The document discusses identifying and formulating a research problem. It begins by defining a research problem and outlining the key steps, which include identifying a broad research area, reviewing literature, delimiting the topic, evaluating feasibility, and developing a clear statement of the research question or problem. Several potential sources of research problems are described, such as personal experiences, literature, theories, and consulting with experts. Criteria for a good research problem include significance, originality, feasibility considering time, costs, and ethics. The summary concludes by emphasizing that a well-formulated research problem is clearly and precisely stated with measurable variables and defined population and setting.
Research design can be described as a general plan about what you will do to answer the research question.[1]
Research design can be divided into two groups: exploratory and conclusive. Exploratory research, according to its name merely aims to explore specific aspects of the research area and does not aim to provide final and conclusive answers to research questions. In exploratory research the researcher may even change the direction of the study to a certain extent, however not fundamentally, according to new evidences gained during the research process.
The following can be mentioned as examples with exploratory design as research findings are not final and conclusive evidences to research questions:
A study into advantages and disadvantages of various entry strategies to Chinese market
A critical analysis of argument of mandatory CSR for UK private sector organisations
A study into contradictions between CSR program and initiatives and business practices: a case study of Philip Morris USA
An investigation into the ways of customer relationship management in mobile marketing environment
Studies listed above do not aim to generate final and conclusive evidences to research questions. These studies merely aim to explore their respective research areas.
Conclusive research can be divided into two categories: descriptive and causal. Descriptive research design, as the name suggests, describes specific elements, causes, or phenomena in the research area.
Causal research design, on the other hand, is conducted to study cause-and-effect relationships.
Reliability and Validity and How to Achieve Them - Mass Media Research.pptxMuhammad Awais
At least one pilot study should be conducted for any newly developed scale to ensure its reliability and validity. To be useful, a measurement must possess these two related qualities.
A measure is reliable if it consistently gives the same answer. Reliability in measurement is the same as reliability in any other context.
For example, a reliable person is one who is dependable, stable, and consistent over time. An unreliable person is unstable and unpredictable and may act one way today and another way tomorrow.
Similarly, if measurements are consistent from one session to another, they are reliable and can be believed to some degree.
Ethical Issues & Scientific Integrity - Prepared by Fiza Zia Ul HannanDr. Fiza Zia Ul Hannan
Without a properly organized method, no research can resolve a problem. Since centuries, a Scientific Method is being used for deducing research studies. Mass Media Studies, being a field of Social Sciences, involves a direct observation with human beings – inquiring/examining about what they’ve done in relevant study preference. Since human beings have certain rights, a researcher must ensure that rights of his/her study participants are not violated in any form.
Research design can be described as a general plan about what you will do to answer the research question.[1]
Research design can be divided into two groups: exploratory and conclusive. Exploratory research, according to its name merely aims to explore specific aspects of the research area and does not aim to provide final and conclusive answers to research questions. In exploratory research the researcher may even change the direction of the study to a certain extent, however not fundamentally, according to new evidences gained during the research process.
The following can be mentioned as examples with exploratory design as research findings are not final and conclusive evidences to research questions:
A study into advantages and disadvantages of various entry strategies to Chinese market
A critical analysis of argument of mandatory CSR for UK private sector organisations
A study into contradictions between CSR program and initiatives and business practices: a case study of Philip Morris USA
An investigation into the ways of customer relationship management in mobile marketing environment
Studies listed above do not aim to generate final and conclusive evidences to research questions. These studies merely aim to explore their respective research areas.
Conclusive research can be divided into two categories: descriptive and causal. Descriptive research design, as the name suggests, describes specific elements, causes, or phenomena in the research area.
Causal research design, on the other hand, is conducted to study cause-and-effect relationships.
Reliability and Validity and How to Achieve Them - Mass Media Research.pptxMuhammad Awais
At least one pilot study should be conducted for any newly developed scale to ensure its reliability and validity. To be useful, a measurement must possess these two related qualities.
A measure is reliable if it consistently gives the same answer. Reliability in measurement is the same as reliability in any other context.
For example, a reliable person is one who is dependable, stable, and consistent over time. An unreliable person is unstable and unpredictable and may act one way today and another way tomorrow.
Similarly, if measurements are consistent from one session to another, they are reliable and can be believed to some degree.
Ethical Issues & Scientific Integrity - Prepared by Fiza Zia Ul HannanDr. Fiza Zia Ul Hannan
Without a properly organized method, no research can resolve a problem. Since centuries, a Scientific Method is being used for deducing research studies. Mass Media Studies, being a field of Social Sciences, involves a direct observation with human beings – inquiring/examining about what they’ve done in relevant study preference. Since human beings have certain rights, a researcher must ensure that rights of his/her study participants are not violated in any form.
Critiquing research studies and articles is one of the method to improve the quality of research projects and it is also a method to learn research methodology for beginners.
Defining research design, classification of research design, parts of a research design, concept of research design, importance of research design, functions of research design
This is the Topic 1 of Res1-Methods of Research for the undergraduate course in Bachelor of Science in Business Administration offered at Cagayan Valley Computer and Information Technology College, Santiago City Philippines. If this PowerPoint presentation can be of help to teachers in Research, they can download it for their use.
Critiquing research studies and articles is one of the method to improve the quality of research projects and it is also a method to learn research methodology for beginners.
Defining research design, classification of research design, parts of a research design, concept of research design, importance of research design, functions of research design
This is the Topic 1 of Res1-Methods of Research for the undergraduate course in Bachelor of Science in Business Administration offered at Cagayan Valley Computer and Information Technology College, Santiago City Philippines. If this PowerPoint presentation can be of help to teachers in Research, they can download it for their use.
Research problem is a question that a researcher wants to answer or a problem that a researcher wants to solve. Identification and formulation of a research problem is the first step of the research process.
However, it is considered as one of the most challenging and difficult phases of any research project. It is believed that selection of a good research problem is a discovery in itself.
Selection of a research problem depends on several factors, such as researcher's knowledge, skills, interest, expertise, motivation, and creativity with respect to the subject of inquiry.
In addition, a researcher needs to ensure that a selected problem has high significance and implication for his or her profession as well as it should be a suitable, feasible, testable, and solvable research problem.
It is believed that most of the good research studies need lots of time for selection of a research problem. Initially, every researcher faces the predicament of identifying, selecting, and formulating a good research problem. This chapter will answer these pertinent questions.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
2. OUTLINES
• Introduction
• Definition
• Identification of Research Problem
• Sources for research problem
• Criteria for selecting a good research problem
• Formulation of research problem
• Thank you
2
3. INTRODUCTION
3
• Research problem is a question that researcher wants to
answer or a problem that a researcher wants to solve
Identification & formulation of a research problem is
the first step of the research process.
• Selection of research problem depends on several
factors such as researcher's knowledge, skills, interest,
expertise, motivation &creativity with respect to the
subject of inquiry.
4. • It is believed that most of the good research studies need
lots of time for selection of a research problem.
• According to Kerlinger, ‘A problem is an interrogative
sentence or statement that asks what relation exists
between two or more variable. The answer to question
will provide what is having sought in the research.
4
5. • R.S. Woodworth defines problem as ‘a situation for which
we have no ready & successful response by instinct or by
previous acquired habit. We must find out what to do’, i.e.
the solution can be found out only after an investigation.
• In other words, ‘a research problem is an area of concern
where there is a gap in the knowledgebase needed for
professional practices
5
6. IDENTIFICATION OF RESEARCHPROBLEM
• Identification of a research problem is the first &
most important step in research process.
• Generally, a broad area is selected & then a broad
topic is delimited or narrowed down to a specific
one-sentence statement of the problem.
• This step of the research process is considered as the
most difficult & challenging, & need slots of time.
• A research problem may come from several sources.
6
7. SOURCES OF RESEARCH PROBLEM
7
• Personal Experiences
Day-to-day personal experience of a research may
serve as good source of ideas
research problem. For example,
to formulate
a researcher
observed domestic violence suffered by wives of
alcoholic husbands.
8. • This experience may provide ideas to identity several
research problems related to domestic violence against
women.
8
9. PRACTICAL EXPERIENCES
9
• Nurses gets plenty of ideas to formulate research
problems from their clinical experiences. Every curious
nurse has several questions to be answered which are
encountered during clinical experience.
• For example, a nurse finds that unrestricted visiting
hours in surgical wards reduced the analgesic demand
among postoperative patients. Such clinical experiences
could be rich sources of ideas to identify a significant
research problem
10. CRITICAL APPRAISAL OFLITERATURE
10
• When we critically study books & articles relating to
the subject of our interest, including research report,
opinion articles, & summaries of clinical issues,
pertinent questions may arise in our mind. These may
strike reader’s mind indirectly by stimulating
imagination & directly by stating what additional
research is needed.
11. • For example, a nurse reads an article on the prevalence of
the pin site infection among patients with external
fixators; while reading this article nurse learns that there
is lack of consensus about pin site care. This information
may serve as a basis to formulate research problem
11
12. PREVIOUS EXPERIENCE
12
• A body of knowledge should be developed on a sound
foundation of research findings. Usually at the end of a
research further research problems are suggested, based
on the shortcomings of previous research, which can be
investigated.
• In nursing profession, not much research has been yet
done; therefore, this profession needs research who are
willing to replicate or repeat other studies indifferent
samples & settings where all the essential elements of
the original study are held intact.
13. EXISTING THEORIES
13
• Research is a process of theory development & theory
testing.
• Nurses use many theories from other disciplines in
their practices.
• It an existing theory is used in developing are
searchable problem, a specific statement from the
theory must be isolated .
• Generally, a part of parts of the theory are subjected to
testing in the clinical situation
14. SOCIAL ISSUES
14
• Sometimes, topics are suggested by more global
contemporary social or political issues of relevance to
the health care community. For example, HIV/AIDS,
female foeticide, sexual harassment, domestic violence,
& gender equality in health care & in research are some
of the current social & political issues of concern for
health care professionals
15. BRAINSTORMING
15
• Brainstorming sessions are good techniques to find
new questions, where an intensified discussion among
interested people of the profession is conducted to find
more ideas to formulate a good research problem.
• For example, ideas for studies may emerge from
reviewing research priorities by having brainstorming
session with other nurses, researchers, or nursing
faculties.
16. INTUITION
16
• Traditionally institutions are considered good
sources of knowledge as well as sources to find
new research problems. It is believed that
reflective mind is good sources of ideas, which
may be used to formulate a good research
problem
17. FOLKLORES
17
• Common beliefs could be right or wrong. For
examples, it is generally believed that studying
just before the test decrease the score. We believe
we should not study just before test to relax our
mind. Researchers can conduct a research study
on whether one should study before the test or
not.
18. EXPOSURE TO FIELD SITUATIONS
18
• During field exposure, researchers get variety of
experiences, which may provide plenty of ideas to
formulate research problems.
• For example, while working in field a researcher
observed a specific traditional practice for cure of
disease condition, which can be used as research
problem to investigate its efficacy
19. CONSULTATION WITH EXPERTS:
19
• Experts are believed to have sound experience of
their respective field, which may suggest a
significance problem to be studied. In addition,
expert may help in finding a current problem of
discipline to be solve, which may serve as basis for
formulation of research problem.
21. SIGNIFICANCE TO PROFESSION
21
• A problem which a researcher is selecting should have
significance to profession or it will not serve any
purpose.
• A research problem is significant for profession when it
is directed to develop or refine the body of professional
knowledge.
22. A research problem could be considered significant for
nursing profession if it fulfils the following criteria:
• Nursing profession & patients, nurses, & health care
fraternity will benefit from the study.
• The results will improve clinical nursing practices.
• Promotes nursing theory development or testing.
• Provides solutions of current nursing practice needs
• Generate information to get practical implications for
nursing profession.
22
23. ORIGINAL
23
• It is fundamentally considered that every research
problem should be new & unique in itself. Therefore, it
is the key responsibility of a researcher that an
innovative knowledge is used for selecting are search
problem, so as to extend the growth of existing body of
knowledge on a profession.
24. FEASIBLE
24
• Feasibility is an essential consideration of any research
project.
• Regardless of how significant or researchable a problem
may be, the feasibility of research problem in reference to
time, availability to subjects, facilities, equipment &
money, & ethical considerations should be checked.
• It will help the researcher to decide whether selected
problem is appropriate or inappropriate.
25. TIME
A nurse might be interested in studying sibling
relationships among quintuplets. Knowledge of the
incidence of quintuplet birth would certainly discourage
anyone considering research on this particular population
unless the researcher plans to make this a lifetime project.
So, time is always a factor to be considered.
• It is wise to allow more time than seems to be needed
because unexpected delays frequently occur.
25
26. COST
26
• All research projects cost money; some studies are much
more expensive than others.
• The researcher must consider realistically
the financial resources available.
Equipment & supplies:
• All research projects require some type of resources.
Therefore, before making the final decision to conduct a
study, an accurate determination of the needed
equipment & supplies should be ensured.
27. • If researcher takes into consideration equipment
&supplies in the early phases of a research project, there
are less chances of the project to be revised or discarded
later because of equipment or supply problems.
27
28. ADMINISTRATIVE SUPPORT
28
• Many research projects require administrative support.
• The nurse researcher may find it very difficult to
conduct research independently.
29. • Financial as well as psychological support from
administrative is very helpful.
• Knowing that your superiors support your research
efforts can be very powerful motivating force.
29
30. PEER SUPPORT
30
• Many research ideas have never been developed because
potential researchers received no support from their
peers.
31. • One of the best ways to determine a researchable
problem is through interactions & discussions with other
nurses.
• A climate of shared interest in nursing research is
essential among the members of the nursing profession.
31
32. AVAILABILITY OF SUBJECTS
32
• A researcher may believe that study subjects are
readily available for the study. But this may not be the
case.
• Potential subjects may not meet the study criteria, may
be unwilling to participate, or may already be
participating in other studies.
33. RESEARCHER'S COMPETENCE:
33
• A research problem can only be feasible if it is in
accordance with researcher’s competence, where a
researcher to capable to handle given research.
34. Ethical Considerations
• A researcher must ensure that the research problem
can be considered by the ethical committee without
undue hurdles.
• A very important topic of research cannot be
considered feasible unit & unless it is in accordance
with ethical guideline.
34
35. SOLVABLE / RESEARCHABLE
35
• Problem selected is considered good only if it is
solvable so that chances of insolvability of problem
should be minimized.
36. • It will enhance relevant results.
• For example, a researcher selects a research problem to
know the existence of God in this universe.
• These sorts of problems are ambiguous & impossible
to solve. Therefore, the researcher must ensure that a
research.
36
37. CURRENT
37
• A good research problem must be based on the
current problems & needs of a profession, so that
results generated will be of more use. Furthermore,
more number of the professionals will be interested in
the research conducted on the current issues of their
profession.
38. INTERESTING
38
• A research problem can only be considered good if it is an
accordance with researcher’s field of interest. A research
problem must be as per the motivation of the researcher
& it should be fascinating to there searcher, so that
research is conducted with full enthusiasm & not merely
for its accomplishment.
40. SELECTION OF A RESEARCH AREA
40
• Formulate of a research problem begins with
selection of a broad research topic from personal
experience, literature, previous research, & theories
in which researcher is interested & has significance
for nursing profession.
• For example, a researcher gets an idea to conduct a
study on the female feticide. Therefore, he or she
initially begins with such broad research topic.
41. REVIEWING LITERATURE & THEORIES
41
• After getting a broad idea for research, he or she needs
to review the nursing literature & theories. Literature is
reviewed to know what has already been done in this
selected areas of research.
• Review of nursing theories provides an opportunity for
nurses researcher to plan a research problem to
contribute towards either testing or development of a
theory/conceptual model.
42. DELIMITING THE RESEARCH TOPIC
42
• In this step, researcher proceeds from a general area of
interest to more specific topic of research to conduct a
study.
• For example, initially a researcher decide to conduct a
study on female feticide; later in this stage researcher
limits it to specific research topic ‘a study on perception
of women about causes & prevention of female feticide
in selected rural communities of district Mehsana,
Gujrat’
43. EVALUATING THE RESEARCH PROBLEM
43
• Once researcher is clear about the specific research
problem, next the research problem must be carefully
evaluated for its significance, research ability,
&feasibility.
• Feasibility of the research problem should be evaluated
for time, cost, availability of subjects &resources,
administrative & peer support, ethical consideration, &
researcher’s competence & interest.
44. FORMULATING FINAL STATEMENT OF
RESEARCH PROBLEM
44
• After establishing the significance, research ability, &
feasibility, then researcher finally formulates a final
statement of a research problem. A statement of
research problem could be in declarative or
interrogative format
45. Declarative format:
• In this format, a research problem is stated in
declarative statement.
For example: ‘A descriptive study on prevalence
of bedsores among unconscious patients admitted in
intensive care unit of Lions hospital, Mehsana’.
‘A exploratory study on contributing factors of maternal
mortality in selected rural communities of district
Mehsana, Gujrat’.
45
46. Interrogative format
In interrogative format, a research problem is stated in
question form.
For example:
• ‘What is the influence of level of hemoglobin on pin site
infection among patients with external skeletal fixators
admitted in orthopedic wards of Lions hospital, Mehsana.
• ‘What is the effect of ginger or morning sickness on
pregnant women in selected urban communities of district
Mehsana, Gujrat 46
47. • The choice of either of these two types of format
formulation of a research problem depends on the
researcher's preference & institutional policies.
Declarative format much popular among researchers.
• For the formulation of a research problem it is
preferable it fulfils the following features:
47
48. • Research problem is clearly, precisely articulated.
• It clearly states the variables, population, & research
setting under study.
• Variable are expressed in measurable terms.
• The type of study also may be included in the
statement of research problem.
48
49. • Example of a well-formulated research problem
“Effectiveness of planned teaching on the knowledge of
staff nurses working in psychiatric unit regarding Physical
Restraints for psychiatric patient in selected hospital”.
It is an example of declarative form of the statement
of problem, where it is precisely &concisely stated &
include most of the required components of a research
statement, which are Research study type: Quasi-
experiment Variable(s): it has two research variable i.e
knowledge & planned teaching Population: Nurses
working in selected psychiatric hospital Research setting:
Psychiatric hospital
49