 Spacing in the light soils can be reduced to 45 × 30 cm.
 At Indian Agriculture Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi, 50 × 40 cm spacing has
been found best for the variety Pusa Broccoli Kt Sel-I.
 Depending upon the spacing, about 33,000 to 45,000 plants can be adjusted in a
hectare area.
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 Being a shallow-rooted crop, broccoli requires light irrigation frequently.
 An even supply of moisture is needed for broccoli seedlings to be
established.
 The crop grown in soil having longer water retention capacity gives
optimum yield.
 Dry spells during vegetative growth and head development stage result in
small-sized heads and reduced yield.
 Depending upon weather conditions and soil types, irrigation may be given
at an interval of 7–10 days to ensure optimum moisture for proper
vegetative growth and head formation
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 Weed control: 35-40DAT.
 Hand weeding or 2-3 light hoeing are recommended.
 Application of weedicide is economical
 Alachlore (0.5 lit/ha), pre planting sprays of Basalin @2kg
a.i/ha
 Earthing up: after each topdressing of fertilizers to provide
anchorage to the plant.
 Mulching: Black polythene mulch
 Growth regulators:
 2 sprays of GA3 @5ppm to the seedlings- increase the
yield and quality spears
 Dipping the seedlings in NAA @0.1-0.2 mg/lit solution
increase the yield.

 45-90 days after transplanting depending upon
cultivar and environment.
 Heads are harvested after attaining proper size
but before opening of buds and bud clusters are
compact.
 Once the buds are opened, heads will unfit for
marketing.
 Central head is harvested first, along with 15cm
long fleshy stem.
 In most cases main head alone is harvested and
spears are not harvested.
 When spears are harvested, these are tied
together in the shape of a single head and
marketed.
 Size: 15-25cm head in diameter and 250-600g
 Optimum yield is 5-15 t/ha.
 Early (50-60 q/ha)
 Late (100-150 q/ha)
 Average (75-100 q/ha)

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At room temperature 12-17 0C+75% RH it can be store upto 3days.
At cold storage 3 0C+ 88% RH it can be store upto 1 month.

DISORDER CAUSES CONTROL
1. Brown bead (Brown bud,
orange or yellow bud)
Floral bud turns yellow
and then brown
Necrotic and die
Environmental factors, high
temperature and humidity
Low Ca, K and Mg supply
i. Even water supply
ii. Growing of less
susceptible varieties
iii. Adequate supply of N
and moderate supply of
Ca and K.

2. Whiptail
(Plants become chlorotic
later leaves may be strap
like)
Mo deficiency i. 1.5 kg Sodium or
Ammonium
molybdate/ha
ii. Spray 0.1%
Ammonium molybdate
3. Blindness
(head not formed due to
damage to terminal bud)
• Low temp.
• Mechanical injury of
terminal bud
• Insect injury such as
Cutworm
i. Careful handling of
plants
ii. Avoid exposure of
plant to very low temp.
HOLLOW STEM

DISEASES SYMPTOMS CONTROL MEASURES
1. Damping off
(Pythium, Phytophthora,
Rhizoctonia spp.)
Germinated seed killed or
seedlings topple down due to
collar rotting
i. Seed treatment with
Thiram or Captan@ 3g/kg
seed
ii. Spray 0.2% Dithane M-
45
iii. Soil sterilization
2. Downy Mildew
(Pernospora parasitica)
Fluffy downy growth on lower
surface and purplish or yellow
brown spots on upper surface
of leaves
i. Seed treatment in hot
water at 50⁰C for 30 min.
ii. Spray 0.3% Dithane M-45
or Ridomil-72
3.Club root
(Plasmodiophora brassicae)
Swelling of roots causes club
shaped rootlets
i. Drenchimg of seed beds
with 1% formaldehyde
ii. Liming to correct soil pH
as it is more in acidic soils

Black rot
Damping off Downy Mildew Club root
Black Leg

Diseases Symptoms Control
4. Black leg
(Phoma lingam)
Seedlings topple over due
to distortion of vascular
bundle and root system
i. Seed treatment
ii. Hot water treatment
iii. Spray 0.2% Dithane
M-45
5.Black rot
(Xanthomonas campestris)
V shaped lesions with
brown veins on leaf
i. Hot water seed
treatment
ii. Seedling treatment
with 0.01%
Streptocycline
iii. Spray 0.01%
Streptocycline
6. Soft rot
(Erwinia carotovora)
Water soaked patches on
head which later turn dark
brown
i. 0.01% Streptocycline
ii. Spray 0.01%
Streptocycline

 Cabbage flea beetle
(Phylloterata cruciferae)
 Diamond back moth
Plutella xylostella)
 Cabbage butterfly
(Pieris brassicae)
 Cut worm
(Agrotis ipsilon)
 Aphids
(Brevicoryne brassicae)
Diamond Back Moth

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Cutworms:
The caterpillars are 3 to 4 cm long, gray or brown to almost black with various markings.
They hide in daytime and feed at night.
They cause damage by biting the foliage and by cutting down the young seedlings just
above the ground level.
Control:
1. Picking and destruction of the larvae at the early stage of the crop.
2. Growing of paired rows of mustard after every 25 rows of the crop.
3. Spraying of the heavily infested crop with Rogoror Endosulfan@ 2 -3 ml/l of water.
Leaf Webber:
The leaves are skeletonised by the larvae, which remain on the under surface of leaves in
webs and feed on them.
They also attack flower buds and pods.
The insect commonly sucks early grown crop.
Control:
1. Picking and destruction of the larvae at the early stage of the crop.
2. The crop should be sprayed with Cyfluthrin@ 0.5ml/1 of water.

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Mustard saw fly:
 The larvae of mustard saw fly feed on
leaves and it can be controlled by
spraying Chlorpyriphos or Quinalphos@
0.05%.
Aphids:
 They feed on the plants affecting the quality.
 Mustard can act as a trap crop for aphids.
 Neem seed kernel extract can be sprayed at 4%
or Oxydemeton methyl @ 0.02% can be sprayed
for controlling this insect.

 Broccoli is highly fragile as the respiration rate of freshly harvested heads
or spears is extremely high.
 The shelf life of broccoli heads and spears is significantly affected by
temperature.
 The harvested heads or spears are required to be hydro-cooled.
 At room temperature, the harvested produce can be kept for 2–3 days only,
but at 0ºC temperature and 95% relative humidity, it remains good for 10–
15 days.
 Packaging in low-density polyethylene (LDPE) bags or films helps in
keeping the broccoli heads more fresh and green under low temperature
conditions.
 It should never be stored along with climacteric fruits, which can cause
yellowing of green buds due to the production of large quantity of ethylene.
 Broccoli heads or spears are tied in bunches of about 250–500 g and
packed in waxed boxes or plastic crates.
 Deterioration occurs quickly in non-wrapped heads due to yellowing,
weight loss, stem hardening and chlorophyll degradation.
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BREEDING (Biotechnological approaches)
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Kumar and Kumar, 2016

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Kumar and Kumar, 2016

References
 Mukherjee, V. and Mishra, P.K., 2012. Broccoli an underexploited
neutraceutical. Sci. Res. Reporter, 2(3), pp.291-294.
 Vegetable crop science- M. K. Rana
 Sharma, A., Parmar, D.K., Kumar, P., Singh, Y. and Sharma, R.P., 2008.
Azotobacter soil amendment integrated with cow manure reduces need for NPK
fertilizers in Sprouting Broccoli. International journal of vegetable science, 14(3),
pp.273-285.
 Kumar, P. and Srivastava, D.K., 2016. Biotechnological advancement in genetic
improvement of broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica), an important vegetable
crop. Biotechnology letters, 38(7), pp.1049-1063.
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Production technology of broccoli

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