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Prions (Infectious Protein)
Prions are infectious proteins responsible for neurodegenerative diseases in humans and animals, with early signs including depression and coordination loss. Diagnosis may involve brain scans and blood tests to detect abnormal prion proteins, with diseases like kuru and mad cow disease noted. The study emphasizes the importance of proper meat cooking and awareness of early symptoms for effective intervention.
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Prions (Infectious Protein)
- 2. PRIONS Neurodegenerative Diseases in Humanand Animals Muslima P. Liwalug MIB 1
- 3. ABSTRACT PrPSc are infectiousproteins that cause neurodegenerative diseases in humans and animals. Checking the signs of the disease is the best preliminary diagnosis and brain scan or blood test will determine the abnormal proteins that are present in the patient’s body. The result of the study determine the different kinds of neurodegenerative diseases that caused by PrPSc and how it affect the human and animals.
- 4. OBJECTIVES o To determinePrions o To differentiate PrPC from PrPSc o To determine how it affects human and animal brains and the formation of holes o To determine the list of human and animal neurodegenerative diseases caused by PrPSc
- 5. PRIONS o are notmade up of cell o proteins that are found mostly abundant in the brain o doesn’t use energy o doesn’t grow o prions don’t die o they reproduce via pre- existing prions
- 6. ORIGIN OF PRIONS Allmammals appear to have prion protein genes and the gene sequences are similar, but not identical, in related species.
- 7. FUNCTION OF PRIONS obinds with Cu (Copper) o Anti-oxidant activity o Resistant to oxidative stress o Prevent neuronal dysfunction o Abnormality of prion proteins can induce apoptosis of neurons.
- 8. MATERIALS & METHODS Checkingthe List of Signs of the Disease Brain Scan via MRI or EEG Interpretation of the Result Blood Test Interpretation of the Result
- 9. SIGNS Early Signs • Depression/ anxiety • Insomnia • Dizziness • Altered mood • Unusual behavior • Tingling part of the body Later signs • Develops dementia • Loss of coordination • Visual disturbance PS: Typical signs may not be present but problems with thinking skills or balance will certainly be noted.
- 10. BRAIN SCANS Electroencephalogram (EEG) •record the brain’s electrical pattern which can be particularly valuable because it shows specific type of abnormality in prion proteins Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) • reveals the characteristics patterns of brain degeneration that help diagnose PrPSc
- 11. BLOOD TEST Small amountof blood is mixed with special metal beads to which the PrPSc sticks tightly. Washed to removed PrPC and other blood components that could interfere with the test. The amount of PrPSc attached to the beads is measured using newly developed antibodies that bind tightly to the prion proteins.
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- 15. PROTEIN FOLDING BY CHAPERONS ChaperonProteins - provide a site where misfolded proteins can fold correctly
- 16. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PrPC andPrPSc PrPC PrPSc Solubility Soluble Non soluble Structure Alpha-helix Beta-helix Multimerisation Monomeric Multimeric Non infectious Infectious Susceptible Resistant Infectivity Susceptibility to Proteinase K
- 17. INFECTION o O –Origin of PRION Contaminated meat o Digestive Track o Blood Stream o S – Spleen o N – Spleen to Brain o B – Brain
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- 19. NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES CAUSED BYPRIONS Disease Description Infectious Diseases Kuru • Human disease • Begins with a loss of coordination • followed by dementia Scrapie • Disease of sheep and pigs • Characterized by intense itching in which animals tend to scrape themselves into the trees • Followed by neurodegeneration Mad cow disease (BSE) • Begins with changes in posture and temperament • Followed by loss of coordination and neurodegeneration Human Inherited Diseases Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease • Characterized by loss of coordination and dementia Gerstmann-StrausslerScheinker disease • Characterized by loss of coordination and dementia Familial fatal insomnia • Begins w/ sleeping and ANS disturbances • Followed by insomnia and dementia
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- 22. CONCLUSION o Cook themeat thoroughly. o If you are a raiser of cow, pig, sheep or a goat, check the list of the signs of prion diseases. o If you think you have the early signs of the disease, immediately consult to a doctor.
- 23. References: 1. McKintosh, E. et.al,2003. Prion Diseases 2. Collinge, J., 2001. Prion Diseases of Humans and Animals: Their Causes and Molecular Basis 3. Belay, E.D., 1999. Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies in Humans 4. Belay, E.D. and Schonberger, L.B., 2005. The Public Health Impact of Prion Diseases 5. George-Hyslop P., McLaurin, J., and Westaway, D., 2006. Human Prion Diseases and Protein Misfolding Disorders 6. Veith, N.M., 2008. Cellular Trafficking of the Pathogenic Prion Protein PrPSc and Phenotypic Characterization of Deletion Mutants in the Hydrophobic Domain of the Normal Prion ProteinC 7. Marsh, D., 2002. Mad Cow Disease: The Risks to Humans 8. Weissmann, C. et.al, 2002. Molecular Biology of Prions 9. Mahmoud, M.K.H., 2009. Studies on Pathogenic Mechanisms of Prion Diseases and Evaluation of Prion Strains Properties 10. Aguzzi, A., et.al, 2007. Molecular Mechanisms of Prion Pathogenesis
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Editor's Notes
- #6 Social institutions are groups of persons banded together for common purposes. The common purposes includes having rights, privilages, liabilities, goals, or objectives distinct and independant from those of individual members. Examples of social institutions are communities and educational institutions. A social institution is any institution that deals with government, religion, education, economics and family. A social institute must have the ability to form a kinship, use legitimate power, perform a service and be able to pass information down from one generation to the next. Social institutions do not include places of employment.Reference: plato.stanford.edu is a complex, integrated set of social norms organized around the preservation of a basic societal value
- #9 Social institutions are groups of persons banded together for common purposes. The common purposes includes having rights, privilages, liabilities, goals, or objectives distinct and independant from those of individual members. Examples of social institutions are communities and educational institutions. A social institution is any institution that deals with government, religion, education, economics and family. A social institute must have the ability to form a kinship, use legitimate power, perform a service and be able to pass information down from one generation to the next. Social institutions do not include places of employment.Reference: plato.stanford.edu is a complex, integrated set of social norms organized around the preservation of a basic societal value