This topic covers the etiology, types, pathogenesis and management of Hypovolemic & Septic Shock. It is very important for MBBS Students both theoritical and clinical aspect. Also they should know the hemodynamics of the above both types of Shock.....
3. • Shock is a systemic state of low tissue
perfusion that is inadequate for
normal cellular respiration.
• It is either reduced oxygen delivery
(or) poor oxygen utilization (or)
increased oxygen consumption with
circulatory failure (collapse) and poor
perfusion.
• With insufficient delivery of oxygen
and glucose, cells switch from aerobic
to anaerobic metabolism.
• If perfusion is not restored in a timely
fashion, cell death ensues.
Definition
17. • Septic shock is a medical condition because
of severe infection and sepsis though the
microbe may be systemic or localized to a
particular site.
• This is the most common type of distributive
shock. It is considered as part of a spectrum
and a progression of SIRS (systemic
inflammatory response syndrome).
• Its most common victims are children,
immunocompromised individuals and the
elderly, as their immune systems cannot deal
with the infection as effectively as those of
healthy adults.
• The mortality rate from septic shock is
approximately 25-50%.
Septic Shock
18. • Septic shock may be due to gram-
positive organisms, gram negative
organisms, fungi, viruses or protozoa!
• Of the Bacteria’s involved - Gram –ve
bacteria ⅔ & Gram +ve ⅓.
• Gram-negative septic shock is called
as Endotoxic shock. It occurs due to
gram-neg bacterial infections –
commonly seen in strangulated
intestines, peritonitis, GIF, biliary &
urinary infections, major surgical
wounds, diabetic & crush wounds.
S S – Organisms
31. • Definition & Types of Shock.
• Aetiology of Hypovolemic & Septic Shock.
• Pathophysiology of both types of Shock.
• Organisms & Risk factors of Septic shock.
• Clinical features of both types of Shock.
• Classification of Hypovolemic Shock due to Blood loss.
• Stages of Septic Shock.
• Investigations & Treatment of Hypovolemic & Septic Shock.
To Summarize
33. • Define shock.
• Illustrate with flow-chart the pathophysiology of HS & SS.
• Classify Haemorrhagic shock.
• Mention the clinical features of Hypovolemic shock.
• Describe the management of Hypovolemic shock.
• Enumerate the risk factors of Septic shock.
• Explain the stages of Septic shock.
• Write the algorithm of Septic shock.
Question Time
34. Which of the following is the last to occur in
septic shock? –
◼ a) Tachypnoea.
◼ b) Hypotension.
◼ c) Coronary artery hypoperfusion.
◼ d) Renal hypoperfusion.
◼
35. Which of the following causes of shock is not
actually caused by hypovolemia? –
◼ a) Shock during administration of spinal anesthesia.
◼ b) Shock following trauma.
◼ c) Shock following a large burn.
◼ d) Shock in prolonged intestinal obstruction.
◼
36. An 81-year-old female resident of a nursing home presents to the ED with
altered mental status. She is febrile to 39.5°C, hypotensive with a
widened pulse pressure, tachycardiac with warm extremities. Categorize
the type of shock in the above patient –
◼ a) Anaphylactic shock.
◼ b) Hypovolemic shock.
◼ c) Cardiogenic shock.
◼ d) Septic shock.
◼
37. A 65-year-old male patient with history of HTN and DM presents to the ER
with abrupt onset of diffuse abdominal pain with radiation to his low back.
O/E, the patient is hypotensive, tachycardic, afebrile with cool but dry skin.
Categorize the type of shock in the above patient –
◼ a) Obstructive shock.
◼ b) Hypovolemic shock.
◼ c) Cardiogenic shock.
◼ d) Distributive shock.
◼
38. A patient presents with hypotension and clinical features of septic shock.
Despite insertion of a CVP line the resident doctor is unclear whether the
patient’s hypotension is caused by hypovolemia (or) by sepsis-induced
myocardial depression [MD]. Which of the following statements is true? –
◼ a) An IV fluid must not be given unless MD is absolutely excluded.
◼ b) The resident should rapidly administer 500 ml of fluid to differentiate
between hypovolemia & MD.
◼ c) The resident should first raise the pressor support & see if the patient
responds.
◼ d) MD is not a component of septic shock, and the resident should only
treat for hypovolemia.
39. Which of the following is the correct physiological
change during hypovolemic shock? –
◼ a) Increased cardiac output.
◼ b) Decreased vascular resistance.
◼ c) Decreased venous pressure.
◼ d) Increased venous saturation.
◼
40. A patient who is experiencing hypovolemic shock has decreased
cardiac output, which contributes to ineffective tissue perfusion. The
decrease in cardiac output occurs due to –
◼ a) An increase in cardiac preload.
◼ b) An increase in stroke volume.
◼ c) A decrease in cardiac preload.
◼ d) A decrease in cardiac contractility.
◼