The document provides a comprehensive overview of mango cultivation, detailing its origin, varieties, and economic significance as the 'king of fruit crops' in India. It covers the ideal soil and climate conditions, propagation methods, irrigation, and fertilization practices, along with pest and disease management approaches. Additionally, information on the harvest process and challenges faced in cultivation, such as shy bearing and spongy tissue, is included.

2. Cultivation of Mango fruit

3. Introduction
Common Name : Aam, Ambba, Aam-Kaay (Tamil)
Botanical Name: Mangifera indica L.
Family: Anacardiaceae
Genus: Mangifera
Origin: Indo-Burma region
Chromosome No.: 2n=40 (Amphidiploid)
Pollination Type: Cross pollination.

4. Economics Importance
“King of fruit crop”
“National Fruit of India”
Many Indian Varieties has sweet delicious taste,
excellent flavor and attractive appearance.
Rich source of Vitamin A and some nutrients.
Tree is hardy and has comparatively lower
maintence cost.
Grown as a rainfed crop, and its orcharding can be
made commercially viable and may yield very
remunerative return by adoption of new
technology.

5. Mango
Scientific fossil evidence indicates that the Mango made its
appearance even earlier 25 to 30 million years agro in North-
East India, Myanmar and Bangladesh from where it is travelled
down to southern India.
Although Mango has been planted in India since time
immemorial, earliest written records are present in ancient
Sanskrit literature of pre-Buddhist era.
The earliest name given to the Mango is Amra-Phal.
The classical Sanskrit poet Kalidasa sang the praises of
mangoes.
Mango is also mentioned by Handrik Van Rheede, the Dutch
commander of Malabar in his book “Hortus malbaricus”.
Mango represent faith and prosperity among the religious
followers.

6. 1. Soil:
 Grow well on wide varieties of soils like alluvial, sandy loam, etc.
 Ideal soil: Loamy, Alluvial.
 Well drained, aerated and deep soils rich in organic matter
 pH range of 5.5 to 7.5 are ideal for mango cultivation.
 Extremely sandy, shallow, rocky, water logged, heavy textured
and alkaline or calcareous soils are not suitable.
2. Climate:
 Well adapted to tropical and sub-tropical climate.
 It thrives well in all regions from sea level to an altitude of 1500m.
 It cannot stand severe frost, especially, when the trees is young.
 Optimum Temperature range from 240C to 270C.

7. Hybrid Varieties Cross variety 1 Cross variety 2
Amrapalli Dasheri Neelum
Mallika Neelum Dasheri
Sindhu Ratna Alphonso
Arka Puneet Alphonso Banganpalli
Arka Anmol Alphonso Janardhan Prasad
Ratna Neelum Alphonso
Rahuri (Sai
Sugandh)
Kesar Totapuri

8. Hybrid varieties from IARI from New Delhi:
1.Amrapalli:
 Dasheri X Neelum
 Plant dwarf, suitable for high density planting.
 Regular fruit bearing, free from spongy tissue.
 Fruit is medium.
2. Mallika:
 Neelum X Dasheri
 Regular bearer good for high density Planting.
 Developed by IARI New Delhi.

9. Description of varieties:
1. Dasheri:
 North Indian Variety
 Attractive, excellent at taste, pleasant flavor,
medium fruit size, Elliptical in shape, attractive
greenish yellow in color.
 Biennial bearing.
2. Alphonso:
 Finest at Indian Mangoes
 Biennial fruit
 Pinkish blue toward basal end, super in taste
 Table variety, good for processing, susceptible to spongy tissue.

10. 3.Pairi:
 Western and southern region
 Attractive fruit, crimson shoulder on yellowish green
background.
 Oval in shape
 Biennial fruit, heavy bearer.
4. Kesar:
 Best suited for dry climate of monsoon season. 3-4
fruits/kg
 Oblong and attractive in shape.
 Best variety used for processing purpose.

11. 5.Neelum:
 High yielder,
 Regular bearer,
 Shaped oval,
 Mature at July-august,
 Found in south Indian.
6.Ratna:
 Neelum X Alphonso,
 KVK Dapoli,
 Regular bearer,
 Free from spongy tissue,
 High yielding.

12. 7. Sindhu:
 Ratna X Alphonso,
 KKV Dapoli,
 Regular bearer,
 Very thin and small
stone,
 Pulp sweet,
 High yielding.

13. 8. Rahuri (Sai) Sugandh:
(M. P. K. V Rahuri)
 F1 hybrid variety
 Fruit quality is superior
 Fruit weight 380 g. Fruit length 14 cm and breadth 6.11 cm.
 Pulp colour is very attractive turmeric yellow in colour.
 Pulp content: 75% TSS, 22% Acidity, 0.23% total sugar 13.88%,
reducing sugar 4.52%, non-reducing sugar 8.35%.
 Pleasant aroma, taste is sweet.
 Free from spongy tissue and stone weevil and mono embryonic.

14.  Raised from seed and vegetatively propagated
 Propagation from seed though easy and cheap but unable
to perpetuate characters of the parent tree because most
commercial varieties in India are cross pollinated and mono
embryonic plants which take more time to bear fruits.
 Mango seeds (stones) loose their viability in a short period
of time it is only 4 to 5 weeks after extraction from fruits
and it lost completely after 70 days.
About 80% stones germinate when sown within a month of
extraction.
For rising of seedlings to be used as root stocks fresh seed
stones should be collected.
This should be washed thoroughly with water to remove
adhering pulp.

15. Light seeds stone which float in water should be discarded
 Bigger, pulpy, Seed stones free from stone weevil attack
should be selected for sowing.
These seed stone should be dipped in 0.2% Bavistin solution
for 5 minutes and treated with 1% organo mercurial
compound before sowing
For sowing of seed stones, raised beds 1 x 6 m and 15 cm high
and prepared.
A heavy basal dressing of rotten FYM @ 30 stones per hectare
is applied while preparing beds
In month of June July, the stones are placed side by side in flat
position and then covered with about 6-7% layer of soil + FYM
(1:1).
 Removal of seed coat and sowing the stone with plumule
pointing upwards results in early germination.

16. Inarching/Approach
grafting
Veneer Grafting
Epicotyls/Stone
grafting
Soft-Wood Grafting
Methods of
Vegetative Propagation

17. 1. Planting Material:
Propagated from seed or propagated vegetatively.
Plants are generally propagated vegetatively by using
several techniques like veneer grafting, inarching and epicotyl grafting etc.
2.Planting Season:
 Planting is usually done in the month of July-August in rainfed areas and during February-
March in irrigated areas. In case of heavy rainfall zones, planting is taken up at the end of
rainy season.
3.Spacing:
The planting distance is 10m. x 10m. and 12m. x 12m. in dry and moist zones
respectively. In the model scheme, a spacing of 8m. x 8m. with a population of 63 plants
per acre has been considered which was observed to be common in areas covered during
a field study.

18. 4.Training of Plants:
 In the initial stages of growth, it is very important to give
 them a proper shape, specially in cases where the graft has
 branched too low.
 At least 75 cm of the main stem should be kept free from branching and the first
leader/main branch may be allowed after that.
 The main branches should be spaced in such a way that they grow in different
directions and are at least 20-25 cm apart.
5. Pruning:
 By following the above practices of training there will be less
scope for future pruning expect removal of disease or dried
branches.

19.  During the period of the first four to five years of the early grown stages is
necessary mainly to encourage the rapid and vigours growth of the tree and strong
system of mango.
 During 1st year, irrigation should be given after every 10-15 days in winter and 5-8
days in summer.
 For the next two years it should be given after 12-15 days in winter and after 12
days in summer.
 During 4th to 5th year, it is followed after every 14-15 days in winter and 10-15 days
in summer.
 No irrigations are required during monsoon season unless there are long spells of
drought.
 During fruit development period - irrigation should be given at 10-15 days
intervals.
 It helps to improve fruit size and reducing fruit drop.
 Watering for 2-3 months preceding flowering helps to put on a vigrous blossom.

20.  Necessary for the proper upkeep of mango
plantations.
 Removal of weeds avoids the competition
for the water, sunlight and essential
nutrients and helps in water movement in
soil.
 Best control of weeds in the nursery is by
pre-emergence application of atrazine at 4
kg/ha is more effective.

21. Manuring mango plant starts from the inception of planting of the field.
During 1st year - 10 kg FYM, 300 g urea + 300g SSP + 100 g MP per plant.
With increasing year the above dose should be increased.
At the age of 10 years, plant requirement is 100 kg FYM + 3 kg urea (1500g) + 50 kg
SSP (500 g P2S5 + 1Kg MP (500 g K2O) and should be followed by subsequent years.
Should be applied in two split doses, One half immediately after the harvesting of
fruits in June/July and the other half in October, followed by irrigation if there are
no rains.
In both young and old orchards followed by irrigation if there are no rains.
Foliar application of 3 % urea in sandy soils is recommended before flowering.
 Well decomposed farm-yard manure may be applied every year.
 For trench application of fertilizers, 400g. each of N and K2O and 200g. of P2O5 per
plant should be provided.
Micro-nutrients may be applied as per the requirement in the form of foliar sprays.

22.  Harvesting at proper maturity is an important aspect from the
quality and shelf-life points of view.
 Maturity sighs:
o Slight color development on the shoulders.
o When one or two ripe fruits fall from the plant naturally
(Not much helpful since these are not representative of the fruit
maturity at the entire tree and fruit harvested do not ripen uniformly.
o When the specific gravity of fruits ranges between 1.01 and 1.02
(More dependable)
 Fruits are harvested by hand picking or by using harvester.
 Mango harvester developed by KONKAN KRISHI VIDYAPEETH,
Dapoli (M. S.) is the best for mango harvesting.
 Fruit is harvested with stalk intact (0.4 cm).
Blades

23. Varies depending upon the cultivars, age of
the plants, climate, care taken, etc.
Grafted plant starts fruit bearing at the age
of 4 to 5 years.
Optimum crops bear fruit at 10 year (400-600
fruits/plant).
The yield increases continuously up to the
age of 40 years(2500 fruits) after this yield
starts decline.

24. 1. Mango Hopper :
 Affect during flowering season.
 Nature of damage: Damage is seen during flowering season. Nymphs
and adults suck the cell sap from the inflorescences and flower buds
during flowering season.
 Symptoms: the infected flower shivered, turn brown and fall down
 Management: Spray endo sulfan 35 EC (0.05%), Di methoate 30 EC
(0.03%), Mono crotophos (0.04%), Phospho midon (0.05%) or Carbaryl
(0.015%).
 Pre- blossom spray on trunk and branches just before flowering when
buds begin to sprout.
 2nd ,3rd and 4th spray should be applied after 2 weeks of preceding.

25. 2. Mealy bug:
 Scientific Name: Drosicha manqiferae
 Period of occurrence: Eggs- May. Nymphs - Dec- Jan
 Nature of damage: Nymphs and adults suck the cell sap from tender shoots, panicles,
etc.
 Symptoms: affected parts dry up, fruits remain undersized
 Control measures: Spray Carbaryl (0.2%), Nuvacron (0.04%).
3. StemBorer:
 Scientific Name: Batocera rufomaculatu
 Nature of damage: Adults feed on tender shots, bud making irregular scratches on stem
by biting and chewing. Grubs damage by tunneling inside the main trunk and branches.
 Control measures: Cleaning the tunnels with a hand wire, and injecting borer solution
containing two parts of Carbon disulfide and the second part of chloroform and creosol,
with an injecting syringes and subsequent closing the entrance of the tunnel with mud.

26. 4.Shoot Borer:
Scientific Name: Chlumatia traversa
Period of occurrence: During rainy season from June- July to October, At the time of
plant age 6 to 8 years.
Nature of damage: Attack inflorescences during flowering season.
Symptoms: Affected shoot wilt and dry up.
Management: Removal and destruction of affected shoots, and 1 or 2 sprays of
carbyl 0.02% or Nuvacron 0.04% during the emergence period of vegetative growth.
5. Termites:
Scientific Name: Trinervitemes bioformis
Period of occurrence: All around the year
Nature of damage: Feed on roots and move upards making the trunks completing hollow.
Management: Soil treatment with lindane powder @ 200-300 g per tree is effective.

27. 6. Fruit Fly:
Scientific Name: Dacus spp.
Nature of damage: the fruit fly lays egg in clusters of 150-200
under the skin of the fruit just before ripening.
As a result, affected fruit begin to rot and drop down.
Control measures: Collection and destruction of damaged fruits.
Poisoned fruits @10 per ha are helpful in checking the incidence.
Flies can be controlled by sprays of carbaryl 0.2% or
Molasses 0.1% beginning at egg laying stage.

28. 1) Powdery Mildew :
 Scientific Name: Oidium mangiferae
Period of occurrence: During Nov to Mar
Symptoms: White superficial powdery bloom of fungal
growth covering the leaves, the stalks of the panicle, the
flower and tender fruits.
The affected flowers and fruits drop prematurely.
Control measures: Spray Fungicides viz. Wettable
sulphur 0.02%, Karathana 0.01%, Tridemorph0.05%,
Carbedazim 0.01%, Benlate 0.01% 3 to 5 times at
fortnightly interval and cleanliness of the orchard.

29. 2) Antracnose:
 Scientific Name: Collctorichum gloeosporidides
 Period of occurrence: Rainy season
 Symptoms: infected leaves show oval or irregular
greyish brown spots of smaller to larger size.
 As a result, leaf tissues dry and shed.
 Control measures: select diseased free bid sticks
and treat them with fungicides with Carbendazin
0.01% Henacap 0.26%, Biltox or Phytolan 0.03%,
etc.
 Hot water treatment to the fruits has been found
effective.

30. 1. Shy bearing:
 Defect in flower parts naturally, eg. Jahangir 1% perfect
flowers.
 These varieties having perfect flowers below 10% are
shy bearer.
2. Malformation:
 The crowed on short thick stems.
 Whole tree or part of it may be affected .
 Generally found in U.P. ,M.P. , and Punjab.

31. 3. Loranthus:
 A parasite which is generally found to grow wild on the
branches of mango trees and absorb their cell sap.
 Multiplied at a faster rate through birds.
 Affect whole trees and lower down the yield.
4. Spongy tissues:
 Develop during ripening.
 Tissue develop pale yellow colour as compared to other
surrounding tissues as a fermented odor and air pocked.
 Whole fruits are spoiled.
 Affected tissues are too soft, hard or leathery.
 Damage the stone of fruit.