This document presents the background, objectives, and methodology for a study on the prevalence of pneumonia among under-five children at Berbera Hospital in Somaliland. The study aims to determine the prevalence of pneumonia in this population and examine associated socioeconomic, demographic, and environmental factors. A cross-sectional study using questionnaires will collect data on children under five years old attending the hospital. The data will be analyzed using frequencies and percentages to understand the scope of pneumonia in this region and help the Ministry of Health address it.

1. GOLLIS UNIVERSITY OF
BERBERA
FACULTYOFHEALTH SCIENCE
DEPARTMENT OFLABORATORY
Prevalence of pneumonia among under five children at Berbera hospital
SUBMITTED BY :
 Abdirahman Yousuf Abdi.
 Supper Abdi Osman .
 Ugbaad Hassan Mohamed.
ADVISOR: YAHYE ISMAIL IBRAHIM
DATE: 15 OCTOBER 2023 .

2. BACKGROUND OF STUDY
Pneumonia causes an acute lung inflammation; making breathing
painful and limiting oxygen intake. It can be caused by viruses
bacteria, or fungi. Streptococcus pneumonia, Haemophilus influenza
type b (HIB) and respiratory syncytial virus are the most common
causes of pneumonia NICE( 2012).
It can be classified based on place of acquisition, as community
acquired or hospital acquired based on its causative agent’s
mechanisms as bacteria, virus, fungi, aspiration, or ventilator
associated pneumonia, bronchial pneumonia which basis of its clinical
severity WHO (2014).
Prevalence of pneumonia infection among under five children is
serious global public health problem that causes both acute and
chronic disease, India revealed that overall prevalence of Acute
Respiratory Infection (ARI) among under five was 4.5% for one month
period and in Bangladesh reported that 21.3% under five children
suffered from ARI two weeks preceding survey WHO and UNICEF(2005).

3. STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
 Children under five year are at high risk of pneumonia from poor
knowledge related to signs and symptoms of pneumonia among mothers,
breast-feeding less than one year at 2 - 12 month partial immunization and
poor practices related to child feeding and hand hygiene.
 Somaliland has one of the worst maternal mortality ratios in the world,
estimated to be between10,443 and 14,004 per 100,000 live births ―said
Ettie Higgins, head of the UN children‘s fund (UNICEF) field officer in
Berbera , capital of Somaliland. ―The infant mortality rate is 73 per
1,000 while the under-five mortality rate is about 117 per 1,000 full
immunized children representing a mere 5 percent. Environmental
sanitation is highly challenged,‖ she said UNICEF (2005).

4. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
GENERAL OBJECTIVES
 To determine the prevalence of pneumonia among children below 5years at Berbera
hospital?
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
 To determine the prevalence of pneumonia among children under 5years at Berbera of
hospital?
 To describe socio demographic and socio economic factors of pneumonia under five year
children in BH?
 To assess environmental factors of pneumonia of children under five years in Berbera
Hospital?

5. RESEARCH QUESTIONS
 What is the prevalence level of pneumonia under five years children in BH?
 What are socio economic factors that contribute the occurrence of pneumonia under five
year’s children?
 What are environmental factors that lead the of pneumonia under five years children?

6. SCOPE OF THE STUDY.
 GEOGRAPHICAL SCOPE.
 This study will be conducted in Berbera, Sahil region in Somaliland.
 TIME SCOPE.
 This research was done from august 2023—December 2023.
 This study will provide current information on the prevalence of pneumonia
cases in children below 5years in Berbera, somaliland. It will improve the
hand hygiene of the children.

7. SIGNIFICANT RESEARCH
 This study will provide current information on the prevalence of
pneumonia cases in children below 5years in BERBERA, Somaliland.
It will improve the hand hygiene of the children. It will allow
implementation of healthy children under five year and encourage
social demography like knowledge of the mother to know what will
cause pneumonia and how to prevent, sign and symptoms of the
pneumonia. This study should provide recommendations to MOH and
national hospitals, both government hospital and private hospital, to the
awareness level of pneumonia under five children. And it also helps
MOH and other health sectors to reduce the prevalence of pneumonia
under five children in Berbera, Somaliland.

8. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
 The rate of new pneumonia infections is high among children aged less than five years
worldwide. The 2015 Bulletin of World Health Organization reported that 0.26 episodes per
child-year of pneumonia was estimated worldwide with the significant varition in the
incidence of pneumonia across WHO regions; (WHO, 2015) .
 The incidence of pneumonia infection estimated in developed countries by the same report
to be only 0.05 episodes per child-year unlike the 0.29 episodes in developing countries,
which can be translated to about 151.76 million deaths annually WHO, UNICEF (2015).

9.  Independent Variable
 Factors associated with
pneumonia
Demographic factors
Social economic factors
Environmental factors
Nutritional factors
Immunization.
 Dependent Variable
 Pneumonia in children under
5 years of age
Mediating factors.
Other factors associated with prevalence of
pneumonia
Young age of the
child Recent
infection status
Congenital heart
disorders
 OUTCOME
Signs and symptoms Difficulty
in breathing cough
Reduced appetite
Fast breathing fever
Vomiting
Conceptual Framework.

10. METHODOLOGY.
 RESEARCH AREA
 The study carried out will be Berbera hospital in Somaliland ,that is Internationally
recognized as an autonomous region of Somalia Berbera is situated in valley in the low
lands and sits of elevation of 4,377 feet(1,334) above sea level this attitude gives Berbera
and surrounding area milder climate then gulf of Aden-coastal area and weathers are
typically hot.
 RESEARCH DESIGN
 The design of this study will be cross- section study with descriptive quantitative
research which used questionnaires to collect data.
 The target group in this designed the children under five years of the hospitals.

11. Data collection
 Data used in this study will be based on questionnaire, so the useful
information will be collected by using this questionnaires. The
questionnaire will be designed in accordance with the objectives of this
study. Primary data consists of information that will be obtained

12. Data Analysis
 The date analysis will be carried out based on the research. From
the responses to the questionnaire, the researcher will be able to
quantify the date using frequencies and percentage tables were
drawn for logical analysis.

13. THE END
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