The document provides an overview of confocal microscopy. It discusses the history, starting with Minsky's invention of the confocal microscope in 1957. The instrumental design uses a pinhole to reject out-of-focus light and produce optical sections through a specimen. The principle involves illuminating a point on the specimen with a laser and detecting the resulting fluorescence through a pinhole, rejecting out-of-focus light. Applications include analyzing thick fluorescent specimens, 3D reconstruction, and improved resolution over conventional microscopy. Advantages are uniform illumination and better optical sections while limitations include resolution and photobleaching.

1. CONFOCAL MICROSCOPY
PREPARED AND PRESENTED BY:
Mahesh Lamsal
Central Department Of Biotechnology, Kirtipur,
Kathmandu Nepal.
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25th March 2016

2. SLIDES INCLUDE
 Introduction
 History
 Instrumental design
 Principle
 Working mechanism
 Applications
 Advantages
 Limitations
 References
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3. INTRODUCTION
Confocal microscopy : (having the same focus )
 An optical imaging technique for increasing optical resolution and contrast
of a micrograph.
 Radiations emitted from laser cause sample to fluoresce.
 Uses pinhole screen to produce high resolution images.
 Eliminates out of focus.
 So images have better contrast and are less hazy.
 A series of thin slices of the specimen are assembled to generate a 3-
dimensinal image.
 Is an updated version of fluorescence microscopy.
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4. HISTORY
 Two investigators at Cambridge, Brad Amos and John
White attempted to look at the mitotic divisions in the
first few divisions in embryos of C. elegans.
 They were doing antitubulin immunofluorescence and
were trying to determine the cleavage planes of the
cells,
 but were frustrated in their attempt in that the majority
of the fluorescence they observed was out of focus.
 They looked at the technique called confocal
imaging which was first proposed by Nipkow and
pioneered by a postdoc at Harvard named Minsky.
 He made the first stage scanning confocal microscope in
1957.
 By illuminating single point at a time, Minsky avoided
most of the unwanted scattered light.
 For builiding the image, Minsky scanned the specimen by
moving the stage rather than light rays.
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Marvin Minsky

5. INSTRUMENTAL DESIGN
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fig: Ray diagram for confocal microscope

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fig: schematic diagram confocal microscope

7. PRINCIPLE
In confocal microscopy two pinholes are typically used:
 A pinhole is placed in front of the illumination source to
allow transmission only through a small area
 This illumination pinhole is imaged onto the focal plane of
the specimen, i.e. only a point of the specimen is
illuminated at one time.
 Fluorescence excited in this manner at the focal plane is
imaged onto a confocal pinhole placed right in front of the
detector.
 Only fluorescence excited within the focal plane of the
specimen will go through the detector pinhole.
 Scanning of small sections is done and joined them together
for better view.
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8. WORKING MECHANISM
Confocal microscope incorporates 2 ideas:
1. Point-by-point illumination of the specimen.
2. Rejection of out of focus of light.
Light source of very high intensity is used—Zirconium arc lamp in Minsky’s
design & laser light source in modern design.
a)Laser provides intense blue excitation light.
b)The light reflects off a dichoric mirror, which directs it to an assembly of
vertically and horizontally scanning mirrors.
c)These motor driven mirrors scan the laser beam across the specimen.
d) The specimen is scanned by moving the stage back & forth in the vertical
& horizontal directions and optics are kept stationary.
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9. Contd….
 Dye in the specimen is excited by the laser light & fluoresces.
 The fluorescent (green) light is descanned by the same mirrors that are
used to scan the excitation (blue) light from the laser beam
 then it passes through the dichoric mirror
 then it is focused on to pinhole.
 the light passing through the pinhole is measured by the detector such
as photomultiplier tube.
 For visualization, detector is attached to the computer, which builds up
the image at the rate of 0.1-1 second for single image
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10. APPLICATIONS
1.Confocal microscopy
allows analysis of
fluorescent labelled thick
specimens without
physical sectioning.
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Fig:Zebra fish embryo wholemount
Neurons (green)
Cell adhesion molecule (red)
2. Three-Dimensional
Reconstruction of Specimen
3D shadow projection

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Because the images are detected
by a computer rather than by eye,
it is possible to detect more color
differences.
3. More Colour Possibilities

12. APPLICATIONS
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Fig:An Intestine Section
Fig: Kidney cells (fluorescence vs Confocal microscope
4. Improved Resolution

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Fig: Colour coded image of actin filaments in a cancer cell

14. ADVANTAGES
 The specimen is everywhere illuminated axially, rather than at
different angles, thereby avoiding optical aberrations.
 Entire field of view is illuminated uniformly.
 The field of view can be made larger than that of the static objective
by controlling the amplitude of the stage movements.
 Image formed are of better resolution.
 Cells can be live or fixed.
 Serial optical sections can be collected.
 Taking a series of optical slices from different focus levels in the
specimen generates a 3D data set.
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15. DRAWBACKS
 Resolution : It has inherent resolution limitation due to diffraction.
Maximum best resolution of confocal microscopy is typically about
200nm.
 Pin hole size : Strength of optical sectioning depends on the size of
the pinhole.
 Intensity of the incident light
 Fluorophores :
 a)The fluorophore should tag the correct part of the
specimen.
 b)Fluorophore should be sensitive enough for the given excitation
wave length.
 c)It should not significantly alter the dynamics of the organism in the
living specimen.
 Photobleaching: photochemical alteration of a dye or a fluorophore
molecule such that it permanently is unable to fluoresce 15

16. REFERENCES
 Pawley JB (editor) (2006). Handbook of Biological Confocal
Microscopy (3rd ed.). Berlin: Springer. ISBN 0-387-25921-X
 Confocal Microscopy - The Comprehensive Explanation
 www.microscopyu.com
 Marvin Minsky (1988). "Memoir on inventing the confocal scanning
microscope". Scanning10 (4): 128–138. doi:10.1002/sca.4950100403.
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