This document provides an overview of major data mining algorithms, including supervised learning techniques like decision trees, random forests, support vector machines, naive Bayes, and logistic regression. Unsupervised techniques discussed include clustering algorithms like k-means and EM, as well as association rule learning using the Apriori algorithm. Application areas and advantages/disadvantages of each technique are described. Libraries for implementing these algorithms in Python and R are also listed.
Data mining technique for classification and feature evaluation using stream ...ranjit banshpal
This document discusses data stream mining techniques for classification and feature evaluation. It introduces data stream mining and its applications, including network traffic analysis and sensor data. It describes decision trees and the VFDT algorithm for data stream classification. VFDT can classify high-dimensional data streams more efficiently than decision trees. The document also covers challenges in data stream mining like concept drift and feature evolution, and concludes by discussing applications and referencing related work.
This document discusses clustering, which is the task of grouping data points into clusters so that points within the same cluster are more similar to each other than points in other clusters. It describes different types of clustering methods, including density-based, hierarchical, partitioning, and grid-based methods. It provides examples of specific clustering algorithms like K-means, DBSCAN, and discusses applications of clustering in fields like marketing, biology, libraries, insurance, city planning, and earthquake studies.
This report contains:-
1. what is data analytics, its usages, its types.
2. Tools used for data analytics
3. description of Classification
4. description of the association
5. description of clustering
6. decision tree, SVM modelling etc with example
Using CART For Beginners with A Teclo Example DatasetSalford Systems
Familiarize yourself with CART Decision Tree technology in this beginner's tutorial using a telecommunications example dataset from the 1990s. By the end of this tutorial you should feel comfortable using CART on your own with sample or real-world data.
This document provides an overview of decision trees, including:
- Decision trees can classify data quickly, achieve accuracy similar to other models, and are simple to understand.
- A decision tree has root, internal, and leaf nodes organized in a top-down structure to partition data based on attribute tests.
- To classify a record, the attribute tests are applied from the root node down until a leaf node is reached, which assigns the record's class.
- Decision trees require attribute-value data, predefined target classes, and sufficient training data to learn the model.
This document outlines the learning objectives and resources for a course on data mining and analytics. The course aims to:
1) Familiarize students with key concepts in data mining like association rule mining and classification algorithms.
2) Teach students to apply techniques like association rule mining, classification, cluster analysis, and outlier analysis.
3) Help students understand the importance of applying data mining concepts across different domains.
The primary textbook listed is "Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques" by Jiawei Han and Micheline Kamber. Topics that will be covered include introduction to data mining, preprocessing, association rules, classification algorithms, cluster analysis, and applications.
Lazy learning is a machine learning method where generalization of training data is delayed until a query is made, unlike eager learning which generalizes before queries. K-nearest neighbors and case-based reasoning are examples of lazy learners, which store training data and classify new data based on similarity. Case-based reasoning specifically stores prior problem solutions to solve new problems by combining similar past case solutions.
Data mining technique for classification and feature evaluation using stream ...ranjit banshpal
This document discusses data stream mining techniques for classification and feature evaluation. It introduces data stream mining and its applications, including network traffic analysis and sensor data. It describes decision trees and the VFDT algorithm for data stream classification. VFDT can classify high-dimensional data streams more efficiently than decision trees. The document also covers challenges in data stream mining like concept drift and feature evolution, and concludes by discussing applications and referencing related work.
This document discusses clustering, which is the task of grouping data points into clusters so that points within the same cluster are more similar to each other than points in other clusters. It describes different types of clustering methods, including density-based, hierarchical, partitioning, and grid-based methods. It provides examples of specific clustering algorithms like K-means, DBSCAN, and discusses applications of clustering in fields like marketing, biology, libraries, insurance, city planning, and earthquake studies.
This report contains:-
1. what is data analytics, its usages, its types.
2. Tools used for data analytics
3. description of Classification
4. description of the association
5. description of clustering
6. decision tree, SVM modelling etc with example
Using CART For Beginners with A Teclo Example DatasetSalford Systems
Familiarize yourself with CART Decision Tree technology in this beginner's tutorial using a telecommunications example dataset from the 1990s. By the end of this tutorial you should feel comfortable using CART on your own with sample or real-world data.
This document provides an overview of decision trees, including:
- Decision trees can classify data quickly, achieve accuracy similar to other models, and are simple to understand.
- A decision tree has root, internal, and leaf nodes organized in a top-down structure to partition data based on attribute tests.
- To classify a record, the attribute tests are applied from the root node down until a leaf node is reached, which assigns the record's class.
- Decision trees require attribute-value data, predefined target classes, and sufficient training data to learn the model.
This document outlines the learning objectives and resources for a course on data mining and analytics. The course aims to:
1) Familiarize students with key concepts in data mining like association rule mining and classification algorithms.
2) Teach students to apply techniques like association rule mining, classification, cluster analysis, and outlier analysis.
3) Help students understand the importance of applying data mining concepts across different domains.
The primary textbook listed is "Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques" by Jiawei Han and Micheline Kamber. Topics that will be covered include introduction to data mining, preprocessing, association rules, classification algorithms, cluster analysis, and applications.
Lazy learning is a machine learning method where generalization of training data is delayed until a query is made, unlike eager learning which generalizes before queries. K-nearest neighbors and case-based reasoning are examples of lazy learners, which store training data and classify new data based on similarity. Case-based reasoning specifically stores prior problem solutions to solve new problems by combining similar past case solutions.
This document discusses data mining classification and decision trees. It defines classification, provides examples, and discusses techniques like decision trees. It covers decision tree induction processes like determining the best split, measures of impurity, and stopping criteria. It also addresses issues like overfitting, model evaluation methods, and comparing model performance.
This is the most simplest and easy to understand ppt. Here you can define what is decision tree,information gain,gini impurity,steps for making decision tree there pros and cons etc which will helps you to easy understand and represent it.
Machine Learning Real Life Applications By ExamplesMario Cartia
Durante il talk verranno illustrati 3 casi d'uso reali di utilizzo del machine learning da parte delle maggiori piattaforme web (Google, Facebook, Amazon, Twitter, PayPal) per l'implementazione di particolari features. Per ciascun esempio verrà spiegato l'algoritmo utilizzato mostrando come realizzare le medesime funzionalità attraverso l'utilizzo di Apache Spark MLlib e del linguaggio Scala.
Here are the steps to check if the rule "computer game → Video" is interesting with minimum support of 0.30 and minimum confidence of 0.66:
1. Form the contingency table:
Computer Games Videos Total
Yes 4000 6000 10000
No 1500 3500
Total 6000 7500 10000
2. Calculate support of "computer game": Support = No. of transactions containing "computer game"/ Total transactions = 6000/10000 = 0.6
3. Calculate confidence of "computer game → Video": Confidence = No. of transactions containing both/"computer game" = 4000/6000 = 0.666
4. The given minimum support of 0
This document discusses various methodologies for processing and analyzing stream data, time series data, and sequence data. It covers topics such as random sampling and sketches/synopses for stream data, data stream management systems, the Hoeffding tree and VFDT algorithms for stream data classification, concept-adapting algorithms, ensemble approaches, clustering of evolving data streams, time series databases, Markov chains for sequence analysis, and algorithms like the forward algorithm, Viterbi algorithm, and Baum-Welch algorithm for hidden Markov models.
Predictive analytics uses data mining, statistical modeling and machine learning techniques to extract insights from existing data and use them to predict unknown future events. It involves identifying relationships between variables in historical data and applying patterns to unknowns. Predictive analytics is more sophisticated than analytics which has a retrospective focus on understanding trends, while predictive analytics focuses on gaining insights for decision making. Common predictive analytics techniques include regression, classification, time series forecasting, association rule mining and clustering. Ensemble methods like bagging, boosting and stacking combine multiple predictive models to improve performance.
1. Machine learning is a set of techniques that use data to build models that can make predictions without being explicitly programmed.
2. There are two main types of machine learning: supervised learning, where the model is trained on labeled examples, and unsupervised learning, where the model finds patterns in unlabeled data.
3. Common machine learning algorithms include linear regression, logistic regression, decision trees, support vector machines, naive Bayes, k-nearest neighbors, k-means clustering, and random forests. These can be used for regression, classification, clustering, and dimensionality reduction.
Foundations of Machine Learning - StampedeCon AI Summit 2017StampedeCon
This presentation will cover all aspects of modeling, from preparing data, training and evaluating the results. There will be descriptions of the mainline ML methods including, neural nets, SVM, boosting, bagging, trees, forests, and deep learning. common problems of overfitting and dimensionality will be covered with discussion of modeling best practices. Other topics will include field standardization, encoding categorical variables, feature creation and selection. It will be a soup-to-nuts overview of all the necessary procedures for building state-of-the art predictive models.
Here are the steps to find the first and third quartiles for this data:
1) List the values in ascending order: 59, 60, 62, 64, 66, 67, 69, 70, 72
2) The number of observations is 9. To find the first quartile (Q1), we take the value at position ⌊(n+1)/4⌋ = ⌊(9+1)/4⌋ = 3.
The third value is 62.
3) To find the third quartile (Q3), we take the value at position ⌊3(n+1)/4⌋ = ⌊3(9+1)/4
A General Framework for Accurate and Fast Regression by Data Summarization in...Yao Wu
1. The document proposes a framework called Random Decision Trees (RDT) for fast and accurate regression, classification, and probability estimation using data summarization.
2. RDT builds multiple randomized decision trees on training data where the structure of each tree is randomly generated and node statistics are summarized.
3. To make predictions, the predictions from each randomized tree are averaged, which improves accuracy and reduces overfitting compared to other models like decision trees, boosting, and bagging.
Detailed discussion about decision tree regressor and the classifier with finding the right algorithm to split
Let me know if anything is required. Ping me at google #bobrupakroy
This document discusses decision trees and their advantages and disadvantages for machine learning applications. It notes that decision trees can be used for variable selection, identifying interaction effects, and handling missing data. Decision trees provide easily interpretable rule-based outputs and graphical representations. Their advantages include being non-parametric, discovering variable interactions, handling outliers, and requiring less data preparation. However, decision trees are prone to overfitting and may not be effective for estimating continuous variables.
This document defines key concepts in data mining tasks and knowledge representation. It discusses (1) task relevant data, background knowledge, interestingness measures, input/output representation, and visualization techniques used in data mining; (2) examples of concept hierarchies like schema, set-grouping, and rule-based hierarchies; and (3) common visualization techniques like histograms, scatterplots, and box plots used to analyze and present data mining results.
This document provides an introduction to data mining techniques. It discusses how data mining emerged due to the problem of data explosion and the need to extract knowledge from large datasets. It describes data mining as an interdisciplinary field that involves methods from artificial intelligence, machine learning, statistics, and databases. It also summarizes some common data mining frameworks and processes like KDD, CRISP-DM and SEMMA.
This document discusses a hybrid technique for associative classification. It begins with an introduction to data mining processes like classification and association rule mining. The author then discusses the motivation and objectives of developing a framework to generate classification association rules more efficiently. The proposed methodology involves reviewing existing models, implementing a classification system using association rules in Weka, and comparing the performance to other methods. The facilities required are data mining tools like Weka. Finally, the document provides references that were consulted in the literature survey on associative classification and related techniques.
The document discusses data structures and their classification. It defines data structures as a systematic way to store and organize data for efficient use. Data structures can be primitive or non-primitive. Primitive structures are basic data types like integers while non-primitive structures are composed of primitive types, like linked lists. Data structures are also classified as linear or non-linear. Linear structures like arrays and linked lists arrange data in a sequence while non-linear structures like trees represent hierarchical relationships. Common linear structures discussed are stacks, queues, and linked lists and non-linear graphs and trees are also described.
The document discusses techniques for imputing missing data (<NA>) in R. It introduces common imputation methods like MICE, missForest, and Hmisc. MICE creates multiple imputations using chained equations to account for uncertainty, while missForest uses random forests to impute missing values. Hmisc offers functions to impute missing values using methods like mean, regression, and predictive mean matching. The goal is to understand missing data, learn imputation methods, and choose the best approach for a given dataset.
Classification and prediction models are used to categorize data or predict unknown values. Classification predicts categorical class labels to classify new data based on attributes in a training set, while prediction models continuous values. Common applications include credit approval, marketing, medical diagnosis, and treatment analysis. The classification process involves building a model from a training set and then using the model to classify new data, estimating accuracy on a test set.
Survey on Various Classification Techniques in Data Miningijsrd.com
Dynamic Classification is an information mining (machine learning) strategy used to anticipate bunch participation for information cases. In this paper, we show the essential arrangement systems. A few significant sorts of arrangement technique including induction, Bayesian networks, k-nearest neighbor classifier, case-based reasoning, genetic algorithm and fuzzy logic techniques. The objective of this review is to give a complete audit of distinctive characterization procedures in information mining.
Machine Learning techniques used in Artificial Intelligence- Supervised, Unsupervised, Reinforcement Learning. It discusses about Linear Regression, Logistic Regression, SVM, Random forest, KNN, K-Means Clustering and Apriori Algorithm. It also Illustrates the applications of AI in various fields.
This document provides an introduction to machine learning for data science. It discusses the applications and foundations of data science, including statistics, linear algebra, computer science, and programming. It then describes machine learning, including the three main categories of supervised learning, unsupervised learning, and reinforcement learning. Supervised learning algorithms covered include logistic regression, decision trees, random forests, k-nearest neighbors, and support vector machines. Unsupervised learning methods discussed are principal component analysis and cluster analysis.
This document discusses data mining classification and decision trees. It defines classification, provides examples, and discusses techniques like decision trees. It covers decision tree induction processes like determining the best split, measures of impurity, and stopping criteria. It also addresses issues like overfitting, model evaluation methods, and comparing model performance.
This is the most simplest and easy to understand ppt. Here you can define what is decision tree,information gain,gini impurity,steps for making decision tree there pros and cons etc which will helps you to easy understand and represent it.
Machine Learning Real Life Applications By ExamplesMario Cartia
Durante il talk verranno illustrati 3 casi d'uso reali di utilizzo del machine learning da parte delle maggiori piattaforme web (Google, Facebook, Amazon, Twitter, PayPal) per l'implementazione di particolari features. Per ciascun esempio verrà spiegato l'algoritmo utilizzato mostrando come realizzare le medesime funzionalità attraverso l'utilizzo di Apache Spark MLlib e del linguaggio Scala.
Here are the steps to check if the rule "computer game → Video" is interesting with minimum support of 0.30 and minimum confidence of 0.66:
1. Form the contingency table:
Computer Games Videos Total
Yes 4000 6000 10000
No 1500 3500
Total 6000 7500 10000
2. Calculate support of "computer game": Support = No. of transactions containing "computer game"/ Total transactions = 6000/10000 = 0.6
3. Calculate confidence of "computer game → Video": Confidence = No. of transactions containing both/"computer game" = 4000/6000 = 0.666
4. The given minimum support of 0
This document discusses various methodologies for processing and analyzing stream data, time series data, and sequence data. It covers topics such as random sampling and sketches/synopses for stream data, data stream management systems, the Hoeffding tree and VFDT algorithms for stream data classification, concept-adapting algorithms, ensemble approaches, clustering of evolving data streams, time series databases, Markov chains for sequence analysis, and algorithms like the forward algorithm, Viterbi algorithm, and Baum-Welch algorithm for hidden Markov models.
Predictive analytics uses data mining, statistical modeling and machine learning techniques to extract insights from existing data and use them to predict unknown future events. It involves identifying relationships between variables in historical data and applying patterns to unknowns. Predictive analytics is more sophisticated than analytics which has a retrospective focus on understanding trends, while predictive analytics focuses on gaining insights for decision making. Common predictive analytics techniques include regression, classification, time series forecasting, association rule mining and clustering. Ensemble methods like bagging, boosting and stacking combine multiple predictive models to improve performance.
1. Machine learning is a set of techniques that use data to build models that can make predictions without being explicitly programmed.
2. There are two main types of machine learning: supervised learning, where the model is trained on labeled examples, and unsupervised learning, where the model finds patterns in unlabeled data.
3. Common machine learning algorithms include linear regression, logistic regression, decision trees, support vector machines, naive Bayes, k-nearest neighbors, k-means clustering, and random forests. These can be used for regression, classification, clustering, and dimensionality reduction.
Foundations of Machine Learning - StampedeCon AI Summit 2017StampedeCon
This presentation will cover all aspects of modeling, from preparing data, training and evaluating the results. There will be descriptions of the mainline ML methods including, neural nets, SVM, boosting, bagging, trees, forests, and deep learning. common problems of overfitting and dimensionality will be covered with discussion of modeling best practices. Other topics will include field standardization, encoding categorical variables, feature creation and selection. It will be a soup-to-nuts overview of all the necessary procedures for building state-of-the art predictive models.
Here are the steps to find the first and third quartiles for this data:
1) List the values in ascending order: 59, 60, 62, 64, 66, 67, 69, 70, 72
2) The number of observations is 9. To find the first quartile (Q1), we take the value at position ⌊(n+1)/4⌋ = ⌊(9+1)/4⌋ = 3.
The third value is 62.
3) To find the third quartile (Q3), we take the value at position ⌊3(n+1)/4⌋ = ⌊3(9+1)/4
A General Framework for Accurate and Fast Regression by Data Summarization in...Yao Wu
1. The document proposes a framework called Random Decision Trees (RDT) for fast and accurate regression, classification, and probability estimation using data summarization.
2. RDT builds multiple randomized decision trees on training data where the structure of each tree is randomly generated and node statistics are summarized.
3. To make predictions, the predictions from each randomized tree are averaged, which improves accuracy and reduces overfitting compared to other models like decision trees, boosting, and bagging.
Detailed discussion about decision tree regressor and the classifier with finding the right algorithm to split
Let me know if anything is required. Ping me at google #bobrupakroy
This document discusses decision trees and their advantages and disadvantages for machine learning applications. It notes that decision trees can be used for variable selection, identifying interaction effects, and handling missing data. Decision trees provide easily interpretable rule-based outputs and graphical representations. Their advantages include being non-parametric, discovering variable interactions, handling outliers, and requiring less data preparation. However, decision trees are prone to overfitting and may not be effective for estimating continuous variables.
This document defines key concepts in data mining tasks and knowledge representation. It discusses (1) task relevant data, background knowledge, interestingness measures, input/output representation, and visualization techniques used in data mining; (2) examples of concept hierarchies like schema, set-grouping, and rule-based hierarchies; and (3) common visualization techniques like histograms, scatterplots, and box plots used to analyze and present data mining results.
This document provides an introduction to data mining techniques. It discusses how data mining emerged due to the problem of data explosion and the need to extract knowledge from large datasets. It describes data mining as an interdisciplinary field that involves methods from artificial intelligence, machine learning, statistics, and databases. It also summarizes some common data mining frameworks and processes like KDD, CRISP-DM and SEMMA.
This document discusses a hybrid technique for associative classification. It begins with an introduction to data mining processes like classification and association rule mining. The author then discusses the motivation and objectives of developing a framework to generate classification association rules more efficiently. The proposed methodology involves reviewing existing models, implementing a classification system using association rules in Weka, and comparing the performance to other methods. The facilities required are data mining tools like Weka. Finally, the document provides references that were consulted in the literature survey on associative classification and related techniques.
The document discusses data structures and their classification. It defines data structures as a systematic way to store and organize data for efficient use. Data structures can be primitive or non-primitive. Primitive structures are basic data types like integers while non-primitive structures are composed of primitive types, like linked lists. Data structures are also classified as linear or non-linear. Linear structures like arrays and linked lists arrange data in a sequence while non-linear structures like trees represent hierarchical relationships. Common linear structures discussed are stacks, queues, and linked lists and non-linear graphs and trees are also described.
The document discusses techniques for imputing missing data (<NA>) in R. It introduces common imputation methods like MICE, missForest, and Hmisc. MICE creates multiple imputations using chained equations to account for uncertainty, while missForest uses random forests to impute missing values. Hmisc offers functions to impute missing values using methods like mean, regression, and predictive mean matching. The goal is to understand missing data, learn imputation methods, and choose the best approach for a given dataset.
Classification and prediction models are used to categorize data or predict unknown values. Classification predicts categorical class labels to classify new data based on attributes in a training set, while prediction models continuous values. Common applications include credit approval, marketing, medical diagnosis, and treatment analysis. The classification process involves building a model from a training set and then using the model to classify new data, estimating accuracy on a test set.
Survey on Various Classification Techniques in Data Miningijsrd.com
Dynamic Classification is an information mining (machine learning) strategy used to anticipate bunch participation for information cases. In this paper, we show the essential arrangement systems. A few significant sorts of arrangement technique including induction, Bayesian networks, k-nearest neighbor classifier, case-based reasoning, genetic algorithm and fuzzy logic techniques. The objective of this review is to give a complete audit of distinctive characterization procedures in information mining.
Machine Learning techniques used in Artificial Intelligence- Supervised, Unsupervised, Reinforcement Learning. It discusses about Linear Regression, Logistic Regression, SVM, Random forest, KNN, K-Means Clustering and Apriori Algorithm. It also Illustrates the applications of AI in various fields.
This document provides an introduction to machine learning for data science. It discusses the applications and foundations of data science, including statistics, linear algebra, computer science, and programming. It then describes machine learning, including the three main categories of supervised learning, unsupervised learning, and reinforcement learning. Supervised learning algorithms covered include logistic regression, decision trees, random forests, k-nearest neighbors, and support vector machines. Unsupervised learning methods discussed are principal component analysis and cluster analysis.
This presentation discusses about following topics:
Types of Problems Solved Using Artificial Intelligence Algorithms
Problem categories
Classification Algorithms
Naive Bayes
Example: A person playing golf
Decision Tree
Random Forest
Logistic Regression
Support Vector Machine
Support Vector Machine
K Nearest Neighbors
Random forest is an ensemble learning technique that builds multiple decision trees and merges their predictions to improve accuracy. It works by constructing many decision trees during training, then outputting the class that is the mode of the classes of the individual trees. Random forest can handle both classification and regression problems. It performs well even with large, complex datasets and prevents overfitting. Some key advantages are that it is accurate, efficient even with large datasets, and handles missing data well.
This slide gives brief overview of supervised, unsupervised and reinforcement learning. Algorithms discussed are Naive Bayes, K nearest neighbour, SVM,decision tree, Markov model.
Difference between regression and classification. difference between supervised and reinforcement, iterative functioning of Markov model and machine learning applications.
This document provides an overview of machine learning, including supervised learning, unsupervised learning, and reinforcement learning. It then discusses decision tree learning and decision trees in more detail. Decision tree algorithms like ID3 and C4.5 are explained as popular inductive inference algorithms that use an information gain measure to select attributes at each step of growing the decision tree. The document also covers converting decision trees to rules and splitting information. Linear models and artificial neural networks are briefly introduced, with the backpropagation algorithm explained as the gradient descent learning rule used in multilayer feedforward neural networks.
Data Science - Part V - Decision Trees & Random Forests Derek Kane
This lecture provides an overview of decision tree machine learning algorithms and random forest ensemble techniques. The practical example includes diagnosing Type II diabetes and evaluating customer churn in the telecommunication industry.
Machine Learning - Algorithms and simple business casesClaudio Mirti
Linear regression, logistic regression, and decision trees are commonly used supervised learning algorithms. Linear regression models the relationship between input and output variables to predict future values, logistic regression is used for binary classification tasks, and decision trees split data into branches to make predictions. Unsupervised learning algorithms like k-means clustering group unlabeled data into clusters with similar characteristics. Reinforcement learning optimizes strategies through trial-and-error interactions like optimizing inventory levels or self-driving cars. Convolutional neural networks in deep learning can diagnose diseases from scans, detect logos in images, and understand customer perception through visual data analysis.
Random forest is an ensemble machine learning algorithm that combines multiple decision trees to improve predictive accuracy. It works by constructing many decision trees during training and outputting the class that is the mode of the classes of the individual trees. Random forest can be used for both classification and regression problems and provides high accuracy even with large datasets.
This presentation inludes step-by step tutorial by including the screen recordings to learn Rapid Miner.It also includes the step-step-step procedure to use the most interesting features -Turbo Prep and Auto Model.
This document provides an overview of data science tools, techniques, and applications. It begins by defining data science and explaining why it is an important and in-demand field. Examples of applications in healthcare, marketing, and logistics are given. Common computational tools for data science like RapidMiner, WEKA, R, Python, and Rattle are described. Techniques like regression, classification, clustering, recommendation, association rules, outlier detection, and prediction are explained along with examples of how they are used. The advantages of using computational tools to analyze data are highlighted.
Recently, in the fields Business Intelligence and Data Management, everybody is talking about data science, machine learning, predictive analytics and many other “clever” terms with promises to turn your data into gold. In this slides, we present the big picture of data science and machine learning. First, we define the context for data mining from BI perspective, and try to clarify various buzzwords in this field. Then we give an overview of the machine learning paradigms. After that, we are going to discuss - at a high level - the various data mining tasks, techniques and applications. Next, we will have a quick tour through the Knowledge Discovery Process. Screenshots from demos will be shown, and finally we conclude with some takeaway points.
This document provides an overview of a machine learning workshop. It begins with introducing the presenter and their background. It then outlines the topics that will be covered, including machine learning applications, different machine learning algorithms like decision trees and neural networks, and the necessary math foundations. It discusses the differences between supervised, unsupervised, and reinforcement learning. It also covers evaluating models and challenges like overfitting. The goal is to demystify machine learning concepts and algorithms.
Machine learning techniques can be used to enable computers to learn from data and perform tasks. Some key techniques discussed in the document include decision tree learning, artificial neural networks, Bayesian learning, support vector machines, genetic algorithms, graph-based learning, reinforcement learning, and pattern recognition. Each technique has its own strengths and applications.
Machine learning can be used to predict whether a user will purchase a book on an online book store. Features about the user, book, and user-book interactions can be generated and used in a machine learning model. A multi-stage modeling approach could first predict if a user will view a book, and then predict if they will purchase it, with the predicted view probability as an additional feature. Decision trees, logistic regression, or other classification algorithms could be used to build models at each stage. This approach aims to leverage user data to provide personalized book recommendations.
Machine Learning Unit-5 Decesion Trees & Random Forest.pdfAdityaSoraut
Its all about Machine learning .Machine learning is a field of artificial intelligence (AI) that focuses on the development of algorithms and statistical models that enable computers to perform tasks without explicit programming instructions. Instead, these algorithms learn from data, identifying patterns, and making decisions or predictions based on that data.
There are several types of machine learning approaches, including:
Supervised Learning: In this approach, the algorithm learns from labeled data, where each example is paired with a label or outcome. The algorithm aims to learn a mapping from inputs to outputs, such as classifying emails as spam or not spam.
Unsupervised Learning: Here, the algorithm learns from unlabeled data, seeking to find hidden patterns or structures within the data. Clustering algorithms, for instance, group similar data points together without any predefined labels.
Semi-Supervised Learning: This approach combines elements of supervised and unsupervised learning, typically by using a small amount of labeled data along with a large amount of unlabeled data to improve learning accuracy.
Reinforcement Learning: This paradigm involves an agent learning to make decisions by interacting with an environment. The agent receives feedback in the form of rewards or penalties, enabling it to learn the optimal behavior to maximize cumulative rewards over time.Machine learning algorithms can be applied to a wide range of tasks, including:
Classification: Assigning inputs to one of several categories. For example, classifying whether an email is spam or not.
Regression: Predicting a continuous value based on input features. For instance, predicting house prices based on features like square footage and location.
Clustering: Grouping similar data points together based on their characteristics.
Dimensionality Reduction: Reducing the number of input variables to simplify analysis and improve computational efficiency.
Recommendation Systems: Predicting user preferences and suggesting items or actions accordingly.
Natural Language Processing (NLP): Analyzing and generating human language text, enabling tasks like sentiment analysis, machine translation, and text summarization.
Machine learning has numerous applications across various domains, including healthcare, finance, marketing, cybersecurity, and more. It continues to be an area of active research and
Machine learning is a type of artificial intelligence that allows software to learn from data without being explicitly programmed. The document discusses several machine learning techniques including supervised learning algorithms like linear regression, logistic regression, decision trees, support vector machines, K-nearest neighbors, and Naive Bayes. Unsupervised learning algorithms covered include clustering techniques like K-means and hierarchical clustering. Applications of machine learning include spam filtering, fraud detection, image recognition, and medical diagnosis.
Supervised learning is a machine learning approach that's defined by its use of labeled datasets. These datasets are designed to train or “supervise” algorithms into classifying data or predicting outcomes accurately.
Tools and Methods for Big Data Analytics by Dahl WintersMelinda Thielbar
Research Triangle Analysts October presentation on Big Data by Dahl Winters (formerly of Research Triangle Institute). Dahl takes her viewers on a whirlwind tour of big data tools such as Hadoop and big data algorithms such as MapReduce, clustering, and deep learning. These slides document the many resources available on the internet, as well as guidelines of when and where to use each.
Similar to Primer on major data mining algorithms (20)
These technologies are gradually reshaping the financial services industry:
- Artificial intelligence, deep learning, analytics, blockchain, and robotic process automation are emerging technologies applied in finance.
- Analytics has been a top technology trend for over a decade and is going through four stages from basic business intelligence to real-time streaming analytics.
- Blockchain uses distributed ledger technologies and consensus algorithms to securely record transactions in a decentralized manner, having applications for cryptocurrency, smart contracts, and identity management.
Blockchain is a distributed database that records transactions in blocks that are linked using cryptography. It uses consensus algorithms to ensure participants agree on the state of transactions and uses data structures like linked lists and Merkle trees to organize transactions. Blockchain was designed to maintain a consistent state across distributed systems in the presence of faults or failures.
Hyperloop is a proposed high-speed transportation system that would use reduced pressure tubes and linear induction motors to propel passenger capsules at over 600 mph. Capsules would ride on a cushion of air within the tubes and be accelerated by linear induction motors powered by solar panels. Key advantages include using open source technology, being energy efficient and non-polluting, and employing linear induction motors which have no moving parts and propel the capsules through electromagnetic fields rather than friction.
The document summarizes the key highlights of the Indian government's 2018 budget. It outlines differences between government and business accounting, the major components of government expenditures and receipts, and defines fiscal deficit. It then details several new major expenditure initiatives in areas like agriculture, welfare, education, and healthcare. Other initiatives include infrastructure projects and reforms in taxation, banking, and markets. The analysis suggests the budget aims to boost growth through fiscal expansion and reforms while maintaining a fiscal deficit of 3.5% of GDP. It is expected to increase investment, employment, consumption, and GDP.
The document provides an overview of key changes and definitions in the CGST Act related to Budget 2018. Some important points include:
- Chapter 1 covers introductory provisions including important definitions like casual taxable person, non-resident taxable person, composite supply, mixed supply, exempt supply, non-taxable supply, and goods and services.
- Chapter 2 deals with tax officers and their powers. Important officers include those appointed by the central and state governments.
- Chapter 3 covers levy and collection of tax including the scope and time of supply, tax liability on composite/mixed supplies, the charging section, reverse charge, and the composition scheme.
- Chapter 4 defines the time and value
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You can see the future first in San Francisco.
Over the past year, the talk of the town has shifted from $10 billion compute clusters to $100 billion clusters to trillion-dollar clusters. Every six months another zero is added to the boardroom plans. Behind the scenes, there’s a fierce scramble to secure every power contract still available for the rest of the decade, every voltage transformer that can possibly be procured. American big business is gearing up to pour trillions of dollars into a long-unseen mobilization of American industrial might. By the end of the decade, American electricity production will have grown tens of percent; from the shale fields of Pennsylvania to the solar farms of Nevada, hundreds of millions of GPUs will hum.
The AGI race has begun. We are building machines that can think and reason. By 2025/26, these machines will outpace college graduates. By the end of the decade, they will be smarter than you or I; we will have superintelligence, in the true sense of the word. Along the way, national security forces not seen in half a century will be un-leashed, and before long, The Project will be on. If we’re lucky, we’ll be in an all-out race with the CCP; if we’re unlucky, an all-out war.
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Before long, the world will wake up. But right now, there are perhaps a few hundred people, most of them in San Francisco and the AI labs, that have situational awareness. Through whatever peculiar forces of fate, I have found myself amongst them. A few years ago, these people were derided as crazy—but they trusted the trendlines, which allowed them to correctly predict the AI advances of the past few years. Whether these people are also right about the next few years remains to be seen. But these are very smart people—the smartest people I have ever met—and they are the ones building this technology. Perhaps they will be an odd footnote in history, or perhaps they will go down in history like Szilard and Oppenheimer and Teller. If they are seeing the future even close to correctly, we are in for a wild ride.
Let me tell you what we see.
2. What is Data Mining
■ Data mining is the process of discovering or extracting new patterns from large data
sets involving methods from
– Statistics
– Artificial intelligence.
6. SupportVector Machine
• “Support Vector Machine” (SVM) is a supervised machine learning algorithm
which can be used for both classification or regression challengesThe Data Mining
Process include collecting, exploring and selecting the right data.
• Support Vector Machines are based on the concept of decision planes that define
decision boundaries.
9. Advantage of SVM
• Performance is good when linear problems
• It doesn't work on nonlinear problems (you need Kernel SVM) and
you cannot get the probabilities of the classes.
Disadvantage of SVM
10. SupportVector Machine Application
• SVM has been used successfully in many real-world problems
- text (and hypertext) categorization
- image classification
- bioinformatics (Protein classification,
Cancer classification)
- hand-written character recognition
11. Naïve Bayes Algorithm
• It is a classification technique based on Bayes’ Theorem with an
assumption of independence among predictors.
• Naive Bayes model is easy to build and particularly useful for very
large data sets (not feature wise).
12. Advantage of Naïve Bayes
• You can get the probabilities of the classes and that it works on non
linear problems
• It doesn't work properly on datasets with many features
Disadvantage of Naïve Bayes
13. Naïve Bayes Application
• Spam Classification
• Given an email, predict whether it is spam or not
• Medical Diagnosis
• Given a list of symptoms, predict whether a patient has disease X
or not
• Weather
• Based on temperature, humidity, etc… predict if it will rain
tomorrow
• Text classification/ Spam Filtering/ Sentiment Analysis
14. DecisionTree and Random Forest
• Decision Tree - Decision tree is a type of supervised learning
algorithm (having a pre-defined target variable) that is mostly used
in classification problems.
• It works for both categorical and continuous input and output
variables.
15. Random Forest
• Random forest is an ensemble classifier made using many decision
tree
• Ensemble Model – Combines the results from different models &
produce better results.
16. Advantage and Disadvantage of DT and Random Forest
• Advantage –
• Easy to Understand
• Useful in Data exploration
• Less data cleaning required
• Handle both numerical and categorical variables
• Disadvantage –
• Over fitting
• Not fit for continuous variables
17. Application of DT and Random Forest
• Astronomy:
• star-galaxy classification, determining galaxy counts.
• Biomedical Engineering:
• Use of decision trees for identifying features to be used in
implantable devices can be found
• Pharmacology:
• Use of tree based classification for drug analysis
• Manufacturing:
• Chemical material evaluation for manufacturing and production
• Medicine:
• Analysis of the Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
18. Which Model….?
• DT - when you want to have clear interpretation of your model results
• Random Forest - when you are just looking for high performance
with less need for interpretation
• SVM - when your business problem is a linear problem (with a linearly
separable dataset)
• Naive Bayes - when you want your business problem to be based on
a probabilistic approach. For example if you want to rank your
customers from the highest probability to buy a certain product, to
the lowest.
19. Cluster Analysis (Unsupervised Learning)
• Clustering analysis is the task of grouping a set of objects in such a
way that objects in the same group (called a cluster) are more similar
(in some sense or another) to each other than to those in other
groups (clusters).
20. Advantage of Clustering (K-means)
• If variables are huge, then K-Means most of the times
computationally faster than hierarchical clustering
• K-Means produce tighter clusters than hierarchical clustering
• Difficult to predict K-Value
Disadvantage of Clustering (K-means)
21. Clustering Application
• Marketing:
• Discovering distinct groups in customer databases.
• Insurance:
• Identifying groups of crop insurance policy holders with a high
average claim rate. Farmers crash crops, when it is “profitable”.
• Land use:
• Identification of areas of similar land use in a GIS database.
• Seismic studies:
• Identifying probable areas for oil/gas exploration based on
seismic data.
22. Classification
1. Decision trees
2. CART: Classification and Regression Trees
3. Ruleset classifiers
4. Ensemble Classifiers
5. Support vector machines
6. Naive Bayes
23. Decision trees
■ Decision tree builds classification or regression models in the form of a tree structure.
■ Decision nodes and leaf nodes
■ Decision node has two or more branches
■ Leaf node represents a classification or decision
24. TheAlgorithms used in the decision trees are ID3 , C4.5,
CART, C5.0, CHAID, QUEST, CRUISE, etc.
■ The splitting of nodes is decided by algorithms like information gain, chi square, Gini
index.
■ ID3, or Iterative Dichotomizer, was the first of three DecisionTree implementations
developed by Ross Quinlan
■ The ID3 algorithm uses a greedy search. It selects a test using the information gain
criterion (Minimizing Shannon Entropy), and then never explores the possibility of
alternate choices.
25. 'Greedy Algorithm'?
■ Makes a locally-optimal choice in the hope that this choice will lead to a globally-
optimal solution.
■ A code is a mapping from a “string” (a finite sequence of letters) to a finite sequence of
binary numbers.
■ The goal of compression algorithms is to encode strings with the smallest sequence of
binary numbers.
■ Shannon entropy gives the optimal compression rate, that can be approached but not
improved.
■ Information Gain is inversely Proportion to entropy.
■ The Greedy Algorithm is used at each node to arrive at the next node.
26. Information Gain and Shannon Entropy
■ Suppose you need to uncover a certain English word of five letters.
■ You manage to obtain one letter, namely an e.This is useful information, but the letter
e is common in English, so this provides little information.
■ If, on the other hand, the letter that you discover is j (the least common in English), the
search has been more narrowed and you have obtained more information.
■ The unit for the information gain is the bit.
28. ClassificationTrees
■ These are considered as the default kind of decision trees used to separate a dataset
into different classes, based on the response variable.These are generally used when
the response variable is categorical in nature.
29. RegressionTrees
■ When the response or target variable is continuous or numerical, regression trees are
used.These are generally used in predictive type of problems when compared to
classification
30. C5.0 model
■ A C5.0 algorithm is used to build either a decision tree or a rule set
■ A C5.0 model works by splitting the sample based on the field that provides the
maximum information gain.
31. Applications of DecisionTree Machine
LearningAlgorithm
■ Decision trees are among the popular machine learning algorithms that find great use
in finance for option pricing.
■ Remote sensing is an application area for pattern recognition based on decision trees.
■ Decision tree algorithms are used by banks to classify loan applicants by their
probability of defaulting payments.
32. Libraries
■ The Data Science libraries in Python language to implement DecisionTree Machine
LearningAlgorithm are – SciPy and Sci-Kit Learn.
■ The Data Science libraries in R language to implement DecisionTree Machine Learning
Algorithm is caret.
33. Random Forest
■ It is a type of ensemble machine learning algorithm called Bootstrap Aggregation or
bagging.
34. Bootstrap Method
■ Let’s assume we have a sample of 100 values (x) and we’d like to get an estimate of the
mean of the sample
■ Create many (e.g. 1000) random sub-samples of our dataset with replacement
(meaning we can select the same value multiple times).
■ Calculate the mean of each sub-sample.
■ Calculate the average of all of our collected means and use that as our estimated
mean for the data.
35. Bootstrap Aggregation (Bagging)
■ Bagging of the CART algorithm would work as follows.
– Create many (e.g. 100) random sub-samples of our dataset with replacement.
– Train a CART model on each sample.
– Given a new dataset, calculate the average prediction from each model.
36. Applications of Random Forest
Algorithms
■ Random Forest algorithms are used by banks to predict if a loan applicant is a likely
high risk.
■ They are used in the automobile industry to predict the failure or breakdown of a
mechanical part.
■ These algorithms are used in the healthcare industry to predict if a patient is likely to
develop a chronic disease or not.
■ They can also be used for regression tasks like predicting the average number of social
media shares and performance scores.
■ Recently, the algorithm has also made way into predicting patterns in speech
recognition software and classifying images and texts.
37. Random Forest and CART
■ Even with Bagging, the decision trees (CART) can have a lot of structural similarities
and in turn have high correlation in their predictions.
■ To reduce Correlation between features, the random forest algorithm changes the
procedure so that the learning algorithm is limited to a random sample of features of
which to search.
■ The number of features that can be searched at each split point (m) must be specified
as a parameter to the algorithm.
38. Libraries
■ Data Science libraries in Python language to implement Random Forest Machine
LearningAlgorithm is Sci-Kit Learn.
■ Data Science libraries in R language to implement Random Forest Machine Learning
Algorithm is randomForest.
39. Naïve Bayes
■ A Naive Bayes classifier assumes that the presence of a particular feature in a class is
unrelated to the presence of any other feature.
■ For example, a fruit may be considered to be an apple if it is red, round, and about 3
inches in diameter.
■ Even if these features depend on each other or upon the existence of the other
features, all of these properties independently contribute to the probability that this
fruit is an apple
■ That is why it is known as ‘Naive’.
■ This algorithm is mostly used in text classification and with problems having multiple
classes.
40. How Naive Bayes algorithm works
■ Step 1: Convert the data set into a frequency table
■ Step 2: Create Likelihood table by finding the probabilities
■ Step 3: Now, use Naive Bayesian equation to calculate the posterior probability for
each class.
■ Step 4:The class with the highest posterior probability is the outcome of prediction.
41. Applications of Naive Bayes Algorithms
■ Real time Prediction
■ Multi class Prediction
■ Text classification/ Spam Filtering/ Sentiment Analysis Recommendation
System: Naive Bayes Classifier and Collaborative Filtering together builds a
Recommendation System that uses machine learning and data mining techniques to
filter unseen information and predict whether a user would like a given resource or not
■ Disease prediction
■ Document classification
42. SupportVector Machines
■ In a two-class learning task, the aim of SVM is to find the best classification function to
distinguish between members of the two classes in the training data.
■ For a linearly separable dataset, a linear classification function corresponds to a
separating hyperplane f (x ) that passes through the middle of the two classes,
separating the two.
43. Margin Maximization
■ In case of multiple classes, SVM works by classifying the data into different classes by
finding a line (hyperplane) which separates the training data set into classes.
■ As there are many such linear hyperplanes, SVM algorithm tries to maximize the
distance between the various classes that are involved and this is referred as margin
maximization.
■ If the line that maximizes the distance between the classes is identified, the
probability to generalize well to unseen data is increased.
44. SVM can also be used for
■ Regression – By minimizing the error between actual and Predicted value to be within
a margin Epsilon
■ Ranking
45. SVM’s are classified into two categories:
■ Linear SVM’s – In linear SVM’s the training data i.e. classifiers are separated by a
hyperplane.
■ Non-Linear SVM’s- In non-linear SVM’s it is not possible to separate the training data
using a hyperplane.
46. Applications
■ Risk assessment
■ Stock Market forecasting
■ Most commonly, SVM is used to compare the performance of a stock with other
stocks in the same sector.This helps companies make decisions about where they
want to invest.
48. The Apriori algorithm
■ The approach is to find frequent item sets from a transaction dataset and derive
association rules
■ A ratio is derived like out of the 100 people who purchased an apple, 85 people also
purchased an orange.
49. Libraries -The Apriori algorithm
■ Data Science Libraries in Python to implement Apriori Machine LearningAlgorithm –
There is a python implementation for Apriori in PyPi
■ Data Science Libraries in R to implement Apriori Machine LearningAlgorithm – arules
50. Applications of Apriori Algorithm
■ Detecting Adverse Drug Reactions
– Apriori algorithm is used for association analysis on healthcare data like-the drugs taken by
patients, characteristics of each patient, adverse ill-effects patients experience, initial
diagnosis, etc.This analysis produces association rules that help identify the combination of
patient characteristics and medications that lead to adverse side effects of the drugs.
■ Market Basket Analysis
– Many e-commerce giants like Amazon useApriori to draw data insights on which products are
likely to be purchased together and which are most responsive to promotion. For example, a
retailer might useApriori to predict that people who buy sugar and flour are likely to buy eggs
to bake a cake.
■ Auto-CompleteApplications
– Google auto-complete is another popular application of Apriori wherein - when the user types a
word, the search engine looks for other associated words that people usually type after a
specific word.
51. clustering
1. The EM algorithm
2. The k-means algorithm
3. k-nearest neighbor classification
52. The Expectation–Maximization algorithm
■ The EM algorithm attempts to approximate the observed distributions of values based
on mixtures of different distributions in different clusters.
■ The EM clustering algorithm then computes probabilities of cluster memberships
based on one or more of the mixture of probability distributions.
53. The k-means algorithm
1. Randomly select ‘c’ cluster centers.
2. Calculate the distance between each data point and cluster centers.
3. Assign the data point to the cluster center whose distance from the cluster center is
minimum of all the cluster centers.
4. Recalculate the new cluster center using the algorithm (aims at minimizing an objective
function know as squared error function).
5. Recalculate the distance between each data point and new obtained cluster centers.
6. If no data point was reassigned then stop, otherwise repeat from step (3).
7. This learning algorithm requires prior specification of the number of cluster centers.
54. Applications
■ Search engines likeYahoo and Bing (to identify relevant results)
■ Data libraries
■ Google image search
55. k-nearest neighbor classification
■ Used for classification and regression
■ The number k will have to be specified
■ The kNN algorithm will search through the training dataset for the k-most similar
instances.
■ This is a process of calculating the distance for all instances and selecting a subset with
the smallest distance values..
56. Applications
■ Pattern recognition (like to predict how cancer may spread)
■ Statistical estimation (like to predict if someone may default on a loan)
57. Linear Regression
■ “Ordinary least squares” strategy
■ Draw a line, and then for each of the data points, measure the vertical distance
between the point and the line, and add these up;
■ The fitted line would be the one where this sum of distances is as small as possible
58. Logistic Regression
■ Binary Logistic Regression –The most commonly used logistic regression when the
categorical response has 2 possible outcomes i.e. either yes or not. Example –
Predicting whether a student will pass or fail an exam, predicting whether a student
will have low or high blood pressure, predicting whether a tumor is cancerous or not.
■ Multi-nominal Logistic Regression - Categorical response has 3 or more possible
outcomes with no ordering. Example- Predicting what kind of search engine (Yahoo,
Bing,Google, and MSN) is used by majority of US citizens.
■ Ordinal Logistic Regression - Categorical response has 3 or more possible outcomes
with natural ordering. Example- How a customer rates the service and quality of food
at a restaurant based on a scale of 1 to 10.
59. Logistic Regression
■ It measures the relationship between the categorical dependent variable and one or
more independent variables by estimating probabilities using a logistic function, which
is the cumulative logistic distribution.
■ regressions can be used in real-world applications such as:
– Credit Scoring
– Measuring the success rates of marketing campaigns
– Predicting the revenues of a certain product
60. Boosting
■ In 1988, Kearns andValiant posed an interesting question, i.e., whether a weak
learning algorithm that performs just slightly better than random guess could be
“boosted” into an arbitrarily accurate strong learning algorithm.
■ AdaBoost was born with in response to this question.AdaBoost has given rise to
abundant research on theoretical aspects of ensemble methods, which can be easily
found in machine learning and statistics literature.
■ It is worth mentioning that for their AdaBoost paper, Schapire and Freund won the
Godel Prize, which is one of the most prestigious awards in theoretical computer
science, in the year of 2003.
61. How Adaboost works
■ First, it assigns equal weights to all the training examples (xi , yi )(i ∈ {1,..., m}). Denote the
distribution of the weights at the t -th learning round as Dt
■ From the training set and Dt the algorithm generates a weak or base learner ht : X →Y by
calling the base learning algorithm.
■ Then, it uses the training examples to test ht , and the weights of the incorrectly classified
examples will be increased.Thus, an updated weight distribution Dt +1 is obtained.
■ From the training set and Dt +1 AdaBoost generates another weak learner by calling the
base learning algorithm again.
■ Such a process is repeated forT rounds, and the final model is derived by weighted
majority voting of theT weak learners, where the weights of the learners are determined
during the training process.
62. Artificial Neural Networks
■ Artificial Neural Networks are named so because they’re based on the structure and
functions of real biological neural networks.
■ Information flows through the network and in response, the neural network changes
based on the input and output.
■ Applications
– Character recognition (understanding human handwriting and converting it to
text)
– Image compression
– Stock market prediction
– Loan applications
63. Linear Discriminant Analysis
■ Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and the related Fisher’s linear discriminant are
methods used in statistics, pattern recognition and machine learning to find a linear
combination of features which characterizes or separates two or more classes of
objects or events.
■ The resulting combination may be used as a linear classifier, or, more commonly, for
dimensionality reduction before later classification.
■ QDA is a general discriminant function with a quadratic decision boundaries which can
be used to classify datasets with two or more classes.
64. Method
■ LDA is based upon the concept of searching for a linear combination of variables
(predictors) that best separates two classes (targets)
■ To capture the notion of separability, Fisher defined the following score function.
■ Given the score function, the problem is to estimate the linear coefficients that
maximize the score function.
■ One way of assessing the effectiveness of the discrimination is to calculate
the Mahalanobis distance between two groups. A distance greater than 3 means that
in two averages differ by more than 3 standard deviations. It means that the overlap
(probability of misclassification) is quite small.
65. Predictors Contribution
■ A simple linear correlation between the model scores and predictors can be used to
test which predictors contribute significantly to the discriminant function. Correlation
varies from -1 to 1, with -1 and 1 meaning the highest contribution but in different
directions and 0 means no contribution at all.
66. Applications of LDA
■ Bankruptcy prediction: In bankruptcy prediction based on accounting ratios and other
financial variables, linear discriminant analysis was the first statistical method applied
to systematically explain which firms entered bankruptcy vs. survived.
■ Marketing: In marketing, discriminant analysis was once often used to determine the
factors which distinguish different types of customers and/or products on the basis of
surveys or other forms of collected data.
■ Biomedical studies:The main application of discriminant analysis in medicine is the
assessment of severity state of a patient and prognosis of disease outcome.
67. The Gradient Descent algorithm
■ Gradient descent is an optimization algorithm used to find the values of parameters
(coefficients) of a function (f) that minimizes a cost function (cost).
■ The goal is to continue to try different values for the coefficients, evaluate their cost
and select new coefficients that have a slightly better (lower) cost.
68. How itWorks
■ The procedure starts off with initial values for the coefficient or coefficients for the
function.These could be 0.0 or a small random value.
■ The cost of the coefficients is evaluated by plugging them into the function and
calculating the cost
■ The derivative of the cost is calculated.The derivative is a concept from calculus and
refers to the slope of the function at a given point.We need to know the slope so that
we know the direction (sign) to move the coefficient values in order to get a lower cost
on the next iteration
■ Now that we know from the derivative which direction is downhill, we can now update
the coefficient values.
69. Cont.
■ A learning rate parameter (alpha) must be specified that controls how much the
coefficients can change on each update.
■ delta = derivative(cost)
■ coefficient = coefficient – (alpha * delta)
■ This process is repeated until the cost of the coefficients (cost) is 0.0 or close enough
to zero to be good enough.
70. Applications
■ Common examples of algorithms with coefficients that can be optimized using
gradient descent are
– Linear Regression and
– Logistic Regression.
71.
72. State of the Art Algorithms
■ XGBoost for Classification and Regression.
■ Convolutional Neural Networks for Image Classification.
■ DBSCAN for Clustering
■ Collaborative Filtering for Recommender Systems
■ SVD++ for Recommender Systems
■ NMF for Dimensionality Reduction
■ Deep Autoencoders for deep learning systems and to find the best set of features to represent a dataset
■ Sparse Filtering for Representation
■ Hash Kernels for Representation
■ T-SNE to visualize multidimensional datasets
■ LSTMs forTime Series and Sequences. Applications in Sentiment Analysis.
■ MCMC and Metropolis Hastings Algorithm.
73. XGBoost for Classification and
Regression
■ The XGBoost library implements the gradient boosting decision tree algorithm.
■ Boosting is an ensemble technique where new models are added to correct the errors
made by existing models. Models are added sequentially until no further
improvements can be made.
■ It gives more weight to the misclassified points sequentially for every model.
■ The Final Model is a weighted combination of the weak classifiers
■ You are updating your model using gradient descent and hence the name, gradient
boosting.
74. Convolutional Neural Networks for
Image Classification
■ CNNs have wide applications in image and video recognition, recommender systems
and natural language processing.
■ CNNs, like neural networks, are made up of neurons with learnable weights and
biases. Each neuron receives several inputs, takes a weighted sum over them, pass it
through an activation function and responds with an output.
■ Convolutional networks perform optical character recognition (OCR) to digitize text
and make natural-language processing possible on analog and hand-written
documents.
■ Convolutional neural networks ingest and process images as tensors.
75. Contd.
■ A tensor encompasses the dimensions beyond that 2-D plane e.g. a 2 x 3 x 2 tensor.
■ Tensors are formed by arrays nested within arrays, and that nesting can go on
infinitely, accounting for an arbitrary number of dimensions far greater than what we
can visualize spatially.
■ Convolutional networks pass many filters over a single image, each one picking up a
different signal.Therefore convolutional nets learn images in pieces that we call
feature maps.
76. DBSCAN for Clustering
■ It stands for Density Based SpatialClustering of applications with Noise
■ it groups together points that are closely packed together (points with many nearby
neighbors), marking as outliers points that lie alone in low-density regions (whose
nearest neighbors are too far away)
■ The two parameters we need to specify are:
■ What is the minimum number of data points needed to determine a single cluster
■ How far away can one point be from the next point within the same cluster - Epsilon
77. Collaborative Filtering for Recommender
Systems
■ Collaborative filtering, also referred to as social filtering, filters information by using
the recommendations of other people.
■ Most collaborative filtering systems apply the so called neighborhood-based
technique.
■ In the neighbourhood-based approach a number of users is selected based on their
similarity to the active user.
■ A prediction for the active user is made by calculating a weighted average of the
ratings of the selected users.
78. SVD++ for Recommender Systems
■ Matrix factorization algorithms work by decomposing the user-item interaction matrix
into the product of two lower dimensionality rectangular matrices.
■ SVD consists of factorization two lower dimensional matrices, the first one has a row
for each user, while the second has a column for each item.
■ The row or column associated to a specific user or item is referred to as latent factors.
■ Increasing the number of latent factor will improve personalization, therefore
recommendation quality, until the number of factors becomes too high, at which point
the model starts to overfit and the recommendation quality will decrease
■ SVD++ is a matrix factorization method with implicit feedback.
■ It exploit all available interactions both explicit (e.g. numerical ratings) and implicit
(e.g. likes, purchases, skipped, bookmarked).
79. NMF for Dimensionality Reduction
■ Non-negative matrix factorization is an important method in the analysis of high
dimensional datasets.
■ Principal component analysis (PCA) and singular value decomposition (SVD) are
popular techniques for dimensionality reduction based on matrix decomposition,
■ However they contain both positive and negative values in the decomposed matrices.
■ Since matrices decomposed by NMF only contain non-negative values, the original
data are represented by only additive, not subtractive, combinations of the basis
vectors.
80. Deep Auto Encoders
■ An Autoencoder is a feedforward neural network having an input layer, one hidden
layer and an output layer.
■ The transition from the input to the hidden layer is called the encoding step and the
transition from the hidden to the output layer is called the decoding step.
■ A DeepAutoencoder has multiple hidden layers.
■ The additional hidden layers enable the Autoencoder to learn mathematically more
complex underlying patterns in the data.
81. Sparse Filtering
■ Traditionally, feature learning methods have largely sought to learn models that
provide good approximations of the true data distribution
■ Sparse Filtering is a form of unsupervised feature learning that learns a sparse
representation of the input data without directly modelling it.
■ It has only has only one hyperparameter, the number of features to learn.
■ Sparse filtering scales gracefully to handle high-dimensional inputs,
82. t-SNE to visualize multidimensional datasets
■ t-SNE stands for t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbour Embedding and its main aim is
that of dimensionality reduction.
■ The dimensionality of a set of images is the number of pixels in any image, which
ranges from thousands to millions.We need to reduce the dimensionality of a dataset
from an arbitrary number to two or three.
■ Stochastic neighbour embedding techniques compute an N ×N similarity matrix in
both the original data space and in the low-dimensional embedding space called
Similarity Matrices.
83. Contd.
■ The distribution over pairs of objects is defined such that pairs of similar objects have a
high probability under the distribution, whilst pairs of dissimilar points have a low
probability.
■ The probabilities are generally given by a normalizedGaussian or Student-t kernel
computed from the data space or from the embedding space.
■ The low-dimensional embedding is learned by minimizing the Kullback-Leibler
divergence between the two probability distributions (computed in the original data
space and the embedding space) with respect to the locations of the points in the
embedding space.
■ This is the topic of manifold learning, also called nonlinear dimensionality reduction, a
branch of machine learning (more specifically, unsupervised learning).
■ It is still an active area of research today and tries to develop algorithms that can
automatically recover a hidden structure in a high-dimensional dataset.
84. LSTMs forTime Series and Sequences
■ A usual RNN (Recurrent Neural Network) has a short-term memory. In combination
with a LSTM they also have a long-term memory
■ An LSTM unit is composed of a cell, an input gate, an output gate and a forget gate.
■ The cell remembers values over arbitrary time intervals and the three gates regulate
the flow of information into and out of the cell.
■ LSTM’s enable Recurrent Neural Networks to remember their inputs over a long
period of time.
85. MCMC and Metropolis Algorithm
■ The Metropolis–Hastings algorithm is a Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method
for obtaining a sequence of random samples from multi-dimensional distributions,
especially when the number of dimensions is high.
■ The algorithm proceeds by generating random numbers over a unform distribution
and uses an accept or reject criteria.
■ If the criteria is accepted, the a transition is made over a StochasticTransition Matrix.
■ It uses the property of an Ergodicity of a Markov Process to ensure that the probability
of reaching any point in the space is greater than Zero.
■ A stochastic process is said to be ergodic if its statistical properties can be deduced
from a single, sufficiently long, random sample of the process.
■ The reasoning is that any collection of random samples from a process must represent
the average statistical properties of the entire process.