A Punnett square is a grid that predicts the possible genotypes of offspring from a genetic cross. It shows all the possible combinations of alleles from the parents. For a genetic cross between plants that are heterozygous (Rr) for flower color, a Punnett square predicts:
- A 25% chance of homozygous dominant (RR) offspring with red flowers
- A 50% chance of heterozygous (Rr) offspring with red flowers
- A 25% chance of homozygous recessive (rr) offspring with white flowers
Since there are twice as many ways to produce heterozygous offspring as either homozygous type, heterozygous offspring are twice as likely. Looking
Punnett squares can be used to predict the possible genotypes and phenotypes of offspring from a genetic cross between two parents. Mendel performed dihybrid crosses involving two traits, like seed shape and color, and found independent assortment of traits in a 9:3:3:1 ratio. A Punnett square represents the possible combinations of alleles from each parent that are passed on to offspring. It accurately predicts the probability but not absolute outcomes of genetic crosses.
This document provides an overview of Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants that laid the foundations for genetics. It discusses how Mendel studied seven traits in pea plants through controlled crosses between pure-breeding lines. His results demonstrated that traits are inherited as discrete units (now called genes or alleles) and showed dominance relationships. Mendel's work established the laws of segregation and independent assortment. Later researchers confirmed Mendel's findings through experiments with pea plants.
This document provides an overview of genetic linkage and mapping. It discusses how Thomas Morgan established the chromosome theory of inheritance by discovering genetic linkage between genes located on the same chromosome. Genes located close together on a chromosome assort together more often than genes farther apart due to less recombination between linked genes. The document describes Morgan's early experiments in Drosophila that demonstrated genetic linkage between eye color and wing size genes. It also explains how Alfred Sturtevant created the first genetic linkage map by quantifying recombination frequencies between linked genes on the X chromosome. The concept of map units (centiMorgans) is introduced as a way to represent the physical distance between genes based on their recombination rate.
This Power Point Presentation is designed to explain Mendel's experiment on hybridization and dihybrid cross which considers inheritance of two traits at a time and to know whether they are inherited independently or are influenced by each other and also about Law of Independent assortment
The document discusses Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants to study genetic inheritance. It defines key terms like alleles, genes, loci, genotype, and phenotype. It describes Mendel's pea plants and the seven traits he studied. Mendel performed crosses between pea plants and found that the traits in the offspring (F2 generation) followed a consistent ratio, around 3 dominant to 1 recessive for each trait.
This document provides an overview of basic Mendelian genetics and inheritance patterns. It discusses how Gregor Mendel conducted experiments with pea plants in the 1800s to discover the laws of inheritance. Through his work, he demonstrated that traits are passed from parents to offspring through discrete units called genes. The document also explains how monohybrid and dihybrid crosses can be used to predict inheritance patterns based on Mendel's laws of segregation and independent assortment. It uses the example of cystic fibrosis inheritance in humans to illustrate how recessive traits are expressed.
This document provides information about Gregor Mendel and his experiments with pea plants that formed the basis of modern genetics. It discusses how Mendel:
- Studied inherited traits in pea plants like seed texture, color, flower color and plant size.
- Developed the concept of inherited factors (now called genes) that are transmitted from parents to offspring.
- Formulated Mendel's laws of inheritance, including the law of dominance and the law of segregation, based on his experimental results showing dominant and recessive traits separating and recombining in offspring over generations.
A Punnett square is a grid that predicts the possible genotypes of offspring from a genetic cross. It shows all the possible combinations of alleles from the parents. For a genetic cross between plants that are heterozygous (Rr) for flower color, a Punnett square predicts:
- A 25% chance of homozygous dominant (RR) offspring with red flowers
- A 50% chance of heterozygous (Rr) offspring with red flowers
- A 25% chance of homozygous recessive (rr) offspring with white flowers
Since there are twice as many ways to produce heterozygous offspring as either homozygous type, heterozygous offspring are twice as likely. Looking
Punnett squares can be used to predict the possible genotypes and phenotypes of offspring from a genetic cross between two parents. Mendel performed dihybrid crosses involving two traits, like seed shape and color, and found independent assortment of traits in a 9:3:3:1 ratio. A Punnett square represents the possible combinations of alleles from each parent that are passed on to offspring. It accurately predicts the probability but not absolute outcomes of genetic crosses.
This document provides an overview of Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants that laid the foundations for genetics. It discusses how Mendel studied seven traits in pea plants through controlled crosses between pure-breeding lines. His results demonstrated that traits are inherited as discrete units (now called genes or alleles) and showed dominance relationships. Mendel's work established the laws of segregation and independent assortment. Later researchers confirmed Mendel's findings through experiments with pea plants.
This document provides an overview of genetic linkage and mapping. It discusses how Thomas Morgan established the chromosome theory of inheritance by discovering genetic linkage between genes located on the same chromosome. Genes located close together on a chromosome assort together more often than genes farther apart due to less recombination between linked genes. The document describes Morgan's early experiments in Drosophila that demonstrated genetic linkage between eye color and wing size genes. It also explains how Alfred Sturtevant created the first genetic linkage map by quantifying recombination frequencies between linked genes on the X chromosome. The concept of map units (centiMorgans) is introduced as a way to represent the physical distance between genes based on their recombination rate.
This Power Point Presentation is designed to explain Mendel's experiment on hybridization and dihybrid cross which considers inheritance of two traits at a time and to know whether they are inherited independently or are influenced by each other and also about Law of Independent assortment
The document discusses Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants to study genetic inheritance. It defines key terms like alleles, genes, loci, genotype, and phenotype. It describes Mendel's pea plants and the seven traits he studied. Mendel performed crosses between pea plants and found that the traits in the offspring (F2 generation) followed a consistent ratio, around 3 dominant to 1 recessive for each trait.
This document provides an overview of basic Mendelian genetics and inheritance patterns. It discusses how Gregor Mendel conducted experiments with pea plants in the 1800s to discover the laws of inheritance. Through his work, he demonstrated that traits are passed from parents to offspring through discrete units called genes. The document also explains how monohybrid and dihybrid crosses can be used to predict inheritance patterns based on Mendel's laws of segregation and independent assortment. It uses the example of cystic fibrosis inheritance in humans to illustrate how recessive traits are expressed.
This document provides information about Gregor Mendel and his experiments with pea plants that formed the basis of modern genetics. It discusses how Mendel:
- Studied inherited traits in pea plants like seed texture, color, flower color and plant size.
- Developed the concept of inherited factors (now called genes) that are transmitted from parents to offspring.
- Formulated Mendel's laws of inheritance, including the law of dominance and the law of segregation, based on his experimental results showing dominant and recessive traits separating and recombining in offspring over generations.
A monohybrid cross is a cross between two individuals differing in one character pair, such as tall vs dwarf plants. The F1 generation produced from this cross is then self-pollinated to produce the F2 generation. In a monohybrid cross involving a dominant tall trait and recessive dwarf trait, the F1 generation will all be tall, while the F2 generation will exhibit a 3:1 phenotypic ratio of tall to dwarf plants.
Complete dominance is a type of genetic dominance where the dominant gene fully masks the expression of the recessive gene in heterozygous individuals. In a monohybrid cross exhibiting complete dominance, such as tail length in cats, the dominant gene for long tails (T) will be represented by capital letters while the recessive gene for short tails (t) uses lowercase. Crossing two heterozygous individuals (Tt x Tt) will result in a genotypic ratio of 1 TT : 2 Tt : 1 tt and a phenotypic ratio of 3 long tails : 1 short tail.
Mendel discovered the laws of segregation and independent assortment through experiments breeding pea plants. He found that when he crossed pure-breeding plants, the offspring did not show blended or intermediate traits but rather inherited distinct traits from the parents. During meiosis, genes separate into gametes such that each gamete receives only one of each pair of genes. When these gametes fuse during fertilization, the genes assort independently. Through his experiments, Mendel was able to deduce that genes segregate during gamete formation according to the laws of chance.
Females have two X chromosomes, while males have one X and one Y chromosome. Females need two X chromosomes because one of the two X chromosomes in each cell of a female is randomly inactivated very early in development. This process, called X-inactivation or lyonization, ensures that females, like males, have only one active X chromosome per cell. It balances gene expression between males and females.
This document provides a list of practice problems related to the Hardy-Weinberg principle for genetics. It includes 9 questions covering topics like calculating allele and genotype frequencies, determining expected phenotypes, and predicting future population changes given initial conditions. The problems range from basic calculations to more complex multi-step issues involving populations meeting or not meeting Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.
The document summarizes key concepts in genetics discovered by Gregor Mendel through his experiments with pea plants, including:
- Mendel performed breeding experiments with pea plants and discovered the laws of segregation and independent assortment.
- He found that traits are passed from parents to offspring through discrete factors (now known as genes and alleles) that sort independently during gamete formation and fertilization.
- Mendel's work laid the foundation for modern genetics concepts such as genotypes, phenotypes, dominance, and the use of Punnett squares to predict offspring ratios.
- The document also discusses how Mendel's principles can be applied to understand human genetic disorders and inheritance patterns such as autosomal and
This document discusses the multiple factor hypothesis for quantitative traits. It explains that quantitative traits are influenced by multiple genes (polygenes) and show continuous variation. The document then summarizes an experiment by Nilsson-Ehle in 1908 on kernel color in wheat. Nilsson-Ehle found that red kernel color showed different shades that could be explained by the interaction of two duplicate dominant genes, R1 and R2. Offspring with more of these genes showed darker red color. This supported the idea that quantitative traits are governed by multiple independent genes with cumulative effects on the phenotype.
1) The document discusses heredity and genetics, including definitions of key terms like species, traits, genes, alleles, and genotypes.
2) It explains that species are groups that can reproduce and have fertile offspring, and examples like dogs and wolves are given. Traits can be inherited or acquired, and come in different types.
3) The role of genes and alleles in determining traits and phenotypes is outlined. Genes are segments of DNA that code for proteins, and are located on chromosomes which come in homologous pairs for humans and other species.
The document summarizes key concepts in genetics and inheritance, including:
1) Traits are transmitted by chromosomes which contain genes made of DNA. Genes can be dominant or recessive.
2) Mendel's experiments with pea plants established the basic principles of heredity, including dominance, segregation, and independent assortment.
3) Genes exist in versions called alleles that are received from each parent and can be dominant or recessive.
B.Sc. Microb/Biotech II Cell biology and Genetics Unit 4 Mendelian GeneticsRai University
Gregor Mendel conducted experiments with pea plants between 1856-1863. He found that traits are passed from parents to offspring through "particles" now known as genes. Mendel developed two laws of inheritance: 1) The Law of Dominance states that in a cross between pure dominant and recessive traits, only the dominant trait will appear in the offspring. 2) The Law of Segregation states that genes separate during the formation of gametes, so offspring have an equal chance of inheriting either gene from each parent. Mendel's work laid the foundation for modern genetics although it was not widely recognized until the early 20th century.
This document provides an overview of Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants and the principles of heredity and genetics that he discovered. It discusses Mendel's work crossing pea plants with different traits, such as flower color, and recording the results in subsequent generations. His experiments showed that traits are inherited in discrete units (now known as genes) and follow predictable patterns, such as the 3:1 ratio he observed for dominant and recessive traits in the F2 generation of a monohybrid cross. The document also covers Mendel's principle of independent assortment observed in dihybrid crosses.
Sex linked inheritance aand interaction of genesNethravathi Siri
This document describes experiments on sex-linked inheritance in Drosophila melanogaster. Crosses were set up between red-eyed and white-eyed fly strains. F1 generations showed asymmetric ratios, indicating the gene was on the sex chromosome. Test crosses and F2 ratios followed patterns of X-linked inheritance. A second experiment found symmetric F1 ratios, showing an autosomal gene was involved. Chi-square tests confirmed progeny ratios fit expected Mendelian patterns.
Gregor Mendel conducted experiments with pea plants between 1856-1863. He studied seven traits in pea plants, including seed shape, seed color, pod shape, etc. Through his experiments involving thousands of pea plants, he developed the laws of inheritance. His work showed that traits are passed from parents to offspring through discrete factors, now known as genes. Mendel's work established the foundations of classical genetics though it was not widely recognized until the early 20th century.
Gregor Mendel conducted experiments with pea plants to study heredity and inheritance of traits. He found that traits are passed from parents to offspring through discrete units called genes. Mendel discovered that genes exist in pairs and can be dominant or recessive, and that they assort independently during reproduction. His work established the foundations of classical genetics and heredity.
Probability, Mendel, and Genetics PowerpointMrs. Henley
The document summarizes key concepts from Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants including:
- Mendel studied traits like plant height, seed shape and color in pea plants which existed in distinct forms (tall vs short, round vs wrinkled seeds)
- He performed controlled crosses between purebred (homozygous) pea plants and found that some traits were dominant over others in the offspring
- Mendel developed the concepts of dominant and recessive alleles and used Punnett squares to predict the probabilities of traits being expressed in offspring
The document discusses meiosis, genetic crosses, and inheritance patterns. It begins by outlining meiosis and its role in genetic variation. It then discusses dihybrid crosses and Mendel's results, which showed independent assortment and ratios of 9:3:3:1. The document further explains linkage, recombination frequency, and genetic maps. It concludes by covering sex-linked inheritance and examples like color blindness and hemophilia.
Epistasis refers to the phenomenon where the effect of one gene is dependent on the presence of other genes. There are different types of epistatic interactions: dominant epistasis occurs when a dominant allele of one gene masks the effect of alleles at another gene locus; recessive epistasis occurs when a recessive allele of one gene hides the effects of alleles at another locus; and duplicate recessive genes, or complementary genes, produce the same phenotype only when both genes have homozygous recessive alleles. Epistasis can modify expected Mendelian ratios from crosses.
1) A monohybrid cross involves determining inheritance patterns between parents differing in a single trait.
2) A Punnett square is used to predict outcomes of crosses between heterozygous parents for a trait.
3) A dihybrid cross examines inheritance of two traits simultaneously by crossing F1 offspring differing in two traits.
This PPT consists of 24 slides explaining Polygenic Inheritance . Some traits are controlled by two or more genes. These traits differ from Mendelian traits and donot show discrete alternative or contrasting forms and show continuous ranges. Examples of such traits are wheat seed colour, plant height, Human skin colour controlled by at least three genes showing many shades of dark and fare, human height, human eye colour etc
This document provides an overview of genetics and Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants that established the basic principles of heredity and inheritance. It begins with an introduction to genetics, DNA, chromosomes, and heredity. It then discusses Gregor Mendel's biography and his experiments between 1856-1863, in which he studied seven traits of pea plants and developed the laws of segregation and independent assortment. The document explains Mendelian genetics concepts like genes, alleles, genotypes, phenotypes, monohybrid and dihybrid crosses. It provides examples of Mendelian inheritance patterns in human genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis and Gaucher disease. Finally, it discusses exceptions to Mendel
This document provides information about genetics and heredity. It discusses key topics like Mendel's experiments with pea plants which laid the foundations of modern genetics. Some of Mendel's important findings included developing the laws of inheritance and proposing the concept of genes. The document also explains other genetic concepts like incomplete dominance, codominance, linkage and recombination which were later established through the work of scientists like Morgan using the fruit fly Drosophila. Sex determination mechanisms in different organisms are also summarized. Overall, the document gives an overview of the history and basic principles of genetics.
- A Punnett square is a grid that predicts the possible genotypes of offspring from a genetic cross. It shows all the possible combinations of alleles from the parents.
- In a monohybrid cross between plants that are heterozygous for flower color (Rr x Rr), there are three possible genotypes that produce red flowers and one that produces white flowers. Therefore, red flowers have a 3:1 probability over white flowers.
- A Punnett square can demonstrate this cross, showing the possible combinations of alleles and their probabilities visually. It confirms that red flowers have a 3/4 or 75% probability compared to white flowers at 1/4 or 25% probability.
A monohybrid cross is a cross between two individuals differing in one character pair, such as tall vs dwarf plants. The F1 generation produced from this cross is then self-pollinated to produce the F2 generation. In a monohybrid cross involving a dominant tall trait and recessive dwarf trait, the F1 generation will all be tall, while the F2 generation will exhibit a 3:1 phenotypic ratio of tall to dwarf plants.
Complete dominance is a type of genetic dominance where the dominant gene fully masks the expression of the recessive gene in heterozygous individuals. In a monohybrid cross exhibiting complete dominance, such as tail length in cats, the dominant gene for long tails (T) will be represented by capital letters while the recessive gene for short tails (t) uses lowercase. Crossing two heterozygous individuals (Tt x Tt) will result in a genotypic ratio of 1 TT : 2 Tt : 1 tt and a phenotypic ratio of 3 long tails : 1 short tail.
Mendel discovered the laws of segregation and independent assortment through experiments breeding pea plants. He found that when he crossed pure-breeding plants, the offspring did not show blended or intermediate traits but rather inherited distinct traits from the parents. During meiosis, genes separate into gametes such that each gamete receives only one of each pair of genes. When these gametes fuse during fertilization, the genes assort independently. Through his experiments, Mendel was able to deduce that genes segregate during gamete formation according to the laws of chance.
Females have two X chromosomes, while males have one X and one Y chromosome. Females need two X chromosomes because one of the two X chromosomes in each cell of a female is randomly inactivated very early in development. This process, called X-inactivation or lyonization, ensures that females, like males, have only one active X chromosome per cell. It balances gene expression between males and females.
This document provides a list of practice problems related to the Hardy-Weinberg principle for genetics. It includes 9 questions covering topics like calculating allele and genotype frequencies, determining expected phenotypes, and predicting future population changes given initial conditions. The problems range from basic calculations to more complex multi-step issues involving populations meeting or not meeting Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.
The document summarizes key concepts in genetics discovered by Gregor Mendel through his experiments with pea plants, including:
- Mendel performed breeding experiments with pea plants and discovered the laws of segregation and independent assortment.
- He found that traits are passed from parents to offspring through discrete factors (now known as genes and alleles) that sort independently during gamete formation and fertilization.
- Mendel's work laid the foundation for modern genetics concepts such as genotypes, phenotypes, dominance, and the use of Punnett squares to predict offspring ratios.
- The document also discusses how Mendel's principles can be applied to understand human genetic disorders and inheritance patterns such as autosomal and
This document discusses the multiple factor hypothesis for quantitative traits. It explains that quantitative traits are influenced by multiple genes (polygenes) and show continuous variation. The document then summarizes an experiment by Nilsson-Ehle in 1908 on kernel color in wheat. Nilsson-Ehle found that red kernel color showed different shades that could be explained by the interaction of two duplicate dominant genes, R1 and R2. Offspring with more of these genes showed darker red color. This supported the idea that quantitative traits are governed by multiple independent genes with cumulative effects on the phenotype.
1) The document discusses heredity and genetics, including definitions of key terms like species, traits, genes, alleles, and genotypes.
2) It explains that species are groups that can reproduce and have fertile offspring, and examples like dogs and wolves are given. Traits can be inherited or acquired, and come in different types.
3) The role of genes and alleles in determining traits and phenotypes is outlined. Genes are segments of DNA that code for proteins, and are located on chromosomes which come in homologous pairs for humans and other species.
The document summarizes key concepts in genetics and inheritance, including:
1) Traits are transmitted by chromosomes which contain genes made of DNA. Genes can be dominant or recessive.
2) Mendel's experiments with pea plants established the basic principles of heredity, including dominance, segregation, and independent assortment.
3) Genes exist in versions called alleles that are received from each parent and can be dominant or recessive.
B.Sc. Microb/Biotech II Cell biology and Genetics Unit 4 Mendelian GeneticsRai University
Gregor Mendel conducted experiments with pea plants between 1856-1863. He found that traits are passed from parents to offspring through "particles" now known as genes. Mendel developed two laws of inheritance: 1) The Law of Dominance states that in a cross between pure dominant and recessive traits, only the dominant trait will appear in the offspring. 2) The Law of Segregation states that genes separate during the formation of gametes, so offspring have an equal chance of inheriting either gene from each parent. Mendel's work laid the foundation for modern genetics although it was not widely recognized until the early 20th century.
This document provides an overview of Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants and the principles of heredity and genetics that he discovered. It discusses Mendel's work crossing pea plants with different traits, such as flower color, and recording the results in subsequent generations. His experiments showed that traits are inherited in discrete units (now known as genes) and follow predictable patterns, such as the 3:1 ratio he observed for dominant and recessive traits in the F2 generation of a monohybrid cross. The document also covers Mendel's principle of independent assortment observed in dihybrid crosses.
Sex linked inheritance aand interaction of genesNethravathi Siri
This document describes experiments on sex-linked inheritance in Drosophila melanogaster. Crosses were set up between red-eyed and white-eyed fly strains. F1 generations showed asymmetric ratios, indicating the gene was on the sex chromosome. Test crosses and F2 ratios followed patterns of X-linked inheritance. A second experiment found symmetric F1 ratios, showing an autosomal gene was involved. Chi-square tests confirmed progeny ratios fit expected Mendelian patterns.
Gregor Mendel conducted experiments with pea plants between 1856-1863. He studied seven traits in pea plants, including seed shape, seed color, pod shape, etc. Through his experiments involving thousands of pea plants, he developed the laws of inheritance. His work showed that traits are passed from parents to offspring through discrete factors, now known as genes. Mendel's work established the foundations of classical genetics though it was not widely recognized until the early 20th century.
Gregor Mendel conducted experiments with pea plants to study heredity and inheritance of traits. He found that traits are passed from parents to offspring through discrete units called genes. Mendel discovered that genes exist in pairs and can be dominant or recessive, and that they assort independently during reproduction. His work established the foundations of classical genetics and heredity.
Probability, Mendel, and Genetics PowerpointMrs. Henley
The document summarizes key concepts from Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants including:
- Mendel studied traits like plant height, seed shape and color in pea plants which existed in distinct forms (tall vs short, round vs wrinkled seeds)
- He performed controlled crosses between purebred (homozygous) pea plants and found that some traits were dominant over others in the offspring
- Mendel developed the concepts of dominant and recessive alleles and used Punnett squares to predict the probabilities of traits being expressed in offspring
The document discusses meiosis, genetic crosses, and inheritance patterns. It begins by outlining meiosis and its role in genetic variation. It then discusses dihybrid crosses and Mendel's results, which showed independent assortment and ratios of 9:3:3:1. The document further explains linkage, recombination frequency, and genetic maps. It concludes by covering sex-linked inheritance and examples like color blindness and hemophilia.
Epistasis refers to the phenomenon where the effect of one gene is dependent on the presence of other genes. There are different types of epistatic interactions: dominant epistasis occurs when a dominant allele of one gene masks the effect of alleles at another gene locus; recessive epistasis occurs when a recessive allele of one gene hides the effects of alleles at another locus; and duplicate recessive genes, or complementary genes, produce the same phenotype only when both genes have homozygous recessive alleles. Epistasis can modify expected Mendelian ratios from crosses.
1) A monohybrid cross involves determining inheritance patterns between parents differing in a single trait.
2) A Punnett square is used to predict outcomes of crosses between heterozygous parents for a trait.
3) A dihybrid cross examines inheritance of two traits simultaneously by crossing F1 offspring differing in two traits.
This PPT consists of 24 slides explaining Polygenic Inheritance . Some traits are controlled by two or more genes. These traits differ from Mendelian traits and donot show discrete alternative or contrasting forms and show continuous ranges. Examples of such traits are wheat seed colour, plant height, Human skin colour controlled by at least three genes showing many shades of dark and fare, human height, human eye colour etc
This document provides an overview of genetics and Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants that established the basic principles of heredity and inheritance. It begins with an introduction to genetics, DNA, chromosomes, and heredity. It then discusses Gregor Mendel's biography and his experiments between 1856-1863, in which he studied seven traits of pea plants and developed the laws of segregation and independent assortment. The document explains Mendelian genetics concepts like genes, alleles, genotypes, phenotypes, monohybrid and dihybrid crosses. It provides examples of Mendelian inheritance patterns in human genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis and Gaucher disease. Finally, it discusses exceptions to Mendel
This document provides information about genetics and heredity. It discusses key topics like Mendel's experiments with pea plants which laid the foundations of modern genetics. Some of Mendel's important findings included developing the laws of inheritance and proposing the concept of genes. The document also explains other genetic concepts like incomplete dominance, codominance, linkage and recombination which were later established through the work of scientists like Morgan using the fruit fly Drosophila. Sex determination mechanisms in different organisms are also summarized. Overall, the document gives an overview of the history and basic principles of genetics.
- A Punnett square is a grid that predicts the possible genotypes of offspring from a genetic cross. It shows all the possible combinations of alleles from the parents.
- In a monohybrid cross between plants that are heterozygous for flower color (Rr x Rr), there are three possible genotypes that produce red flowers and one that produces white flowers. Therefore, red flowers have a 3:1 probability over white flowers.
- A Punnett square can demonstrate this cross, showing the possible combinations of alleles and their probabilities visually. It confirms that red flowers have a 3/4 or 75% probability compared to white flowers at 1/4 or 25% probability.
Gregor Mendel conducted experiments with pea plants between 1856-1863. He cultivated and tested over 28,000 pea plants, studying seven different traits including seed shape, seed color, pod shape, pod color, flower position and plant height. Through his experiments and subsequent generations of crosses, he discovered that traits are passed to offspring through discrete factors, now known as genes, following predictable patterns. He developed the laws of inheritance and particulate theory of inheritance, laying the foundations for modern genetics.
Mendel observed patterns of inheritance in pea plants through experimentation with traits such as flower color, seed shape, and pod color. His work provided evidence that heritable traits are specified by discrete units (later identified as genes) that are transmitted from parents to offspring in predictable patterns. Through experiments involving one trait (monohybrid crosses) and two traits (dihybrid crosses), Mendel deduced that genes assort and transmit independently during gamete formation and fertilization. Later work showed that traits are influenced not only by genes but also environmental factors and that variations exist in patterns of gene expression and dominance.
This document provides an overview of genetics and Mendelian inheritance. It discusses how Mendel conducted experiments on pea plants to develop the principles of heredity, including his laws of inheritance. Mendel showed that traits are inherited as discrete units (genes) that assort independently, with one trait (dominant) masking the expression of another (recessive) trait. His work demonstrated monohybrid and dihybrid crosses, and laid the foundations for modern genetics.
Principles of Inheritance, Class 12 CBSEblessiemary
This document provides information about principles of inheritance and variation in genetics. It discusses key topics including:
- Genetics deals with inheritance and variation from parents to offspring. Variation results in offspring differing from parents.
- Gregor Mendel conducted experiments with pea plants in the 1800s and established the principles of heredity, including dominance, segregation, independent assortment. He demonstrated genes are passed from parents to offspring in predictable ratios.
- Chromosomal theory of inheritance later explained that genes are located on chromosomes and segregate during gamete formation according to Mendel's laws. The work of Morgan, Sutton, and Boveri supported this theory through experimentation.
1) Mendel studied inheritance of traits in pea plants and developed the laws of genetics through extensive experimentation.
2) The Law of Segregation states that organisms pass one of two alleles to their offspring and these alleles segregate during gamete formation such that a cross between heterozygotes results in a 3:1 phenotypic ratio.
3) The Law of Independent Assortment demonstrated that two traits assort independently during gamete formation, resulting in a 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio for a dihybrid cross. Mendel's work laid the foundation for modern genetics.
This document provides an overview of genetics concepts including:
- Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants that established the principles of heredity and inheritance patterns
- Key genetics terms like genotype, phenotype, alleles, homozygous and heterozygous
- Mendel's principles of dominance, segregation and independent assortment observed through monohybrid and dihybrid crosses
- Examples of inheritance patterns for traits like flower color, stem length and human diseases like cystic fibrosis
- Extensions of Mendelian genetics including incomplete dominance observed in snapdragon flower color.
1) This document summarizes Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants that established the basic principles of heredity and inheritance through genetics.
2) Mendel performed crosses involving one or two traits, such as plant height and seed color, and observed predictable inheritance patterns including dominance and independent assortment of genes.
3) His work demonstrated that traits are passed from parents to offspring through discrete units of heredity now called genes.
1. Gregor Mendel was an Austrian monk who is considered the father of genetics. He studied inheritance of traits in pea plants between 1856-1863 and developed the laws of inheritance.
2. Mendel found that when he cross-bred pea plants with different traits, such as seed shape or color, the offspring retained traits from both parents. Through his experiments with over 28,000 pea plants, he developed the laws of inheritance.
3. Mendel's work established the foundations of classical genetics, including the laws of segregation and independent assortment. His work was not widely recognized until the early 20th century but he is now recognized as the founder of the modern science of genetics
Genetics is the study of genes, heredity, and genetic variation. Gregor Mendel conducted experiments with pea plants in the 1800s and established the principles of inheritance, including dominance, segregation, and independent assortment. His work showed that traits are passed from parents to offspring through discrete units called genes. Monohybrid and dihybrid crosses examine the inheritance of one or two traits and can be represented using Punnett squares. Mendel's principles form the basis of modern genetics.
This document provides an overview of genetics and key concepts from Gregor Mendel's experiments. It introduces Mendel's work with pea plants, the principles of inheritance he established including dominance, segregation and independent assortment. It explains genetic crosses such as monohybrid and dihybrid through the use of Punnett squares. The document also discusses examples of genetic inheritance patterns in humans including cystic fibrosis and Gaucher disease. It concludes with a brief overview of concepts beyond Mendelian genetics like incomplete dominance.
This document provides an overview of genetics concepts including:
- Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants that established the principles of heredity and inheritance patterns
- Key genetics terms like genotype, phenotype, alleles, homozygous, heterozygous
- How Mendel used monohybrid and dihybrid crosses to study single and double trait inheritance through Punnett squares
- His principles of dominance, segregation, and independent assortment
- Examples of genetic inheritance patterns in humans like cystic fibrosis and Gaucher disease
- Exceptions to Mendelian genetics through incomplete dominance seen in snapdragon flower color
The document discusses several of Mendel's principles including independent assortment and how genes from one pair segregate independently from other gene pairs during gamete formation. It provides examples of test crosses using phenotypes like flower color to determine the genotype of unknown parents. The document also discusses incomplete dominance in snapdragons where the heterozygous phenotype is intermediate, appearing as pink flowers.
The document provides instructions for classroom behavior and participation. It then presents a genetic code breaking activity where students decode terms by writing the letter after each letter. Finally, it discusses monohybrid crosses using Punnett squares to predict genotypes and phenotypes from parental genotypes.
This document provides an overview of genetics and heredity. It discusses how traits are passed from parents to offspring through genetic information contained in DNA on chromosomes. The work of Gregor Mendel, the "father of genetics", is described, including how he conducted controlled crosses of pea plants to develop the laws of inheritance. His experiments showed that traits are determined by alleles that segregate and assort independently during reproduction according to dominant and recessive phenotypes.
Mendel conducted genetics experiments with peas to study inheritance patterns. He crossbred pea plants with round seeds and wrinkled seeds. The F1 generation all had round seeds, showing dominance of the round trait. When he allowed the F1 plants to self-pollinate, the F2 generation showed a 3:1 ratio of round to wrinkled seeds, demonstrating independent assortment and segregation of alleles. Mendel also found similar ratios when studying other traits like seed color, providing early evidence for basic principles of heredity and genetics.
- Gregor Mendel conducted experiments with pea plants between 1856-1863 and discovered the laws of inheritance by tracking the inheritance of traits over successive generations.
- He found that traits are passed from parents to offspring through "particles" that we now know are genes and alleles. His work established the principles of dominant and recessive genes.
- Mendel's experiments demonstrated that inherited traits follow predictable statistical patterns that he described as the laws of segregation and independent assortment. These became the foundation of classical genetics.
Similar to Principles of inheritance & variation II (20)
Principles of inheritance & Variation-IVChethan Kumar
The topic of discussion here is about Mutation & different types of mutation in organism, their effects & Mutational theory of evolution. Further the changes in the Number of chromosomes due to mutation and its effects & Mendelian disorders & their patterns of inheritance including the numerical abberations in chromosomes & the disorders associated with it.
Principles of inheritance & variation IIIChethan Kumar
The topic of discussion is Other inheritance pattern such as Incomplete dominance, co-dominance, multiple alleles, Linkage & chromosomal theory of inheritance, sex determination in organisms
The topic of discussion is Pteridophytes, their general characteristics, sexual reproduction and Life cycle has been discussed along with the four different divisions that are present in Pteridophytes
The topic discussed here is the characteristic of Bryophytes with examples such as Riccia & Marchantia. The complexity in their reproductive structures and also the sporophyte is also discussed. Funaria an example of moss gives the details about the living habits of these organisms which are considered to be advanced bryophytes.
The topic discussed in the slides are the Thallophyta with more emphasis on the characteristic of the members of the Chlorophyceae, Phaeophyceae & Rhodophyceae. Their characteristic features, asexual & sexual reproduction and their economic importance have been discussed
The topic discussed here is about the Reproductive health, Population, Overpopulation, Population Growth curves :Demography, causes of overpopulation, Birth control methods, Family planning, Measures adopted for family planning, Sexually Transmitted diseases
This document provides information on kingdoms Plantae, Animalia, viruses, mycoplasma, and mycorrhiza. It describes the general characteristics of plants including being multicellular, photosynthetic, and having cell walls. It also describes the characteristics of animals including being multicellular and ingestive. It provides details on the structure and life cycles of viruses and mycoplasma. It concludes with short descriptions of lichens formed from algal-fungal symbiosis and mycorrhizal root-fungal associations.
The topic discussed here is the Process of fertilization, different stages of fertilization, Implantation, Gastrulation, Formation of foetal membranes, Development of Embryo, Labor & Parturition
The female reproductive system produces egg cells and sex hormones. The ovaries contain primordial follicles which develop into mature follicles containing oocytes. At ovulation, the mature follicle ruptures and releases an oocyte. If fertilization occurs, the ruptured follicle forms the corpus luteum which secretes progesterone. The endometrium thickens under the influence of estrogen in preparation for implantation. If implantation does not occur, the endometrium is shed through menstruation. The menstrual cycle is regulated by hormones including FSH, LH, estrogen and progesterone.
This document summarizes key characteristics of several groups of protists. It describes that protists can be unicellular or colonial, with some having multinucleate stages. They possess defining organelles like nuclei and mitochondria. Nutrition includes photosynthesis, absorption, and ingestion. Reproduction can be both asexual and sexual. Specific groups discussed include diatoms, dinoflagellates, euglenoids, slime molds, flagellates, amoebas, ciliates, and apicomplexans. Their characteristics, habitats, modes of nutrition, locomotion structures, and life cycles are outlined.
The topic of discussion is the Biological classification system, different systems and Kingdom Monera in detail. Difference between Archaebacteria and Eubacteria and about Cyanobacteria. Their general characteristics and the features of the Kingdom Monera are discussed in general
The topic discussed here is The Male Reproductive System in Mammals (Humans). The structure and function of Male reproductive system and associated organs. Process of Gametogenesis i.e Spermatogenesis, Structure of Seminiferous tubules, Structure of Human Sperm.
The document provides an introduction to key characteristics of living organisms such as organization, movement, metabolism, adaptation, reproduction, homeostasis, and aging. It discusses growth, reproduction, and metabolism as characteristics used to define life. While reproduction and metabolism can define living things, growth is not unique to life. The document also covers biodiversity, classification, taxonomy, and taxonomic aids like keys, herbaria, botanical parks, and zoological parks which are used to systematically study and organize living organisms.
The endocrine system consists of glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate distant target organs and tissues. The major glands include the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, pancreas and gonads. The pituitary gland is called the "master gland" as it controls other endocrine glands via trophic hormones. Disorders can result from too little or too much of certain hormones leading to issues like dwarfism, acromegaly, hypothyroidism, Cushing's syndrome, Addison's disease, diabetes and others. Hormones work via a feedback loop between organs to maintain homeostasis.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For more information about PECB:
Website: https://pecb.com/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/pecb/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PECBInternational/
Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
10. FEW EXERCISES
PHENOTYPE RED FLOWER WHITE FLOWER
GENOTYPE RR X rr
GAMETES
F1 Rr
PHENOTYPE
GAMETES
F1 SELFED Rr X Rr
R r
R r
R r
R r
R RR
Red
Rr
Red
r Rr
Red
rr
White
Phenotypic ratio : 3 red : 1 white
3 : 1
Genotypic ratio : 1 RR : 2 Rr : 1 rr
1 : 2 : 1
11. FEW EXERCISES
• CROSS BETWEEN
• ROUND SEEDS & WRINKLED SEED (ROUND IS DOMINANT OVER WRINKLED)
• YELLOW SEEDS X GREEN SEEDS (YELLOW IS DOMINANT OVER GREEN)
• AXIAL FLOWER X TERMINAL FLOWER (AXIAL DOMINANT OVER TERMINAL)
12. FEW EXERCISES
PHENOTYPE ROUNDSEED WRINKLED SEED
GENOTYPE RR X rr
GAMETES
F1 Rr
PHENOTYPE round seed
GAMETES
F1 SELFED Rr X Rr
r
R r
R
R r
R RR
Round
Rr
Round
r Rr
round
rr
Wrinkled
Phenotypic ratio : 3 round : 1 wrinkled
3 : 1
Genotypic ratio : 1 : 2: 1
13. FEW EXERCISES
PHENOTYPE YELLOW SEED GREEN SEED
GENOTYPE YY X yy
GAMETES
F1 Yy
PHENOTYPE
GAMETES
F1 SELFED Yy X Yy
y
Y y
Y
Y y
Y YY
Yellow
Yy
yellow
y Yy
yellow
yy
Green
Phenotypic ratio : 3 yellow : 1 green
3 : 1
Genotypic ratio :1 : 2 :1
Y Yy y
14. FEW EXERCISES
PHENOTYPE AXIAL FLOWER TERMINAL FLOWER
GENOTYPE AA X aa
GAMETES
F1 Aa
PHENOTYPE
GAMETES
F1 SELFED Aa X Aa
A a
A a
A a
A AA
Axial
Aa
Axial
a Aa
Axial
aa
Terminal
Phenotypic ratio : 3 : 1
Genotypic ratio : 1 :2 : 1
A Aa a
18. FEW EXERCISES
• TALL RED (HOMOZYGOUS DOMINANT] WITH SHORT WHITE [HOMOZYGOUS RECESSIVE]
• AXIAL PURPLE (HOMOZYGOUS DOMINANT) WITH TERMINAL WHITE (HOMOZYGOUS RECESSIVE)
• TALL WHITE (HOMOZYGOUS) CROSS WITH SHORT RED (HOMOZYGOUS) NOTE: TALL IS DOMINANT OVER
SHORT AND RED IS DOMINANT OVER WHITE
19. FEW EXERCISES
PHENOTYPE TALL RED FLOWER DWARF WHITE FLOWER
GENOTYPE TTRR X ttrr
GAMETES
F1 TtRr
PHENOTYPE
GAMETES
F1 SELFED TtRr X TtRr
TR
TR
tr
TR Tr tR tr
TR TTRR TTRr TtRR TtRr
Tr TTRr TTrr TtRr Ttrr
tR TtRR TtRr ttRR ttRr
tr TtRr Ttrr ttRr ttrr
Phenotypic ratio : 9 tall red : 3 tall white : 3
dwarf red :1 dwarf white
9: 3 : 3 : 1
Tr tR tr
20. FEW EXERCISES
PHENOTYPE AXIAL PURPLE TERMINAL WHITE
GENOTYPE AAPP X aapp
GAMETES
F1 AaPp
PHENOTYPE
GAMETES
F1 SELFED X
AP
AP Ap aP ap
AP AAPP AAPp AaPP AaPp
Ap AAPp AApp AaPp Aapp
aP AaPP AaPp aaPP aaPp
ap AaPp Aapp aaPp aapp
Phenotypic ratio : 9 AXIAL PURPLE : 3 AXIAL
WHITE : 3 TERMINAL PURPLE : 1 TERMINAL
WHITE
9 : 3 : 3 : 1
ap
AP Ap aP ap
21. FEW EXERCISES
PHENOTYPE TALL WHITE FLOWER SHORT RED FLOWER
GENOTYPE TTrr X ttRR
GAMETES
F1 TtRr
PHENOTYPE
GAMETES
F1 SELFED TtRr X TtRr
Tr
Phenotypic ratio : 9 : 3 : 3 : 1
Genotypic ratio :
TR Tr tR tr
TR TTRR TTRr TtRR TtRr
Tr TTRr TTrr TtRr TTrr
tR TtRR TtRr ttRR ttRr
tr TtRr Ttrr ttRr ttrr
tR
TR Tr tR tr
23. MENDEL’S LAW OF INHERITANCE
PHENOTYPE ROUND SEED WRINKLED SEED
GENOTYPE RR X rr
GAMETES
F1 Rr
PHENOTYPE round seed
GAMETES
R r
rR
24. MENDEL’S LAW OF INHERITANCE
PHENOTYPE ROUNDSEED WRINKLED SEED
GENOTYPE RR X rr
GAMETES
F1 Rr
PHENOTYPE round seed
GAMETES R r
rR R r
25. MENDEL’S LAW OF INHERITANCE
Y
r
y
R
y
r
Y
R
Y
R
y
r
Gametes
Parent genotype
YyRr
26. DIHYRBID CROSS BETWEEN HETEROZYGOUS PARENTS
PHENOTYPE TALL RED FLOWER SHORT WHITE FLOWER
GENOTYPE TtRr X ttrr
GAMETES
F1
PHENOTYPE
GAMETES
F1 SELFED
TR Tr tr tr
TR Tr tR tr
tr TtRr
Tall
Red
Ttrr
Tall
white
ttRr
Short
red
ttrr
Short
white
tR
27. IMPORTANCE OF MENDELISM
• Improvement of plants : Hybridization is used for obtaining improved varieties of plants. This process results in
combinations of desirable characters of two or more species or varieties.
• Improvement of animals : Mendelism has enabled the plant breeders to improve the races of domestic animals.
• Improvement of human race : Laws of heredity postulated by Mendel are equally applicable to mankind.
• Disputed parentage : Study of inheritance of the blood group can solve the disputed parentage of a child.
• Genetic Counselling : With the knowledge of Mendelism, genetic counsellor can predict the possibility of
hereditary defect in early foetus
28. REASONS FOR MENDEL’S SUCCESS
• His choice of plants as pea plants (Pisum sativum) for his breeding experiments was excellent.
• Mendel kept complete record of every cross.
• He also used statistical methods and law of probability for finalising his results.
• Mendel’s predecessors usually studied many traits simultaneously but he took one or two traits at one time for his
experiments.
• Mendel was fortunate that the characters which by chance he selected for his experiments did not show linkage,
incomplete dominance, gene interaction etc.
• He took utmost care to check contamination from foreign pollen at the time of cross breeding.
• Mendel formulated theoretical explanations for interpreting his results. He tested his every explanation for its validity.
• He did not attempt to solve all the variations reported in his breeding experiments, which were not clear to him, such as
linkage.