![FEW EXERCISES
• TALL RED (HOMOZYGOUS DOMINANT] WITH SHORT WHITE [HOMOZYGOUS RECESSIVE]
• AXIAL PURPLE (HOMOZYGOUS DOMINANT) WITH TERMINAL WHITE (HOMOZYGOUS RECESSIVE)
• TALL WHITE (HOMOZYGOUS) CROSS WITH SHORT RED (HOMOZYGOUS) NOTE: TALL IS DOMINANT OVER
SHORT AND RED IS DOMINANT OVER WHITE](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/principlesofinheritancevariation-ii-200807164022/75/Principles-of-inheritance-variation-II-18-2048.jpg)
Uploaded byChethan Kumar
Principles of inheritance & variation II
The document discusses Mendel's experiments on inheritance, particularly focusing on monohybrid and dihybrid crosses using pea plants to illustrate genetic ratios. It emphasizes Mendel's laws of inheritance, the significance of his work in improving plants and animals, and the application of his findings in human genetics and genetic counseling. Key reasons for Mendel's success in his experiments include careful record-keeping, statistical methods, and a focus on simpler traits.
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Principles of inheritance & variation II
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- 6. MONOHYBRID CROSS USINGFLOWER COLOUR AS A CHARACTER
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- 8. TEST CROSS TOKNOW THE GENOTYPE OF THE PARENT
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- 10. FEW EXERCISES PHENOTYPE REDFLOWER WHITE FLOWER GENOTYPE RR X rr GAMETES F1 Rr PHENOTYPE GAMETES F1 SELFED Rr X Rr R r R r R r R r R RR Red Rr Red r Rr Red rr White Phenotypic ratio : 3 red : 1 white 3 : 1 Genotypic ratio : 1 RR : 2 Rr : 1 rr 1 : 2 : 1
- 11. FEW EXERCISES • CROSSBETWEEN • ROUND SEEDS & WRINKLED SEED (ROUND IS DOMINANT OVER WRINKLED) • YELLOW SEEDS X GREEN SEEDS (YELLOW IS DOMINANT OVER GREEN) • AXIAL FLOWER X TERMINAL FLOWER (AXIAL DOMINANT OVER TERMINAL)
- 12. FEW EXERCISES PHENOTYPE ROUNDSEEDWRINKLED SEED GENOTYPE RR X rr GAMETES F1 Rr PHENOTYPE round seed GAMETES F1 SELFED Rr X Rr r R r R R r R RR Round Rr Round r Rr round rr Wrinkled Phenotypic ratio : 3 round : 1 wrinkled 3 : 1 Genotypic ratio : 1 : 2: 1
- 13. FEW EXERCISES PHENOTYPE YELLOWSEED GREEN SEED GENOTYPE YY X yy GAMETES F1 Yy PHENOTYPE GAMETES F1 SELFED Yy X Yy y Y y Y Y y Y YY Yellow Yy yellow y Yy yellow yy Green Phenotypic ratio : 3 yellow : 1 green 3 : 1 Genotypic ratio :1 : 2 :1 Y Yy y
- 14. FEW EXERCISES PHENOTYPE AXIALFLOWER TERMINAL FLOWER GENOTYPE AA X aa GAMETES F1 Aa PHENOTYPE GAMETES F1 SELFED Aa X Aa A a A a A a A AA Axial Aa Axial a Aa Axial aa Terminal Phenotypic ratio : 3 : 1 Genotypic ratio : 1 :2 : 1 A Aa a
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- 16. DIHYBRID CROSSY Y RR y y r r Y R y r Y r y R y r Y R
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- 18. FEW EXERCISES • TALLRED (HOMOZYGOUS DOMINANT] WITH SHORT WHITE [HOMOZYGOUS RECESSIVE] • AXIAL PURPLE (HOMOZYGOUS DOMINANT) WITH TERMINAL WHITE (HOMOZYGOUS RECESSIVE) • TALL WHITE (HOMOZYGOUS) CROSS WITH SHORT RED (HOMOZYGOUS) NOTE: TALL IS DOMINANT OVER SHORT AND RED IS DOMINANT OVER WHITE
- 19. FEW EXERCISES PHENOTYPE TALLRED FLOWER DWARF WHITE FLOWER GENOTYPE TTRR X ttrr GAMETES F1 TtRr PHENOTYPE GAMETES F1 SELFED TtRr X TtRr TR TR tr TR Tr tR tr TR TTRR TTRr TtRR TtRr Tr TTRr TTrr TtRr Ttrr tR TtRR TtRr ttRR ttRr tr TtRr Ttrr ttRr ttrr Phenotypic ratio : 9 tall red : 3 tall white : 3 dwarf red :1 dwarf white 9: 3 : 3 : 1 Tr tR tr
- 20. FEW EXERCISES PHENOTYPE AXIALPURPLE TERMINAL WHITE GENOTYPE AAPP X aapp GAMETES F1 AaPp PHENOTYPE GAMETES F1 SELFED X AP AP Ap aP ap AP AAPP AAPp AaPP AaPp Ap AAPp AApp AaPp Aapp aP AaPP AaPp aaPP aaPp ap AaPp Aapp aaPp aapp Phenotypic ratio : 9 AXIAL PURPLE : 3 AXIAL WHITE : 3 TERMINAL PURPLE : 1 TERMINAL WHITE 9 : 3 : 3 : 1 ap AP Ap aP ap
- 21. FEW EXERCISES PHENOTYPE TALLWHITE FLOWER SHORT RED FLOWER GENOTYPE TTrr X ttRR GAMETES F1 TtRr PHENOTYPE GAMETES F1 SELFED TtRr X TtRr Tr Phenotypic ratio : 9 : 3 : 3 : 1 Genotypic ratio : TR Tr tR tr TR TTRR TTRr TtRR TtRr Tr TTRr TTrr TtRr TTrr tR TtRR TtRr ttRR ttRr tr TtRr Ttrr ttRr ttrr tR TR Tr tR tr
- 22. MENDEL’S LAW OFINHERITANCE
- 23. MENDEL’S LAW OFINHERITANCE PHENOTYPE ROUND SEED WRINKLED SEED GENOTYPE RR X rr GAMETES F1 Rr PHENOTYPE round seed GAMETES R r rR
- 24. MENDEL’S LAW OFINHERITANCE PHENOTYPE ROUNDSEED WRINKLED SEED GENOTYPE RR X rr GAMETES F1 Rr PHENOTYPE round seed GAMETES R r rR R r
- 25. MENDEL’S LAW OFINHERITANCE Y r y R y r Y R Y R y r Gametes Parent genotype YyRr
- 26. DIHYRBID CROSS BETWEENHETEROZYGOUS PARENTS PHENOTYPE TALL RED FLOWER SHORT WHITE FLOWER GENOTYPE TtRr X ttrr GAMETES F1 PHENOTYPE GAMETES F1 SELFED TR Tr tr tr TR Tr tR tr tr TtRr Tall Red Ttrr Tall white ttRr Short red ttrr Short white tR
- 27. IMPORTANCE OF MENDELISM •Improvement of plants : Hybridization is used for obtaining improved varieties of plants. This process results in combinations of desirable characters of two or more species or varieties. • Improvement of animals : Mendelism has enabled the plant breeders to improve the races of domestic animals. • Improvement of human race : Laws of heredity postulated by Mendel are equally applicable to mankind. • Disputed parentage : Study of inheritance of the blood group can solve the disputed parentage of a child. • Genetic Counselling : With the knowledge of Mendelism, genetic counsellor can predict the possibility of hereditary defect in early foetus
- 28. REASONS FOR MENDEL’SSUCCESS • His choice of plants as pea plants (Pisum sativum) for his breeding experiments was excellent. • Mendel kept complete record of every cross. • He also used statistical methods and law of probability for finalising his results. • Mendel’s predecessors usually studied many traits simultaneously but he took one or two traits at one time for his experiments. • Mendel was fortunate that the characters which by chance he selected for his experiments did not show linkage, incomplete dominance, gene interaction etc. • He took utmost care to check contamination from foreign pollen at the time of cross breeding. • Mendel formulated theoretical explanations for interpreting his results. He tested his every explanation for its validity. • He did not attempt to solve all the variations reported in his breeding experiments, which were not clear to him, such as linkage.
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