The document provides information about peas (Pisum sativum). It discusses the botanical and common names, family, uses of peas, varieties that have edible pods, origin in the Middle East, annual life cycle, weights and colors of peas, temperature preferences, self-pollination, nutritional benefits, and common diseases and pests. It also describes the flower structure including the five sepals, five petals, ten stamens, and pistil. Pea breeding methods are discussed including selection, hybridization, backcrossing, and induced mutations to develop varieties with traits like disease resistance, yield, and abiotic stress tolerance. Leading countries in pea production are also mentioned.

1. PEA
Submitted By
GROUP 5
Submitted To
Dr. Tahir Akram

2. Common Name: - peas
Botanical name: - Pisum sativum
Family: - fabacean
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3.  pea, (Pisum sativum), also called garden pea,
herbaceous annual plant in the family Fabaceae,
grown worldwide for its edible seeds.
 Peas can be bought fresh, canned, or frozen, and
dried peas a used in soups.
 Some varieties, including sugar peas and snow
peas, produce pods that are edible and are eaten
raw or cooked like green beans; popular in East
Asian .
 The plants are easy to grow seeds are a good
source of protein and dietary fiber.
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4. Its native to the Middle East, specifically to the area around
what is now Turkey and Iraq. 4

5.  Peas are annual plants life cycle of one year
 weighs between 0.1 and 0.36 gram
 pea commonly green, occasionally golden
yellow,
 infrequently purple
 pod-shaped vegetable
 cool-season vegetable crop
 soil temperature reaches 10 °C (50 °F),
 plants growing best at temperatures of 13 to 18 °C
(55 to 64 °F).
 Pea plants can self-pollinate.
 Height 3 ft 3 in to 6 ft 7 in)
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6.  Good source of vitamins C and E, zinc,
 Antioxidants strengthen your immune system.
 Such as vitamins A and B
 Cholesterol
 Help reduce inflammation
 lower your risk of chronic conditions,
 Including diabetes,
 Heart disease, and arthritis.
 Improve blood sugar
 cancer protective
 support digestive health.
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8.  Caused by bacteria Psuedomonas syringae
Symptoms
 Water-soaked spots on leaves, stems and pods
identical to those caused by bacterial blight; after
several days' lesions turn tan, lose their water-soaked
appearance and resemble a scorch or burn; stem
lesions are sunken and elongated and spread
upwards; symptomatic leaves dry and drop from
plant
 Disease is spread by infected seed; bacterium
survives in soil for several months; brown spot more
common on plants injured by wind, frost and hail or
by mechanical means
Management
 Plant only disease-free seed; continuously rotate
crops; avoid planting peas in fall when they are more
likely to be injured by inclement weather
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9. Caused by
 Fungus Botrytis cinerea
Symptoms
 Fuzzy gray elongated lesions which girdle stem
causing wilting of upper parts of plant small, oval,
water-soaked lesions on pods which are tan in
color pod lesions spread irregularly and become
gray and sunken; young pods may shrivel and
become covered in fuzzy, gray mycelial growth
 Fungus survives in or on crop debris
Management
 There is no reported resistance to gray mold in
pea; potassium deficiency may make plants more
susceptible and should be supplemented in
deficient soils
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10. Caused by
 Fungus Erysiphe pisi
Symptoms
 Yellow spots on upper surface of leaves; powdery
gray-white areas which coalesce to cover entire
plant; if plant is heavily infected it may appear
light blue or gray in color
 Fungus overwinters on plant debris or alternate
host; disease emergence is favored by warm, dry
weather with cool nights that result in dew
formation
Management
 Plant resistant varieties, particularly if sowing
late; use overhead irrigation (washes fungus from
leaves and reduces viability); plant crop as early
as possible; frequent applications of sulfur may be
required to control heavy infestations
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11. Caused by
 Pea enation mosaic virus (PEMV)
Symptoms
 Blister-like outgrowths (enations) on
underside of leaves and on pods; leaves
with translucent areas; severely deformed
plants
 Virus is transmitted by several species of
aphid
Management
 In areas where virus is a problem, early
planting may allow plants to mature
before virus becomes severley damaging;
control of aphid populations and hosts
plants which act as reservoirs can help
control spread of virus 11

12. caused by insect Lyriomyza spp.
Symptoms
 Thin, white, winding trails on leaves; heavy mining can
result in white blotches on leaves and leaves dropping
from the plant prematurely; early infestation can cause
yield to be reduced; adult leaf miner is a small black
and yellow fly which lays its eggs in the leaf; larvae
hatch and feed on leaf interior
 Mature larvae drop from leaves into soil to pupate;
entire lifecycle can take as little as 2 weeks in warm
weather; insect may go through 7 to 10 generations per
year
Management
 Check transplants for signs of leafminer damage prior
to planting; remove plants from soil immediately after
harvest; only use insecticides when leaf miner damage
has been identified as unnecessary spraying will also
reduce populations of their natural enemies
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Source: Plant Village, Pea

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14.  It is having typical papilionaceous flower.
 Flowering usually begins 40 to 50 days after
planting.
 Flowering is normally two to four weeks,
depending on the flowering habit and weather
during flowering.
 The flowers may be reddish, purple, or white.
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15.  Flower consists of 5 sepals[fused],5 petals
comprising of one standard, two wings & two keel
petals[boat shaped].
 Androecium consists of 10 stamens, the filaments
of 9 fused at the base to form the staminal column
& one free.
 Gynoecium consists of a pistil with a style borne
laterally on the ovary.
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16. 16

17. Pea flowers are butterfly-shaped.
Different size (1.3 to 3.5 cm).
Pea plants that are cultivated for their seeds or for human consumption
have white flowers;
Those cultivated as fodder or for green manure have pink, reddish or
purple flowers.
The number of stamens is 10.
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18.  Chasmogamous flower.
 The stigma becomes receptive 1-2 days earlier to flower opening.
 Anther's dehiscence takes place just before the flower opening.
 The stigma is covered with pollen grains at the time of flower opening.
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19. Starts in the morning around 6 am and continues till 11 am.
Maximum flower opening 11 am to 5 pm
Pollen viability 5-6 hrs.
Stigma receptivity for 1-2 days.
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20.  It is predominantly a self-
pollinated crop because of its
chasmogamous nature.
 Only 0.5 to 3% cross-pollination
can occur due to insects.
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21. Bagging of young flower buds to prevent natural
outcrossing by visiting insects.
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22. Includes:
 Emasculation
 Pollen collection
 Artificial pollination
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23.  Select a bud in which anthesis will commence 12 - 16 hours later
 Petals just out of the bud
 Corolla color is slight yellow or even paler
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24.  It is the removal of the male part from
the bisexual flower.
 Use sharp forceps & needles.
 Remove the wing and keel petal with
the help of forceps and then remove
anthers
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25. 25

26.  Early maturity
 Seed size
 Pod characteristics
 Shedding percentage
 Pod yield
 Suitability for processing
 Resistance to disease
 Resistance to insect pests
 Resistance to abiotic stress
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27.  Pea is highly self – pollinated due to cleistogamous flower structure and has less than one
percent outcrossing.
 The breeding method of selection ,recurrent selection, hybridization, backcrossing and
induced mutation.
 Hybridization, back crossing line breeding and recurrent selection methods have been
adopted in breeding for disease resistance
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28. Methods of selection
 Types of selection are individual or mass selection, within and between family selection,
sibling selection, and progeny testing, with many variations. Within family selection uses the
best individual from each family for breeding.
Method of induced mutation
 To artificially induce hereditary changes in plants, either physical or chemical agents are
used. Ionizing radiation is a widely used physical agent to treat the seeds and other plant
material of crops to create heritable mutations.
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29. Recurrent selection is a method
which involves reselection
generation after generation with
interbreeding of selects to provide
for genetic recombination. Thus, it
is a cyclic selection that is used to
improve the frequency of desirable
alleles for a character in a breeding
population.
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30. Backcross breeding enables
breeders to transfer a desired trait
such as a transgene from one
variety (donor parent, DP) into the
favored genetic background of
another (recurrent parent, RP). If
the trait of interest is produced by a
dominant gene, this process
involves four rounds of
backcrossing within seven seasons.
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31.  The object of hybridization is to combine
desirable genes found in two or more
different varieties and to produce pure-
breeding progeny superior in many
respects to the parental types. Genes,
however, are always in the company of
other genes in a collection called a
genotype.
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33.  Cyprus is the most productive country on the planet with 130,000.
 United States of America, France, and Pakistan are the top three leading countries with
 '279,336', '265,420', '218,638', and '209,409' tons respectively
 Russia now world's largest pea producer Niger has the lowest Production in the world with
only 37 tons in 2020/21.
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34.  In Pakistan, it is grown mostly in Northern Punjab in Sahiwal, Sargodha, Faisalabad, Toba
Tek Singh
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35. Three varieties of peas suit most garden need
 Sweet peas, garden peas or English peas (Pisum sativum ssp. sativum), have inedible pods
from which the seeds (peas) are taken.
 Snow peas (P. sativum var. macrocarpon) produce edible, flat, containing small peas.
 Snap peas (P. sativum var. macrocarpon ser. cv.) produce thick, edible pods containing
large/full-size peas.
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36.  Mateor 50 kg per acre
 Climax 20 kg per acre
 Hilltop 20 kg per acre
 Swat local 15-18 kg per acre
 Swat selection 15-18 kg per acre
 Helena
 Agaiti (September to 15 October)
 Pachaiti (which starts from October to the
15 November)
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38.  Pea has a compound leaf like many other legume species.
 The ‘semi-leafless’ pea (afaf TLTL), with all leaflets
transformed into tendrils.
 Considered one of the most important achievements in pea
breeding, due to a significantly enhanced standing ability
and equally efficient dry matter production in comparison
to normal-leafed genotypes (AFAF TLTL).
 ‘Semi-leafless’ cultivars provide high and stable grain yield
and are dominant in the modern dry pea production
worldwide.
 There are also ‘semi-leafless’ cultivars that are autumn-
sown and those for forage production.
 The genotypes with all tendrils transformed into leaflets
(AFAF tltl), called ‘acacia’ or ‘tendril-less’, are extremely
prone to lodging and may have importance in breeding for
forage production.
 Little is known about the potential agronomic value of
‘acacia-tendril-less’ (afaf tltl) genotypes.
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Normal (left) and reduced (right) stipules in pea
Mikić, A et al.

39.  Genetically modified or genomic-assisted breeding (GAB)
Improve CS agronomic traits of peas like
 Flowering time
 Root characters
 Nutrient-use efficiency
 Water use efficiency
 Carbon and nitrogen sequestration
 Biological nitrogen fixation (BNF)
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Zong, X et al.

40.  Plant Village, Pea
https://plantvillage.psu.edu/topics/pea/infos
 Mikić, A., Mihailović, V., Ćupina, B., Kosev, V., Warkentin, T., McPhee, K., ... & Ellis, N.
(2011). Genetic background and agronomic value of leaf types in pea (Pisum sativum).
Ratarstvo i povrtarstvo/Field and Vegetable Crops Research, 48(2), 275-284.
 Zong, X., Yang, T., Liu, R., Zhu, Z., Zhang, H., Li, L., ... & Zhang, T. (2019). Genomic
designing for climate-smart pea. In Genomic designing of climate-smart pulse crops (pp.
265-358). Springer, Cham.
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41. THANK
YOU