The document discusses hybrid seed production techniques for red gram. It describes using male sterile lines as female parents that are crossed with male parents that produce pollen. The key steps involve emasculation of the female parent's flowers before pollination with pollen from the male parent. New high yielding hybrids and varieties have been developed by ICRISAT and IIPR that provide 30-40% greater yields than traditional varieties through genome sequencing and other innovations.

1. HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION
TECHNOLOGY OF RED GRAM

2. OVERVIEW
INTRODUCTION
AREA,PRODUCTION & PRODUCTIVITY
LAND PREPARATION
SOURCE OF SEED
FERTILIZER MANAGEMENT
SEED TREATMENT
SEED RATE
SOWING & SPACING

3. ANTHESIS & FLOWERING
FLOWERING MORPHOLOGY
EMASCULATION & POLLINATION
PEST & DISEASE
HARVESTING
SEED STANDARDS
FIELD STANDARDS
NEW HYBRID & VARIETIES IMPORTANCE
RECENT WORKS

4. SCIENTIFIC CLASSIFICATION
KINGDOM : PLANTAE
ORDER: FABALES
FAMILY: FABACEAE
GENUS: CAJANUS
SPECIES: CAJAN
CHROMOSOME No.:2n:22

5. INTRODUCTION
It contains:
• Protein: 22.3%
• Fat: 1.7%
 It is a protein-rich staple food
 It is a perennial legume crop
 It is a second important pulse crop in the country
 It is a drought resistant crop
 It is rich in lysine, riboflavin, thiamine, niacin and iron

6.  It also plays an important role in sustaining soil
fertility by improving physical properties of soil
 Wild relatives like Mansi occur in tropical deciduous
woodlands
 Red gram crop is used as food crop and
forage/cover crop
 It is the primary accompaniment to rice/roti

7. AREA, PRODUCTION AND
PRODUCTIVITY
AREA: 4.01 Million Hectares
PRODUCTION: 2.65 Million Tonnes
PRODUCTIVITY: 661 Kg/Hectare
Area: Maharashtra (32.37%) > Karnataka (18.76%)
> Andhra Pradesh (12.75%)
Production: Maharashtra (39.24%) > Karnataka
(17.57%) > Andhra Pradesh (10.94%)
Productivity: Andhra Pradesh (652.2) > Madhya
Pradesh (620)

8. LAND PREPARATION
Plough the land to get fine tilth. Since it is a deep
rooted crop, deep ploughing is necessary
Then form 1.5 feet ridges and furrows

9. FERTILIZERS
 Apply fertilizers basally before sowing
 Rainfed:12.5kg N:25kg p2o5:12.5kg k2o
 Irrigated:25kg N:50kg p2o5:25kg k2o
 Apply FYM @ 10-12 tonnes/ha at time of last ploughing

10. SELECTION OF LAND
Red sandy loam soils, well drained black soils are
suitable
Saline, saline-alkaline soils prone for inundation
during crop period is not suitable
Neutral pH
Deep loam soil
Higher organic matter will lead to production of
vigorous seed

11. SEED TREATMENT
During germination the fungus present in the soil
effect the germination percent by causing seed
decay
To control this, treat the seed with capton/thiram 2
gm/kg seed
Rhizobial seed treatment

12. SEED RATE
The seeding rate of Pigeon pea depends on the
desired plant density for a genotype, cropping
system, germination rate and mass of the seed
Early maturing varieties - 20 to 25 kg/hectare
Medium/Late maturing varieties – 15 to 20
kg/hectare

13. SOWING AND SPACING
Sowing time and method:
 Early maturing varieties: First fortnight of June
 Medium/Late maturing varieties: Second fortnight
of June
• Line sowing by seed-drill or desi plough
• By dibbling on the ridge and bed
Spacing:
 Early maturing varieties: 45 - 60 * 10 - 15 cm
 Medium/Late maturing varieties: 60 - 75 * 15 - 20
cm

14. ROGUING
Done at flowering, pod formation stage, prior to harvest
Remove the male fertile plants by examining the color of
the anther in the female rows at the time of first flower
formation
One day before flower opening, the plants with
translucent white anther alone are retained in the female
rows
The above operation should be completed in 7 – 10 days
time by daily visit to the field. Incase of male parent,
remove immature pods set in the plant from time to time
to induce continuous flowering to ensure pollen
availability for a longer period

15. Later flowering plants are also to be removed in
female plant

16. ANTHESIS AND FLOWERING
Anthesis: Flowers start opening early in the morning
in the summer and by noon during winter, continuous
opening throughout the day. The length of time flower
remains open is influenced by the weather
Flowering: Individual flower consists of calyx with 5
sepals and corolla with a standard petal, 2 wings,
petals and a keel petal

17. There are 10 stamens : 9 fused in a column and 1 free
1 stigma is covered of central stamen in column

18. FLOWERING MORPHOLOGY
Petioles are short, slender, grouped and subtended
by small stipules
Terminal leaflets are on longer stalk and are longer
than laterals, leaflets are 5 – 10 cms long
Inflorescence is small, racemes mostly axillary and
sometimes terminal 4 – 12 cms long
Flowers are yellow, sometimes tinged red or purple

20. HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION
Male sterile
Female parent Male line
Male Sterile Line: In some Red gram varieties, the anthers are
unable to produce pollen grains. These are called Male Sterile
Lines. These lines are used as female parent in hybrid seed
production.
Male Line: At the time of hybrid seed production, the male
sterile female parent is crossed with another variety having
usual pollen grains. The variety which is having pollen grains is

22. EMASCULATION AND POLLINATION
EMASCULATION: Removal of anthers from flower
Use hand eliminate a half of bud
• Use forceps to remove the anther in stamens

23. POLLEN COLLECTION AND POLLINATION:
• Collect pollen from the male parent during early
morning
• Pollinate on the stigma of emasculated flower
• Bag the pollinated flower to prevent out crossing

24. PEST AND DISEASES
Plant Protection
• PESTS
• Pod borer
• Blister beetle
• DISEASE
• Downy mildew
• Sterility mosaic virus
• Root rot

25. DISEASE:
 WILT: Dark purpel bands appear on the stem surface extending upwards
From the base
 Main stem of such plants is split open ,intensive blackening of the xylem can be
seen
 In humid weather, a pinkish mycelium growth is commonly observed at the basal
portions of the wilted plants
 CONTROL MEASURES: Seed treatment with Trichoderma viride @10g/kg of
seed
 Soil application –trichoderma viride -2.5kg/ha+50kg of well decomposed FYM

26.  Sterility mosaic disease : It is caused by mosaic virus and spread from plant
to plant under field conditions through Eriophyid mite
 Leaves become small and cluster near branch tips and reduce in size
 It is seen in vegetative growth and pre-flowers stage
 CONTROL MEASURES: Spray Fenazaquin 10EC @1ml/lit of water on 45
and 60 DAS
 Rogue out the infected plants in the early stages of growth
 :Phytophthara blight : symptoms are circular or irregular water soaked
lesions on leaves
 The lesions on the stem and branches increases rapidly, gridles, cracks and
dries the stem
 Infected stem and branches break easily in the wind
 CONTROL MEASURES: Seed treated with metalaxyl 35WS @ 3g/kg of seed

27. PESTS:
 POD BORERS: The larvae, after hatching, feed on tender leaves and twings
but a pod formation they punctuer pods and feed on developing grains
 CONTROL MEASURES: Spray indoxacarb 15.8%sc @333ml/ha
 TUR POD FLY: stripes can be seen on the surface of the effected grains, while
the attacked pods are somewhat twisted or deformed
 CONTROL MEASURES: Pest can be controlled by spraying monocrotophos
36 SL 1 liter in 800-1000 liters of water per hacter
 PLUME MOTH: The larvae damaged seeds as well cause flowers, buds, pods
to drop
 CONTROL MEASURES: Apply the neem oil 2%
 POD-SUCKING BUGS: Damaged seeds become shriveled and develop dark
patches
 CONTROL MEASURES: Soil application of carbofuron 3G @15kg/ha at
sowing

28. HARVESTING AND THRESHING
With two-third to three-fourth pods at maturity judged
by changing their color to brown is the best
harvesting time
Plants are usually cut with a sickle with in 75 cms
above the ground
Harvested plants should be left in the field for sun
drying for 3 – 6 days depending on season
Threshing is done either by beating the pods with
stick or using Pullman thresher

29. The proportion of seed to pods is generally 50 – 60%
The clean seeds should be sun dried for 3 – 4 days
to bring their moisture content at 9 – 10% to safely
store in appropriate bins
YIELD:
Irrigated: 25 – 30 Q/Hectare
Rainfed: 15 – 20 Q/Hectare

30. FIELD STANDARDS
Foundation
Seed
Certified Seed
Isolation distance 200 m 100 m
Off-types 0.10% 0.20%

31. SEED STANDARDS
The Percentage of maximum Physical purity of
certified and foundation seed should be 98%. With
maximum germination capacity of 75%. The
maximum moisture content should be 9%. The
presence of other crop variety should be 10/kg for
foundation and that of certified seed should be 20/kg
of seed

32. NEW HYBRIDS AND VARIETIES
 HYBRIDS: ICRISAT has developed ICPH 2740 and ICPH 2671
 These hybrids having 30% more yield potential than other hybrids
 Maturity duration is 180 days
 Seed yield is 1500-1600 kg/ha
 VARIETIES: LRG52 named Amaravathi after new capital of Andhra
Pradesh
 Its yield potential is 2 tonnes/ha under rainfed conditions and 3 tonnes
under irrigated conditions
 Moderately tolerant to Helicoverpa, Maruca, pod fly, Fusarium wilt and
sterility mosaic diseases
 It reaches maturity in 150 days.

33. RECENT WORKS:
 The productivity of pigeon pea has low over the last few decades
 ICRISAT and IIPR are working on number of innovative ideas such as
 Genome sequencing , development of CGMS hybrids with 30 to 40%
yields advantage over traditional varieties , development of photo
insensitive super early maturing lines , introgression of cleistogamous
flower structure to maintain genetic purity of elite lines , use of obcordate
leaf shape as NEP to assess genetic purity of hybrid parental lines and
development of disease resistant hybrids and elite breeding lines.

34. THANK YOU
UID:111718012026
UID:111718012034