A multidisciplinary approach that includes surgery, medical oncology, and radiation oncology is required for optimal treatment of patients with rectal cancer
A multidisciplinary approach that includes surgery, medical oncology, and radiation oncology is required for optimal treatment of patients with rectal cancer
Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy for Peritoneal Surface MalignanciesMary Ondinee Manalo Igot
The prognosis of most peritoneal surface malignancies were previously dismal. However, with the incorporation of HIPEC to standard of care, we have been seeing doubling of survival for select malignancies. Appropriate patient selection is crucial.
Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy for Peritoneal Surface MalignanciesMary Ondinee Manalo Igot
The prognosis of most peritoneal surface malignancies were previously dismal. However, with the incorporation of HIPEC to standard of care, we have been seeing doubling of survival for select malignancies. Appropriate patient selection is crucial.
Basic principles of chemotherapy/ AMAs covers definition, history of AMAs development, principles of AMAs, problems associated with AMAs, failure of therapy with examples.
Orientation to Surgery - Department before entering Clinical postings.Uthamalingam Murali
This PPT will make M.B.B.S students to oriented towards the Dept. of Surgery when they are entering the clinical postings and enable them to develop Attitude / Skill & Knowledge in providing a primary care to the patients.
With thw evolution of the medicine and increasing of the survival rate of cancer patients , its commonly to be seen in dental clinics. OMFS must know about their patients conditions , treatments and how to manage them in order to provide them good care and good life.
The study of disease transmission
By and large, the frequency of disease is higher in men than in ladies and higher in industrialized areas and countries.
his topic - Intestinal Obstruction is very important for final year MBBS - Students & the Medical Officers, as it is one of the commonest causes of Acute Aabdomen. The PPT - contains the classification, common causes, clinical features & management aspects of Intestinal Obstruction. Also, highlights the differentiating features of Plain X-ray abdomen of Small & Large Bowel Obstruction.
This topic is very important for an MBBS Students as it is one of the common cases a Medical Officer will come across during their Surgical Postings. Moreover it is always a Debate in treating the patient either an Physician or a Surgeon...Always it is one of the Devastating conditions of abdomen...
This topic comes under the category - Venous Diseases. It is very important for a 3rd year MBBS Student to know about Varicose Veins, which is one of the commonest diseases encountered among out-patients.
This topic is under the Chapter - Arterial Disorders. The MBBS Students should know the types of Aneurysms and particularly Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms.
This topic covers the etiology, types, pathogenesis and management of Hypovolemic & Septic Shock. It is very important for MBBS Students both theoritical and clinical aspect. Also they should know the hemodynamics of the above both types of Shock.....
This topic is under the Arterial Diseases of the Limbs. The MBBS students should know the Classification and Pathogenesis of Diabetic Foot. Also the different types of Gangrene and difference between Dry & Wet Gangrene....
This topic is under the category of Arterial Diseases. One of the subtopic is CLI. One of the ommon causes for CLI, is Atherosclerosis, which is discussed in this PPT.
This topic is under the category of Arterial Diseases. It is very important for an MBBS students to know about ALI, so as to treat them initially and then refer them to vascuar surgeons.
This topic is under the General Principles of Surgery. It is very important for MBBS - Students. New method of resuscitation called the Damaged Control Resuscitation is carried out in controlling the hemorrhage.
This topic covers the etiology, types, pathogenesis and management of Shock. It is very important for MBBS Students both theoretical & clinical aspect. Also they should know the hemodynamics across the types of shock in treating the patients....
This topic is under the General Principles of Surgery for MBBS Students. It also deals with Scars & Contractures. The student should know to differentiate between Hypertrophic Scar & Keloid..
This topic is mainly for MBBS Studnts. It is under the General Principles of Surgery. Students shoud know the phases of wound healing so as to treat them appropriately and select the correct method of dressing material....
This topic comes under the General Principles of Surgery for MBBS Students. The student should know the various types of wounds, their assessment and dressing methods.
IBD is very important topic even though the disease is prevalent in western countries. This PPT covers both the diseases side by side for comparing at same time and having an idea about them all together.
This topic is very important in day - today practice. Mainly this topic can be kept in clinical cases as well as OSCE's. for Final MBBS - Students. This PPT covers most of them in detail as far as possible.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
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Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
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MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
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Principles of oncology
1. Principles of Oncology
Dr. Murali. U. M.S ; M.B.A.
Prof. of Surgery
D Y Patil Medical College
Mauritius.
2. Objectives
Biological nature of cancer
Etiology of cancer
Management aspects of cancer
Palliative care – Principles
3. Historical Perspective
Hippocrates used the Greek words, carcinos and carcinoma to describe tumors, thus calling
cancer “karkinos” tumor.
The world's oldest documented case of cancer hails from ancient Egypt, in 1500 B.C.
Treated by cauterization, a method to destroy tissue with a hot instrument called “fire drill”.
Rudolph Virchow in late 19th century recognized that even cancerous cells were derived
from other cells. ( Abnormal proliferation )
Theodar Boveri (1914) - importance of chromosomes abnormalities – cancer cells.
By 1940, Oswald Avery – DNA genetic material within the chromosomes.
In 1953, Watson & Crick described the structure of DNA – paved the way for the study of
molecular biology of cancer.
4. Cancer cells - Psychopath
No respect for the rights of other cells.
Violate the democratic principles of normal cellular
organisation.
Theiir proliferation is uncontrolled.
Ability to spread is unbounded.
Their inexorable, relentless progress destroys first
the tissue and then the host.
5. Malignant Transformation
Self sufficiency in growth
signals.
Insensitivity to growth –
inhibitory signals. [TGF-
β]/[CDKIs]
Evasion of apoptosis.
Limitless replicative
potential.
8. Tumour – Growth
The majority of the growth of a tumour occurs before it is
clinically detectable.
By the time they are detected, tumours have passed the
period of most rapid growth, that period when they might
be most sensitive to anti-proliferative drugs.
There has been plenty of time, before diagnosis, for
individual cells to detach, invade, implant and form distant
metastases.
Cancer cells usually follows “Gompertzian growth” pattern.
10. Etiology
Both inheritance and environment are important
determinants of whether or not an individual
develops cancer.
The knowledge we have concerning the causes of
cancer can be used to design appropriate strategies
for prevention or earlier diagnosis.
12. Management of Cancer
Screening
Diagnosis & classification
Investigation & staging
Therapeutic decision making
13. Criteria for Screening test
The disease
- Recognisable early stage
- Treatment at an early stage more effective than at a later age
The test
- Sensitive and specific
- Acceptable to the screened population
- Safe & Inexpensive
The programme
- Adequate diagnostic facilities for those with a positive test
- High-quality treatment for screen-detected disease to minimise morbidity and mortality
- Screening repeated at intervals if the disease is of insidious onset
- Benefit must outweigh physical and psychological harm
14. Diagnosis and Classification
Accurate diagnosis is the key to the successful management of cancer.
Precise diagnosis is crucial to the choice of correct therapy.
Different tumours are classified in different ways: “Gleason system”
Well (G1)
Moderate (G2)
Poorly differentiated (G3)
15. Staging
It is not sufficient simply to know what a cancer is; it is imperative to
know its site and extent.
If it is localised, then locoregional treatments such as surgery and
radiation therapy may be curative.
If the disease is widespread, then, although such local
interventions may contribute to cure, they will be insufficient,and
systemic treatment, for example with drugs or hormones, will be
required.
Staging is the process whereby the extent of disease is mapped
out – “Will Rogers phenomenon”
16. TNM method for Staging of Tumor
T - score: size and extent of invasion of the primary tumor
N - score: number and location of histologically involved regional lymph nodes
M - score: presence or absence of distant metastasis.
17. Decision making
As the management of cancer becomes more complex, it becomes impossible for any
individual clinician to have the intellectual and technical competence that is necessary to
manage all the patients presenting with a particular type of tumour.
The formation of multidisciplinary teams represents an attempt to make certain that each
and every patient with a particular type of cancer is managed appropriately.
Teams should not only be multidisciplinary, they should be multiprofessional.
18. Principles of Surgery – Cancer
For most solid tumours, surgery remains the definitive treatment and the only
realistic hope of cure. Role of surgery in cancer treatment include –
Diagnosis & staging
Removal of primary disease
Removal of metastatic disease
Palliation
19. Surgery in Cancer
Diagnosis & Staging
> Lap Ultrasound & Biopsy
> Sampling Lymph nodes
Removal of primary disease
> Removal of primary tumour + lymph node
Removal of metastatic disease
> Liver metastases - Resection
> Lung metastases – Pulmonary resection
Palliation
> By pass procedures
20. Principles of Non-surgical Treatment – Cancer
In contrast to surgery, it is possible to construct dose–response relationships for both the
benefits (such as tumour cure rate) and harms (such as tissue damage that is both severe
and permanent) associated with non-surgical interventions.
Principle of selective toxicity : Treatment must be delivered in such a way as to ensure that
the damage done to the tumour is more than the damage done to the normal tissues.
General Strategy : Spatial distribution of therapies / Adjuvant therapy .
21. Radiotherapy
It is pretentious, but true, to state that radiotherapy is a precisely targeted form of
gene therapy for cancer.
The practicalities of radiation therapy are reasonably straightforward:
> Define the target to treat
> Design the optimal technical set-up to provide uniform irradiation of that target
> Choose that schedule of treatment that delivers radiation to that target in such
a way as to maximise the therapeutic ratio
22. “5 R’s” – Radiotherapy
Repair of cellular
damage
Reoxygenation of the
tumour
Redistribution within
cell cycle
Repopulation of cells
Radiosensitivity
23. Chemotherapy
Selective toxicity is the fundamental principle underlying the
use of CT in clinical practice.
CT, by itself rarely sufficient to cure cancer.
Over 95 different drugs - licensed by the FDA for the treatment of
cancer.
Of these, over 65% - cytotoxic drugs
15% - hormonal therapies
15% - interact with speciific targets -
“targeted therapies”
24. Combined Therapy – Principles
Combat drug resistance
Use effective agents
Agents with different modes of action (synergy)
Agents with non-overlapping toxicities
Consider spatial co-operation
25. Palliative Therapy – Principles
Symptom relief
Psychosocial interventions
Physical & practical support
Information & knowledge
Nutritional support
Social support
Financial support
Spiritual support