Background: Globally, malaria remains a major public health problem. In 2019 an estimated 229 million cases of malaria were reported, WHO African region accounted for 94% of total cases. In Kenya, malaria is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among children under five years living in malaria endemic zones. This study investigated the factors that are associated with malaria prevalence among children under-five years living in North West Kisumu Ward, Kisumu County.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out at Chulaimbo County Hospital from July 2019 to January 2020. Using a validated structured questionnaire, data were obtained from 369 randomly sampled children < 5 years who presented with signs and symptoms of malaria and had malaria positive or negative test results from the laboratory. Children with chronic illnesses such as HIV were not enrolled. Chi-square test of independence and logistic regression analysis was done using SPSS 20.0 software.
Results: Out of 369 participants, 183 (49.6%) tested positive for malaria. Child age was significantly associated with malaria (P = 0.04). There were low malaria odds among females (OR = 0.92, 95% CI 0.61-1.39) and in households where mothers (OR = 0.47, 95% CI 0.16-1.37) or fathers (OR = 0.86, 95% CI 0.31-2.35) had university education. Low malaria risk was also reported among children whose fathers had employment (OR = 0.94, 95% CI 0.49-1.80). On the contrary, high malaria risk was recorded among children whose mothers were employed (OR = 1.24, 95% CI 0.62-2.50). Children from married respondents were likely to test positive for malaria (OR = 1.07, 95% CI 0.60-1.93). Children who used bed nets were less likely to test positive for malaria (OR = 0.70, 95% CI 0.35-1.41). Surprisingly, low malaria risk was reported among severely malnourished children (OR = 0.71, 95% CI 0.42-1.20).
Conclusion: Child age and bed net use, but not nutritional status, are important determinants of malaria prevalence in children under 5 years. The Ministry of Health should promote more efforts towards protecting young children from malaria, by ensuring access and use of bed nets, and enhancing health education.
A Study to Assess the Knowledge Regarding Cervical Cancer among Women in Sele...YogeshIJTSRD
Cervical cancer is a potentially preventable disease if appropriate screening and prophylactic strategies are employed. However, lack of knowledge and awareness can result in underutilization of the preventive strategies. Healthcare professionals with adequate knowledge play a huge role in influencing the beliefs and practices of the general public in a positive way. The aim of the study was to assess theKnowledge regarding Cervical Cancer among Women.An exploratory survey was conducted and a convenient sampling technique was used to select 30 samples. Structured questionnaire was used to collect the data from 30 women in the age group of 21 to 59 years and the data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The study findings revealed that 26 86.7 of the women had inadequate knowledge regarding cervical cancer and 4 13.3 of them had moderate knowledge and none of the samples have adequate knowledge regarding cervical cancer and there is a association between level of knowledge regarding cervical cancer with educational status and there is no association of level of knowledge regarding cervical cancer with demographic variables such as age, type of family and occupational status at p 0.5 level. P. Umalakshmi "A Study to Assess the Knowledge Regarding Cervical Cancer among Women in Selected Community Setting, Chennai" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd41237.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.commedicine/nursing/41237/a-study-to-assess-the-knowledge-regarding-cervical-cancer-among-women-in-selected-community-setting-chennai/p-umalakshmi
October 7, 2019
On October 7, 2019, the Harvard Global Health Institute will host a one-day symposium to explore what enabled this visionary program, and to showcase how it has transformed not just the worldwide HIV/AIDS response but global health delivery more broadly.
There are many lessons learned in PEPFAR’s story - from what it took to build a supply chain where there was none, to establishing the use of generic antiretroviral therapies (ARTs) and leveraging human capacity. This event convened the early architects of PEPFAR as well as experts and implementers currently leading the charge. We took a historically informed look at what it will take to stop global transmission, and shared tools useful for others hoping to move the needle on vexing problems in global health.
For more information, visit our website at https://petrieflom.law.harvard.edu/events/details/15-years-of-pepfar
A Study to Assess the Knowledge Regarding Cervical Cancer among Women in Sele...YogeshIJTSRD
Cervical cancer is a potentially preventable disease if appropriate screening and prophylactic strategies are employed. However, lack of knowledge and awareness can result in underutilization of the preventive strategies. Healthcare professionals with adequate knowledge play a huge role in influencing the beliefs and practices of the general public in a positive way. The aim of the study was to assess theKnowledge regarding Cervical Cancer among Women.An exploratory survey was conducted and a convenient sampling technique was used to select 30 samples. Structured questionnaire was used to collect the data from 30 women in the age group of 21 to 59 years and the data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The study findings revealed that 26 86.7 of the women had inadequate knowledge regarding cervical cancer and 4 13.3 of them had moderate knowledge and none of the samples have adequate knowledge regarding cervical cancer and there is a association between level of knowledge regarding cervical cancer with educational status and there is no association of level of knowledge regarding cervical cancer with demographic variables such as age, type of family and occupational status at p 0.5 level. P. Umalakshmi "A Study to Assess the Knowledge Regarding Cervical Cancer among Women in Selected Community Setting, Chennai" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd41237.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.commedicine/nursing/41237/a-study-to-assess-the-knowledge-regarding-cervical-cancer-among-women-in-selected-community-setting-chennai/p-umalakshmi
October 7, 2019
On October 7, 2019, the Harvard Global Health Institute will host a one-day symposium to explore what enabled this visionary program, and to showcase how it has transformed not just the worldwide HIV/AIDS response but global health delivery more broadly.
There are many lessons learned in PEPFAR’s story - from what it took to build a supply chain where there was none, to establishing the use of generic antiretroviral therapies (ARTs) and leveraging human capacity. This event convened the early architects of PEPFAR as well as experts and implementers currently leading the charge. We took a historically informed look at what it will take to stop global transmission, and shared tools useful for others hoping to move the needle on vexing problems in global health.
For more information, visit our website at https://petrieflom.law.harvard.edu/events/details/15-years-of-pepfar
Stress An Undetachable Condition of LifeYogeshIJTSRD
Stressful life events affects human body, which may lead to cardiovascular diseases and effect metabolism and immune system. Recent studies showed increase in stress levels in developing countries. This study aimed to determine the stress levels in MBBS students. The objectives of the study are a To determine the current stress level, b To assess relation between stress level and lifestyle of college students. The present study was carried out in Ahmedabad City of Gujarat State. A total of 400 medical students were included in the study, which were selected using multi stage sampling aged between 18 years to 25 years. Students were questioned regarding their socioeconomic and life style parameters. The results showed that physical activity such as walking, exercise, yoga, meditation etc. were associated to stress levels. College students showed high stress levels with more satisfaction were mostly smokers. Their major reason for eating junk food and smoking was, increase in stress. Conclusion Majority of students suffered from moderate stress levels. Despite of having stress they were happy and satisfied with life with less no internet addiction. Spirituality and stress scales had a positive correlation as most of the students were averagely highly spiritual. Discriminant function can be used to determine the stress level of a person using age, BMI, internet addiction, spirituality, happiness scale and life satisfaction scale of that person. Jayshree N. Tolani | Dr. Nitinkumar D. Shah "Stress: An Undetachable Condition of Life" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45054.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/45054/stress-an-undetachable-condition-of-life/jayshree-n-tolani
Criminology Educators Triumphs and StrugglesYogeshIJTSRD
This research study is geared on determining the triumphs and struggles of criminology educators. Included on the aim is to know their experiences and story being considered as teacher by accident. A qualitative research design was applied in this study. Researchers conducted a personal interview with the respondents with the aid of a guide questions which all points to main issue of this study. The findings of the study revealed that out of seven respondents, four are on the age bracket of 21 to 25 years old, two respondents are on the age bracket of 26 to 30 years old and a single respondent is on the age bracket of 36 to 40 years. Most of the respondents find enthusiasm in teaching and are aware that there is a need for them to proceed in post graduate studies for them to have a considerable salary. As to financial stability, only 1out of 7 considers herself as financially stable. The rest are saying that as of the moment, they are not yet financially stable basing on the rate of their salary. Qualification matters a lot in the field of academe because this was being shared by one of the respondents who considers herself as financially stable. Also, all of the respondents do not consider teaching as their first career of choice but most of them does not have any plan of shifting to another career. Girlie N. Cañete | Harry Santiago P. Achas | Pamela N. Cañete "Criminology Educators: Triumphs and Struggles" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45082.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/45082/criminology-educators-triumphs-and-struggles/girlie-n-cañete
Prevalence of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen among Undergraduate Students of Gom...IOSR Journals
Incidence of Hepatitis B virus among healthy asymptomatic students in Gombe State University was determined, this was in an effort of providing baseline data on the diseases burden, and the possible risk factors associated with the infection in the study population. A total of 100 serum samples were collected from volunteers and screened using rapid immune chromatographic test kits for Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). The study revealed that 14% were HBsAg positive. The highest incidence rate of 18.2% (12) was recorded among the age group of 16-25 years, and males recorded the highest incidence rate of 20% (12), indicating that gender but not age might have greater influence on the infection (P= 0.05).
Malaria Control Strategies among Rural Dwellers in a Typical Nigerian Settingasclepiuspdfs
Malaria is a major public health problem in sub-Saharan African, including Nigeria, causing 63% of total outpatient attendance in health facilities, 30% under-five mortality, and 11% of maternal mortality. Malaria control practices remain a major strategy in the combat of this menace. Therefore, the aim of this study is to determine the malaria control strategies utilized among rural dwellers in the Ezza North local government area (LGA) of Ebonyi state.
FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS COUNSELLING AND TESTING ...Razak Mohammed Gyasi
Since 2003, the HIV Voluntary Counselling and Testing (VCT) has been identified as one of the key strategies in the HIV/AIDS prevention, control and care programmes in Ghana. However, utilization of this service is low among Ghanaian youth. This study examined predictors associated with VCT utilization among youth in Ghana. This study utilized quantitative and qualitative data in a cross-sectional survey in three sub-metropolitan areas in Kumasi. Using a multi-variate regression, evidence from 120 respondents showed potential factors associated with VCT utilization. The qualitative data were subjected to a content analysis through direct quotes. The results suggest that less than 30% of the youth had ever tested for HIV through VC. Women were more likely to avail themselves for counselling testing than men. Psychological and emotional trauma experienced by the seropositive, lack of confidentiality, proximity to VCT sites, HIV-related stigma inter alia, were found to be strongly associated with HIV VCT in the study prefecture. VCT utilization among the youth in Ghana was low and affected by HIV/AIDS-related stigma and residence. In order to increase VCT acceptability, HIV/AIDS prevention and control programs in the country should focus on reducing HIV/AIDS-related stigma.
Socio-Economic Effect of HIV/AIDS on Orphans and Vulnerable Children in Nyami...paperpublications3
Since the first case of HIV/AIDS was reported in Kenya in 1984 the numbers of those infected have risen and many people have since died or are living with the HIV/AIDS since the epidemic started in 1980s in the drug injecting people and the homosexuals. These deaths have resulted in Orphans and Vulnerable Children (OVC). This was a descriptive cross-sectional study, with one of the objective of finding out the socio-economic effect of HIV/AIDS on Orphans and Vulnerable Children in Nyamira district. A sample of 384 people participated in the study. The people were through simple random selected from Bonyegwe sublocation of Nyamusi division. Semi-structured interview schedules were used in data collection from the households. To remove ambiguity, the research tools were pre-tested to both HIV/AIDS organizations and householders not in the sample population but with similar characteristics. The research tools were refined and used on the actual sample population. Text, graphs, figures and tables were used in data presentation. The study indicates that those people who had not attained any level of formal education were (17%). The study revealed that householders (40%) had higher proportion of secondary education as compared with members of HIV/AIDS organizations (37%). Most of the members of HIV/AIDS organizations (89%) indicated that farming is their main source of income and a cushion for food security as compared with householders (63%). The ministry of health should strengthen provision of PMTCT services at the ANC clinic so that we prevent more cases of orphans and vulnerable children. The study suggests that in future all mothers who test positive for HIV virus should be put on treatment in order to reduce defaulters at the same time reach sustainable coverage in the provision of HIV/AIDS services to the orphans and vulnerable children in the society.
Acceptance of Covid-19 Vaccine Among the People of Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar Distric...IIJSRJournal
Background: In the midst of the worldwide effort to control the spread of the COVID-19 thru immunization of herd immunity, there is still the doubt about the effectiveness of the vaccine. Thus, the vaccine hesitancy. This is a threat to public health. Knowing and understanding the factors that influence the COVID-19 vaccine acceptance of the community may contribute in creating new and improved strategies for a better comprehensive vaccination program. The objective of this study was to evaluate the frequency of the acceptance of COVID-19 vaccine and their determinants as of April 2021 in the Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar, Libya.
Methods: This is cross-sectional quantitative research was conducted using stratified random sampling while observing strict precautionary measures. In April 2021, guided questionnaires were answered by 2,000 respondents. Sample distribution were as follows: 500 from Al-Bayda, 200 from Shahat,100 from Sussa, 100 from Massah, 100 from Omar Al-Muhktar, 100 from Labraq, Mansoura, Gernada, and Gubbah 170 from Jardes and Marawa, 170 from Faydiya and Gasser Libya, 170 from Haniya and Zawiat Al-Argub, 220 from Werdama, Sidi Abdul Wahad and Hamama, 170 from Gandula and Slanta. Results were validated and analyzed using Minitab version 17.1. Data were presented using texts and tables.
Results: Out of the 2,000 invitees, 956 expressed their willingness to take the vaccine if it is available. Interest in accepting the vaccine is relatively high among 18-25 age group (711), male (781), being married (779), with bachelor’s degree (475), employed by government (878), and with Libyan nationality (951). Upon cross-tabulation using chi-square, results showed that the proportion of the age group 18-25 (X2=870.206,p-value=0.00001), of male (X2=664.153; p-value=0.00001), of being married (X2=967.552; p-value=0.00001), of being a Libyan (X2=65.443; p-value=0.00001), of being a bachelor’s degree (X2=728.872; p-value=0.00001); and of being a government employee (X2=1007.334; p-value=0.00001) were significant factors associated vaccine acceptance. Moreover, respondent’s perception whether the COVID-19 vaccine will help prevent the spread of disease ((X2=1429.099; p-value=0.00001), their trust in the health system of Libya (X2=1327.565; p-value=0.00001), their idea whether the COVID-19 vaccine has a side-effect (X2=992.959; p-value=0.00001), and their fear of the side-effects of the COVID-19 vaccine are also key determinants that predict COVID-19 vaccine acceptance.
Conclusion: Identifying key factors relating to COVID-19 vaccine acceptance may aid in intensifying the global immunization drive. Health education must be reinforced to expedite achieving herd immunity using the social media and proper health education elsewhere.
UTILIZATION OF IMMUNIZATION SERVICES AMONG CHILDREN UNDER FIVE YEARS OF AGE I...AM Publications
Immunization is the key strategy to curb communicable diseases which are the number one killer of children under five. Immunization prevents mortalities of approximating three million children under five annually. This study aimed to assess utilization of immunization services among children under five of age in Kirinyaga County, Kenya.
FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS COUNSELLING AND TESTING ...Razak Mohammed Gyasi
Since 2003, the HIV Voluntary Counselling and Testing (VCT) has been identified as one of the key strategies in the HIV/AIDS prevention, control and care programmes in Ghana. However, utilization of this service is low among Ghanaian youth. This study examined predictors associated with VCT utilization among youth in Ghana. This study utilized quantitative and qualitative data in a cross-sectional survey in three sub-metropolitan areas in Kumasi. Using a multi-variate regression, evidence from 120 respondents showed potential factors associated with VCT utilization. The qualitative data were subjected to a content analysis through direct quotes. The results suggest that less than 30% of the youth had ever tested for HIV through VC. Women were more likely to avail themselves for counselling testing than men. Psychological and emotional trauma experienced by the seropositive, lack of confidentiality, proximity to VCT sites, HIV-related stigma inter alia, were found to be strongly associated with HIV VCT in the study prefecture. VCT utilization among the youth in Ghana was low and affected by HIV/AIDS-related stigma and residence. In order to increase VCT acceptability, HIV/AIDS prevention and control programs in the country should focus on reducing HIV/AIDS-related stigma.
A Quasi Experimental Study Comparing Knowledge Regarding Child Abuse among Pa...YogeshIJTSRD
Introduction The future of nation can become bright only if the children are healthy. They need full protection by their full development. Jujhar Singh Maan | Sobana M | Abhishek Yadav "A Quasi-Experimental Study: Comparing Knowledge Regarding Child Abuse among Parents of Children of Experimental and Control Group" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45008.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/other/45008/a-quasiexperimental-study-comparing-knowledge-regarding-child-abuse-among-parents-of-children-of-experimental-and-control-group/jujhar-singh-maan
Effectiveness of Awareness Program on Knowledge Regarding Covid 19 among Nurs...ijtsrd
Aim This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of awareness programs on improving the level of knowledge regarding COVID 19among nursing students in selected nursing colleges from Uttar Pradesh and to find out various factors associated with it. Materials and methods A quantitative research approach with Pre experimental one group pretest and posttest design and Non probability convenient sampling technique was used to select 30 nursing students from selected nursing colleges of Uttar Pradesh. Self structured knowledge questionnaire was used for assessing the knowledge regarding COVID 19among the subjects. SPSS version 25 was used for analyzing the data. Results The knowledge mean score in pre test 9.4±3.7 was lesser than the post test mean score 20.1±4.4, the obtained t value 22.2, p = 0.001. There was an association between nursing students’ levels of knowledge regarding COVID 19 with their previous source of information x2 = 9.6, p=0.04 . Conclusion Awareness program was effective to improve the level of knowledge regarding COVID 19 among nursing students. Bince Varghese | Jubin Varghese | Saniya Susan Issac "Effectiveness of Awareness Program on Knowledge Regarding Covid-19 among Nursing Students" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd37913.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/37913/effectiveness-of-awareness-program-on-knowledge-regarding-covid19-among-nursing-students/bince-varghese
KNOWLEDGE GAPS IN MALARIA MANAGMENT IN CAMEROON.pptxFidelityP
Malaria is a vector borne infectious disease caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Plasmodium and is transmitted by an infected female Anopheles mosquito. Until the late 19th Century, the contributory agent for malaria was largely unknown.
Malaria is one of the commonest infections, disproportionately affecting children and pregnant women
In 2019, an estimated 409,000 people died of malaria. Most (274,000) were young children, and 94% of the infections and deaths occurred in Africa. (WHO, 2019)
Children under five years are one of the most vulnerable groups affected by malaria. Severe anaemia, hypoglycaemia and cerebral malaria are features of severe malaria more commonly seen in children than in adults.
According to the WHO 2016 report, the global prevalence of malaria among under-five children was 16%. In the same year, the prevalence in Ethiopia was 0.6%.
Malaria is the most widespread endemic disease in Cameroon, responsible for 2.7 million reported cases, and absenteeism from school and work annually. It continues to be a major public health problem and is the first cause of infant-child morbidity and mortality with a mortality rate in children under five, estimated at 40%.
Much is being done to curb and eradicate malaria infection by the government, USAID and more.
This study examined the relationship between knowledge of HIV transmission and prevention and HIV counselling and testing uptake among young people in Nigeria. The study is a quantitative research guided by one research question and one hypothesis. The target population comprised young people in Nigeria ages 15 to 24 years because the focus of this study was to identify the factors affecting HCT uptake among young people in this age cohort. The representative sample was obtained from the updated master sample frame of rural and urban zones developed by the National Population Commission in Nigeria. This master sample frame was a national survey that comprises all 36 states in Nigeria [2]. Probability sampling technique was used to obtain a sample of 10091 respondents (ages 15 to 24 years) for the study. The multistage cluster sampling was used to select suitable young people with known probability. Data were collected throughout Nigeria between September and December 2012 from 32,543 households (rural = 22,192; urban = 10,351) using structured and semi-structured questionnaires. The individual questionnaires asked about household characteristics, background characteristics of the respondents. Data were analyzed by inputing them into SPSS v21.0 for analysis [4] and then coded them for each participant. The data were summed using descriptive statistics. Frequencies and percentages; measures of central tendencies were used to answer the research question while nonparametric test such as chi-square was used to analyze non-normally distributed data at 0.5 level of significance. Results of data analysis indicated that the cognitive factors of knowledge of HIV prevention and knowledge of HIV transmission were statistically significant predictors of the likelihood of having HCT uptake. It was among others recommended that stakeholders, authorities, and providers of health services in Nigeria should strive to increase the rate of HCT uptake among young people ages 15 to 24 years.
Awareness, Approach and Practice of Youth towards preclusion of Sexually Tran...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Awareness, Approach and Practice of Youth towards preclusion of Sexually Transmitted Infections at KIU-TH, Ishaka Bushenyi District
Ahura, Alex
Department of Nursing Science, Kampala International University, Uganda.
________________________________________
ABSTRACT
Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) remains a serious reproductive health problem globally. Despite this fact, youths recklessly involve in sexual activities which predisposes them to STIs which could rather be easily preventable. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the knowledge, attitude and practice of youths aged 19–24 towards prevention of STIs at KIU-TH in Ishaka Bushenyi district, Uganda. The study was a descriptive cross-sectional and quantitative methods were employed in data collection. Fifty respondents both male and female were selected using a convenient sampling method. Most respondents 30 (60%) were between 19 – 20 years, 30(60%) were students and 30(60%) were single. Knowledge towards prevention of STIs was good as majority 50(100%) understood the term STIs, 25(50%) knew HIV infection as an STIs, 50(100%) knew about transmission of STIs, 30(60%) had been sensitized and health educated about STIs prevention and majority knew condom use 30(60%) as one of the ways of preventing STIs. Attitudes were fair as majority 40(80%) believed that STIs can be dangerous and majority 40(80%) felt they could prevent STIs. Practice was poor as majority had 1-2 partners, 30(60%) and majority had their first partner at 15-17 years old 30(60%), majority of the respondents took alcohol 35(70%), majority 37(74%) reported teenage involvement in sexual relationship and 35(70%) reported alcohol as one of the most leading factors into sexual relationships, majority 33(66%) did not take precautions during sexual intercourse only 18(36%) used condoms. The study found out adequate knowledge towards STIs prevention and attitudes were fair but practices were poor.
Keywords: knowledge, attitude, practice, youth, sexually transmitted infections, Uganda
Stress An Undetachable Condition of LifeYogeshIJTSRD
Stressful life events affects human body, which may lead to cardiovascular diseases and effect metabolism and immune system. Recent studies showed increase in stress levels in developing countries. This study aimed to determine the stress levels in MBBS students. The objectives of the study are a To determine the current stress level, b To assess relation between stress level and lifestyle of college students. The present study was carried out in Ahmedabad City of Gujarat State. A total of 400 medical students were included in the study, which were selected using multi stage sampling aged between 18 years to 25 years. Students were questioned regarding their socioeconomic and life style parameters. The results showed that physical activity such as walking, exercise, yoga, meditation etc. were associated to stress levels. College students showed high stress levels with more satisfaction were mostly smokers. Their major reason for eating junk food and smoking was, increase in stress. Conclusion Majority of students suffered from moderate stress levels. Despite of having stress they were happy and satisfied with life with less no internet addiction. Spirituality and stress scales had a positive correlation as most of the students were averagely highly spiritual. Discriminant function can be used to determine the stress level of a person using age, BMI, internet addiction, spirituality, happiness scale and life satisfaction scale of that person. Jayshree N. Tolani | Dr. Nitinkumar D. Shah "Stress: An Undetachable Condition of Life" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45054.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/45054/stress-an-undetachable-condition-of-life/jayshree-n-tolani
Criminology Educators Triumphs and StrugglesYogeshIJTSRD
This research study is geared on determining the triumphs and struggles of criminology educators. Included on the aim is to know their experiences and story being considered as teacher by accident. A qualitative research design was applied in this study. Researchers conducted a personal interview with the respondents with the aid of a guide questions which all points to main issue of this study. The findings of the study revealed that out of seven respondents, four are on the age bracket of 21 to 25 years old, two respondents are on the age bracket of 26 to 30 years old and a single respondent is on the age bracket of 36 to 40 years. Most of the respondents find enthusiasm in teaching and are aware that there is a need for them to proceed in post graduate studies for them to have a considerable salary. As to financial stability, only 1out of 7 considers herself as financially stable. The rest are saying that as of the moment, they are not yet financially stable basing on the rate of their salary. Qualification matters a lot in the field of academe because this was being shared by one of the respondents who considers herself as financially stable. Also, all of the respondents do not consider teaching as their first career of choice but most of them does not have any plan of shifting to another career. Girlie N. Cañete | Harry Santiago P. Achas | Pamela N. Cañete "Criminology Educators: Triumphs and Struggles" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45082.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/45082/criminology-educators-triumphs-and-struggles/girlie-n-cañete
Prevalence of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen among Undergraduate Students of Gom...IOSR Journals
Incidence of Hepatitis B virus among healthy asymptomatic students in Gombe State University was determined, this was in an effort of providing baseline data on the diseases burden, and the possible risk factors associated with the infection in the study population. A total of 100 serum samples were collected from volunteers and screened using rapid immune chromatographic test kits for Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). The study revealed that 14% were HBsAg positive. The highest incidence rate of 18.2% (12) was recorded among the age group of 16-25 years, and males recorded the highest incidence rate of 20% (12), indicating that gender but not age might have greater influence on the infection (P= 0.05).
Malaria Control Strategies among Rural Dwellers in a Typical Nigerian Settingasclepiuspdfs
Malaria is a major public health problem in sub-Saharan African, including Nigeria, causing 63% of total outpatient attendance in health facilities, 30% under-five mortality, and 11% of maternal mortality. Malaria control practices remain a major strategy in the combat of this menace. Therefore, the aim of this study is to determine the malaria control strategies utilized among rural dwellers in the Ezza North local government area (LGA) of Ebonyi state.
FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS COUNSELLING AND TESTING ...Razak Mohammed Gyasi
Since 2003, the HIV Voluntary Counselling and Testing (VCT) has been identified as one of the key strategies in the HIV/AIDS prevention, control and care programmes in Ghana. However, utilization of this service is low among Ghanaian youth. This study examined predictors associated with VCT utilization among youth in Ghana. This study utilized quantitative and qualitative data in a cross-sectional survey in three sub-metropolitan areas in Kumasi. Using a multi-variate regression, evidence from 120 respondents showed potential factors associated with VCT utilization. The qualitative data were subjected to a content analysis through direct quotes. The results suggest that less than 30% of the youth had ever tested for HIV through VC. Women were more likely to avail themselves for counselling testing than men. Psychological and emotional trauma experienced by the seropositive, lack of confidentiality, proximity to VCT sites, HIV-related stigma inter alia, were found to be strongly associated with HIV VCT in the study prefecture. VCT utilization among the youth in Ghana was low and affected by HIV/AIDS-related stigma and residence. In order to increase VCT acceptability, HIV/AIDS prevention and control programs in the country should focus on reducing HIV/AIDS-related stigma.
Socio-Economic Effect of HIV/AIDS on Orphans and Vulnerable Children in Nyami...paperpublications3
Since the first case of HIV/AIDS was reported in Kenya in 1984 the numbers of those infected have risen and many people have since died or are living with the HIV/AIDS since the epidemic started in 1980s in the drug injecting people and the homosexuals. These deaths have resulted in Orphans and Vulnerable Children (OVC). This was a descriptive cross-sectional study, with one of the objective of finding out the socio-economic effect of HIV/AIDS on Orphans and Vulnerable Children in Nyamira district. A sample of 384 people participated in the study. The people were through simple random selected from Bonyegwe sublocation of Nyamusi division. Semi-structured interview schedules were used in data collection from the households. To remove ambiguity, the research tools were pre-tested to both HIV/AIDS organizations and householders not in the sample population but with similar characteristics. The research tools were refined and used on the actual sample population. Text, graphs, figures and tables were used in data presentation. The study indicates that those people who had not attained any level of formal education were (17%). The study revealed that householders (40%) had higher proportion of secondary education as compared with members of HIV/AIDS organizations (37%). Most of the members of HIV/AIDS organizations (89%) indicated that farming is their main source of income and a cushion for food security as compared with householders (63%). The ministry of health should strengthen provision of PMTCT services at the ANC clinic so that we prevent more cases of orphans and vulnerable children. The study suggests that in future all mothers who test positive for HIV virus should be put on treatment in order to reduce defaulters at the same time reach sustainable coverage in the provision of HIV/AIDS services to the orphans and vulnerable children in the society.
Acceptance of Covid-19 Vaccine Among the People of Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar Distric...IIJSRJournal
Background: In the midst of the worldwide effort to control the spread of the COVID-19 thru immunization of herd immunity, there is still the doubt about the effectiveness of the vaccine. Thus, the vaccine hesitancy. This is a threat to public health. Knowing and understanding the factors that influence the COVID-19 vaccine acceptance of the community may contribute in creating new and improved strategies for a better comprehensive vaccination program. The objective of this study was to evaluate the frequency of the acceptance of COVID-19 vaccine and their determinants as of April 2021 in the Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar, Libya.
Methods: This is cross-sectional quantitative research was conducted using stratified random sampling while observing strict precautionary measures. In April 2021, guided questionnaires were answered by 2,000 respondents. Sample distribution were as follows: 500 from Al-Bayda, 200 from Shahat,100 from Sussa, 100 from Massah, 100 from Omar Al-Muhktar, 100 from Labraq, Mansoura, Gernada, and Gubbah 170 from Jardes and Marawa, 170 from Faydiya and Gasser Libya, 170 from Haniya and Zawiat Al-Argub, 220 from Werdama, Sidi Abdul Wahad and Hamama, 170 from Gandula and Slanta. Results were validated and analyzed using Minitab version 17.1. Data were presented using texts and tables.
Results: Out of the 2,000 invitees, 956 expressed their willingness to take the vaccine if it is available. Interest in accepting the vaccine is relatively high among 18-25 age group (711), male (781), being married (779), with bachelor’s degree (475), employed by government (878), and with Libyan nationality (951). Upon cross-tabulation using chi-square, results showed that the proportion of the age group 18-25 (X2=870.206,p-value=0.00001), of male (X2=664.153; p-value=0.00001), of being married (X2=967.552; p-value=0.00001), of being a Libyan (X2=65.443; p-value=0.00001), of being a bachelor’s degree (X2=728.872; p-value=0.00001); and of being a government employee (X2=1007.334; p-value=0.00001) were significant factors associated vaccine acceptance. Moreover, respondent’s perception whether the COVID-19 vaccine will help prevent the spread of disease ((X2=1429.099; p-value=0.00001), their trust in the health system of Libya (X2=1327.565; p-value=0.00001), their idea whether the COVID-19 vaccine has a side-effect (X2=992.959; p-value=0.00001), and their fear of the side-effects of the COVID-19 vaccine are also key determinants that predict COVID-19 vaccine acceptance.
Conclusion: Identifying key factors relating to COVID-19 vaccine acceptance may aid in intensifying the global immunization drive. Health education must be reinforced to expedite achieving herd immunity using the social media and proper health education elsewhere.
UTILIZATION OF IMMUNIZATION SERVICES AMONG CHILDREN UNDER FIVE YEARS OF AGE I...AM Publications
Immunization is the key strategy to curb communicable diseases which are the number one killer of children under five. Immunization prevents mortalities of approximating three million children under five annually. This study aimed to assess utilization of immunization services among children under five of age in Kirinyaga County, Kenya.
FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS COUNSELLING AND TESTING ...Razak Mohammed Gyasi
Since 2003, the HIV Voluntary Counselling and Testing (VCT) has been identified as one of the key strategies in the HIV/AIDS prevention, control and care programmes in Ghana. However, utilization of this service is low among Ghanaian youth. This study examined predictors associated with VCT utilization among youth in Ghana. This study utilized quantitative and qualitative data in a cross-sectional survey in three sub-metropolitan areas in Kumasi. Using a multi-variate regression, evidence from 120 respondents showed potential factors associated with VCT utilization. The qualitative data were subjected to a content analysis through direct quotes. The results suggest that less than 30% of the youth had ever tested for HIV through VC. Women were more likely to avail themselves for counselling testing than men. Psychological and emotional trauma experienced by the seropositive, lack of confidentiality, proximity to VCT sites, HIV-related stigma inter alia, were found to be strongly associated with HIV VCT in the study prefecture. VCT utilization among the youth in Ghana was low and affected by HIV/AIDS-related stigma and residence. In order to increase VCT acceptability, HIV/AIDS prevention and control programs in the country should focus on reducing HIV/AIDS-related stigma.
A Quasi Experimental Study Comparing Knowledge Regarding Child Abuse among Pa...YogeshIJTSRD
Introduction The future of nation can become bright only if the children are healthy. They need full protection by their full development. Jujhar Singh Maan | Sobana M | Abhishek Yadav "A Quasi-Experimental Study: Comparing Knowledge Regarding Child Abuse among Parents of Children of Experimental and Control Group" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45008.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/other/45008/a-quasiexperimental-study-comparing-knowledge-regarding-child-abuse-among-parents-of-children-of-experimental-and-control-group/jujhar-singh-maan
Effectiveness of Awareness Program on Knowledge Regarding Covid 19 among Nurs...ijtsrd
Aim This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of awareness programs on improving the level of knowledge regarding COVID 19among nursing students in selected nursing colleges from Uttar Pradesh and to find out various factors associated with it. Materials and methods A quantitative research approach with Pre experimental one group pretest and posttest design and Non probability convenient sampling technique was used to select 30 nursing students from selected nursing colleges of Uttar Pradesh. Self structured knowledge questionnaire was used for assessing the knowledge regarding COVID 19among the subjects. SPSS version 25 was used for analyzing the data. Results The knowledge mean score in pre test 9.4±3.7 was lesser than the post test mean score 20.1±4.4, the obtained t value 22.2, p = 0.001. There was an association between nursing students’ levels of knowledge regarding COVID 19 with their previous source of information x2 = 9.6, p=0.04 . Conclusion Awareness program was effective to improve the level of knowledge regarding COVID 19 among nursing students. Bince Varghese | Jubin Varghese | Saniya Susan Issac "Effectiveness of Awareness Program on Knowledge Regarding Covid-19 among Nursing Students" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd37913.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/37913/effectiveness-of-awareness-program-on-knowledge-regarding-covid19-among-nursing-students/bince-varghese
KNOWLEDGE GAPS IN MALARIA MANAGMENT IN CAMEROON.pptxFidelityP
Malaria is a vector borne infectious disease caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Plasmodium and is transmitted by an infected female Anopheles mosquito. Until the late 19th Century, the contributory agent for malaria was largely unknown.
Malaria is one of the commonest infections, disproportionately affecting children and pregnant women
In 2019, an estimated 409,000 people died of malaria. Most (274,000) were young children, and 94% of the infections and deaths occurred in Africa. (WHO, 2019)
Children under five years are one of the most vulnerable groups affected by malaria. Severe anaemia, hypoglycaemia and cerebral malaria are features of severe malaria more commonly seen in children than in adults.
According to the WHO 2016 report, the global prevalence of malaria among under-five children was 16%. In the same year, the prevalence in Ethiopia was 0.6%.
Malaria is the most widespread endemic disease in Cameroon, responsible for 2.7 million reported cases, and absenteeism from school and work annually. It continues to be a major public health problem and is the first cause of infant-child morbidity and mortality with a mortality rate in children under five, estimated at 40%.
Much is being done to curb and eradicate malaria infection by the government, USAID and more.
This study examined the relationship between knowledge of HIV transmission and prevention and HIV counselling and testing uptake among young people in Nigeria. The study is a quantitative research guided by one research question and one hypothesis. The target population comprised young people in Nigeria ages 15 to 24 years because the focus of this study was to identify the factors affecting HCT uptake among young people in this age cohort. The representative sample was obtained from the updated master sample frame of rural and urban zones developed by the National Population Commission in Nigeria. This master sample frame was a national survey that comprises all 36 states in Nigeria [2]. Probability sampling technique was used to obtain a sample of 10091 respondents (ages 15 to 24 years) for the study. The multistage cluster sampling was used to select suitable young people with known probability. Data were collected throughout Nigeria between September and December 2012 from 32,543 households (rural = 22,192; urban = 10,351) using structured and semi-structured questionnaires. The individual questionnaires asked about household characteristics, background characteristics of the respondents. Data were analyzed by inputing them into SPSS v21.0 for analysis [4] and then coded them for each participant. The data were summed using descriptive statistics. Frequencies and percentages; measures of central tendencies were used to answer the research question while nonparametric test such as chi-square was used to analyze non-normally distributed data at 0.5 level of significance. Results of data analysis indicated that the cognitive factors of knowledge of HIV prevention and knowledge of HIV transmission were statistically significant predictors of the likelihood of having HCT uptake. It was among others recommended that stakeholders, authorities, and providers of health services in Nigeria should strive to increase the rate of HCT uptake among young people ages 15 to 24 years.
Awareness, Approach and Practice of Youth towards preclusion of Sexually Tran...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Awareness, Approach and Practice of Youth towards preclusion of Sexually Transmitted Infections at KIU-TH, Ishaka Bushenyi District
Ahura, Alex
Department of Nursing Science, Kampala International University, Uganda.
________________________________________
ABSTRACT
Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) remains a serious reproductive health problem globally. Despite this fact, youths recklessly involve in sexual activities which predisposes them to STIs which could rather be easily preventable. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the knowledge, attitude and practice of youths aged 19–24 towards prevention of STIs at KIU-TH in Ishaka Bushenyi district, Uganda. The study was a descriptive cross-sectional and quantitative methods were employed in data collection. Fifty respondents both male and female were selected using a convenient sampling method. Most respondents 30 (60%) were between 19 – 20 years, 30(60%) were students and 30(60%) were single. Knowledge towards prevention of STIs was good as majority 50(100%) understood the term STIs, 25(50%) knew HIV infection as an STIs, 50(100%) knew about transmission of STIs, 30(60%) had been sensitized and health educated about STIs prevention and majority knew condom use 30(60%) as one of the ways of preventing STIs. Attitudes were fair as majority 40(80%) believed that STIs can be dangerous and majority 40(80%) felt they could prevent STIs. Practice was poor as majority had 1-2 partners, 30(60%) and majority had their first partner at 15-17 years old 30(60%), majority of the respondents took alcohol 35(70%), majority 37(74%) reported teenage involvement in sexual relationship and 35(70%) reported alcohol as one of the most leading factors into sexual relationships, majority 33(66%) did not take precautions during sexual intercourse only 18(36%) used condoms. The study found out adequate knowledge towards STIs prevention and attitudes were fair but practices were poor.
Keywords: knowledge, attitude, practice, youth, sexually transmitted infections, Uganda
Genotypes and Associated Risk Levels of Human Papilloma Virus among Female Pa...IIJSRJournal
Background: Human papillomavirus is the main factor in the etiology of cervical cancer, with over 99.7% of cases being associated with high-risk human papillomavirus infection. Although the majority of HPV infections are asymptomatic and self-limiting, persistent HPV infection can result in genital warts, oropharyngeal cancer, and cervical cancer in women, in addition to various anogenital malignancies and other genital warts in both men and women.
Method: This was a cross-sectional descriptive study which employed a convenience sampling technique where both qualitative and quantitative methods were used for data collection. A total of 374 participants were enrolled in the study and a semi structured questionnaire was administered to collect socio-demographic, reproductive and sexual history data. Laboratory analysis involved detection of HPV DNA hybrids with a chemiluminescent substrate, Digene Hybrid Capture 2 technology. Descriptive and inferential (logistic regression) analyses at level of significant (α=0.05) were used to summarize the data, and results illustrated using charts and tables.
Results: The study findings reported a significant risk level of human papillomavirus among female of age group 40-49 years (AOR; 0.15, 95% CI: 0.03-0.79; p = 0.026). Furthermore, in bivariate logistic regression the circulating HPV genotypes among the respondents was significantly characterized among women of the same age group (95% CI; 0.09-0.7; p = 0.008) as well as in the multivariate regression (AOR = 0.13; 95% CI: 0.02-0.72; p = 0.019).
Conclusion: The study thus concluded that there is 23/94 (25.67%) risk of developing cervical cancer due to high risk level HPV (with the presence of low risk level HPV 71/94 (74.33%) known for causing various forms of warts. Therefore, there is need for combined efforts from the Ministry of health and stakeholders to avail and train health care workers on the usage of HPV DNA kits to ensure timely detection of low and high-risk levels HPV. This will ensure timely identification of women at increased risk for the development of cervical cancer, thereby reducing mortality rate.
Background: With the widespread use of highly active antiretroviral therapy, the epidemic of HIV has evolved into a chronic disease. HIV is extremely stigmatizing, resulting in highly emotionally charged responses to disclosure. World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that children should be informed of their HIV status at ages of 6 to 12 years and full disclosure at about 8 to 10 years. Disclosure process is much more difficult when the person being disclosed to is an adolescent. However, disclosure of HIV to a child should be an ongoing process that may last several years depending on the cognitive development of the child.
Methods: This study investigated the determinants of HIV status disclosure among HIV infected adolescents. A total of 209 HIV infected adolescents (10-19 years) who have been on treatment for at least six months, and are taking lifelong anti-retroviral therapy from Bondo County Hospital, Got Agulu and Uyawi Sub County Hospital in Bondo Sub County were enrolled. Simple random sampling was employed in selecting the adolescents. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire. Quantitative data was analysed using both descriptive and inferential statistics while statistical tests including Pearson Correlation analysis and multiple linear regression were used to test the hypotheses.
Results: Findings on the overall parental perceptions regarding risks and benefits of disclosure and disclosure of HIV status to adolescents show that 180 (86.12%) of the respondents had a negative attitude compared to 29 (13.88%) who held a positive attitude. 122 (58.37%) of the respondents believed that overall availability and quality of counselling was moderate. 10 (4.78%) of the respondents believed that the overall availability and quality of counselling was high. Quality services and perception of the parents have been found to be good predictors of disclosure of HIV status among the newly diagnosed adolescents in Bondo sub-County, p-value<0.05.
Conclusion and recommendation: This study identified quality of service and perception of the parents as the two factors determining the disclosure of HIV status. There is a correlation between the parental perceptions regarding risks and benefits of disclosure and the quality of counselling to parental disclosure of HIV status to adolescents. Therefore the study recommends deliberate efforts to ensure quality service delivery and age specific disclosure counselling to caregivers to equip them with adequate knowledge on disclosure.
Factors Associated with Human Papilloma Virus Vaccine Uptake amongst Girls Ag...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a sexually transmitted infection. HPV vaccine since its first licensure in 2006 has proven to be safe, highly immunogenic, and induces strong direct and indirect protection against HPV and its sequelae. The study was designed to determine the socio-demographic, health care, and parental factors associated with human papillomavirus vaccine uptake amongst girls aged 9-14 years. The study was a cross-sectional study employing a simple random sampling method and a total of 364 girls were interviewed following the set criteria using questionnaire data. Data were cleaned, coded, and analyzed using SPSS version 22.0. Findings were presented as frequencies, percentages, odd ratios, and p-values using univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analysis. From the study, statistically significant sociodemographic factors such as age (p=0.0000), schooling status (p=0.0000), level of education (p=0.007442), attitudes towards the HPV vaccine (p=0.005175), Receiving vaccine doses from different vaccination sites (p=0.0000), and Ethnicity (p=0.0000), healthcare factors such as outreaches in communities (p=0.0000), information received (p=0.0000), encouragement from health workers (p=0.0000), availability of vaccines (p=0.0000) and parental factors such as knowledge about HPV vaccine(p=0.001), parental hesitancy (p<0.001), level of education (p=0.0000), social economic status (p=0.001), attitudes towards HPV vaccine, (p=0.0000) and HPV vaccine awareness (p=0.0000) were found statistically associated with HPV vaccine uptake amongst girls aged 9-14 years. From the study findings, the study variables such as sociodemographic, and health-related factors were found to be statistically associated with HPV vaccine uptake amongst girls aged 9-14 years. Therefore, effort should be brought to all levels of intervention so that HPV uptake is taken into consideration if the need for good health among girls needs to be achieved.
Keywords: Human papillomavirus virus, sexually transmitted infection, Health care, HPV vaccine, Cancer.
Clinics of Oncology | Oncology Journals | Open Access JournaEditorSara
Clinics of OncologyTM (ISSN 2640-1037) - Impact Factor 1.920* is a medical specialty that focuses on the use of operative techniques to investigate and resolve certain medical conditions caused by disease or traumatic injury
Factors contributing to malnutrition among HIV positive children aged between...iosrjce
The objective of the study was to identify factors contributing to malnutrition among HIV positive
children aged between 6 and 60 months. The study utilized a non experimental descriptive design. It was a
hospital based study conducted at Parirenyatwa Group of Hospital pediatric wards. A total of 30 children and
30 caregivers were recruited through convenience sampling. The children had a confirmed diagnosis of
malnutrition, confirmed HIV positive, aged between 6 and 60 months and had to have a present caregiver
during data collection. There were no dropouts. The main outcome measure were anthropometric measurements
of the children namely; height, weight and mid upper arm circumference and the various stressors contributing
to malnutrition. Twenty-two (73.33%) children were males and 8 (26.66%) were females. Contributing factors
to malnutrition identified were presence other illnesses such as diarrhea, pneumonia, tuberculosis and
kwashiorkor, 19 (63.33%), low socioeconomic status (earned less than USD$100 dollars per month), 16
(53.33%), coming from a family with more than 5 dependants 11 (36.67%), not being on ART 15 (50%), and
birth weight below or equal to 2500g 6 (20%). The major contributing factors to malnutrition were
extrapersonal stressors (54.83) interpersonal stressors (30.28%) and intrapersonal stressors (29.76%).
Prevalence of Hpv Infection in the Lekoumou and Niari Departments (Congo Braz...eshaasini
We carried out a descriptive and cross-sectional study over a period of 7 months from January to July 2019 in the department of Lekoumou. 100 women ranging in age from 16 to 73 years old. The variables studied were as follows: age, marital status, level of education, risk factors for the onset of HPV infection, age at first sexual intercourse, number of sexual partners, parity, gesture. The multivariate analysis was done between age, number of level of instruction, parity, age of first sexual intercourse and number of sexual Partners. The statistical analysis and the data processing were carried out by the Excel 2016 software and the graph pad prism version 5 software. The statistical test used was the chi-square test.
Prevalence of Hpv Infection in the Lekoumou and Niari Departments (Congo Braz...semualkaira
We carried out a descriptive and cross-sectional study over a period of 7 months from January to July 2019 in the department of Lekoumou. 100 women ranging in age from 16 to 73 years old. The variables studied were as follows: age, marital status, level of education, risk factors for the onset of HPV infection, age at first sexual intercourse, number of sexual partners, parity, gesture. The multivariate analysis was done between age, number of level of instruction, parity, age of first sexual intercourse and number of sexual Partners. The statistical analysis and the data processing were carried out by the Excel 2016 software and the graph pad prism version 5 software. The statistical test used was the chi-square test.
Prevalence of Hpv Infection in the Lekoumou and Niari Departments (Congo Braz...semualkaira
We carried out a descriptive and cross-sectional study over a period of 7 months from January to July 2019 in the department of Lekoumou. 100 women ranging in age from 16 to 73 years old. The variables studied were as follows: age, marital status, level of education, risk factors for the onset of HPV infection, age at first sexual intercourse, number of sexual partners, parity, gesture. The multivariate analysis was done between age, number of level of instruction, parity, age of first sexual intercourse and number of sexual Partners. The statistical analysis and the data processing were carried out by the Excel 2016 software and the graph pad prism version 5 software. The statistical test used was the chi-square test.
[[INOSR ES 11(2)108-121, 2023.Evaluation of Male partner participation in pre...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Evaluation of Male partner participation in prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV/AIDs at Hoima Referral hospital
Sebwami Richard
School of Allied Health Sciences, Kampala International University Uganda.
________________________________________
ABSTRACT
The purpose of the study was to assess the knowledge and attitude, the level of male involvement and factors associated with male involvement in the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV in Hoima municipality. This study was a descriptive cross section in which quantitative method of data collection was employed in collection of data from respondents. Questionnaires were distributed to participants to assess the knowledge and attitude, the level of male involvement and factors associated with male involvement in prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV (PMTCT) in Hoima municipality. Sample size of 200 participants were used, this included the Male partners who hard escorted their pregnant partners to the antenatal clinic aged between 20-50years.The predominant religion were Catholics 59% and seventh day Adventists. Regarding educational levels, majority of respondents had completed secondary level and above (61%) and the predominant ages were between 20-29 years. The study revealed that very few males partner were involved in the PMTCT program especially during HIV counseling and testing (HCT) because of being at old age group above 30years couples, couples not living together, high number of wife’s pregnancies four and above, having no knowledge on methods of MTCT, and husbands failure to discuss HCT with their wives. From the findings, majority of the respondents have ever had about the male involvement in the PMTCT but there was still low male involvement in PMTCT programs at antenatal clinics. There is a need to do an in-depth assessment of women’s experiences when tested HIV-positive in the presence of their partners at the ANC, as well as to develop strategies to improve male involvement. The study again recommends formative research on the use of incentives to promote male involvement in the PMTCT program and the government should train more of the health promoters and the Village Health Teams in order to reach even those that are deep in the village that are not having easy access to the health facility.
Keywords: HIV, Hoima municipality, Male partner, counseling
AIM AND OBJECTIVE: • To compare and assess the clinical features and outcome of pneumonia occurring in infants with traditional child rearing practices and in infants without traditional child rearing practices. • To assess the influence of individual traditional child rearing practices with the outcome of pneumonia occurring in infants. MATERIALS AND METHODS: : For this study detailed clinical history was taken. Infants with clinical and radiological evidence of pneumonia were selected as per the selection criteria The study. After eliciting necessary history some children were excluded using exclusion criteria. Detailed questionnaires were asked to mother / care taker which included details regarding various traditional child rearing practices. . RESULTS: On comparing and analyzing the clinical parameters and outcome of pneumonia in infants between traditional child rearing practices and without traditional child rearing practice. it is found that increased morbidity pattern of pneumonia in infants associated with traditional child rearing practices is high while comparing non traditional child rearing infants CONCLUSION: In my study increased morbidity in the infants is attributed to traditional child rearing practice, mortality was very less probably due to increased vaccination status and also due to increasing literacy rate in mothers.
Similar to Determinants of Malaria Prevalence among Children below Five Years in North West Kisumu Ward, Kisumu County, Kenya: A Cross-Sectional Study (20)
Analysis of Artificial Intelligence Techniques for Network Intrusion Detectio...IIJSRJournal
With the rapid advancement of computer technology during the last couple of decades. Computer systems are commonly used in manufacturing, corporate, as well as other aspects of human living. As a result, constructing dependable infrastructures is a major challenge for IT managers. On the contrary side, this same rapid advancement of technology has created numerous difficulties in building reliable networks which are challenging tasks. There seem to be numerous varieties of attacks that affect the accessibility, authenticity, as well as secrecy of communications systems. In this paper, an in-depth and all-inclusive description of artificial intelligence methods used for the detection of network intrusions is discussed in detail.
Methodologies for Enhancing Data Integrity and Security in Distributed Cloud ...IIJSRJournal
Usually, cloud infrastructure is used individually by businesses, whereas the hybrid cloud would be a blend of two or many kinds of clouds. Because as clouds become increasingly common, safety issues also expanding. Because of such cybersecurity threats, numerous experts suggested procedures as well as ways to assure internet confidentiality. Providers of cloud-based services were accountable for the complete safety of cloud information. Nevertheless, since the clouds are accessible (easily accessible over the World wide web), much research has been conducted on cloud storage cybersecurity. This paper describes methods for enhancing security and reliability in decentralized cloud-based solutions, as well as suggests a few security solution methods of implementation.
Agriculture in Indian Economy and Contribution of Science and Technology IIJSRJournal
One of the oldest occupations in history, agriculture has benefited much from innovation throughout the years. Since then, science has played a significant role in agricultural innovation and quality assurance. We have listed a few of the factors that were mentioned in the introduction section if you'd want to understand more about the significance of science and technology in agriculture. Encouraging the use of science and technology is the cornerstone for improving agriculture's productivity, quality, efficiency, and competitiveness, which also contributes to the modernization of agriculture and rural areas, ensures food security, social security, and increases the income of agricultural producers and traders.
The Effect of Kronecker Tensor Product Values on ECG Rates: A Study on Savitz...IIJSRJournal
This article presents a study on ECG signal filtering algorithms to denoise signals corrupted by various types of noise sources. The study also examines the effect of Kronecker tensor product values on ECG rates. The study is conducted in a Matlab environment, and the results demonstrate that a constant number for the respective codes can effectively denoise ECG signals without any trouble. These findings have significant implications for diagnosing abnormal heart rhythms and investigating chest pains. The present study is novel in that it explores the relationship between ECG rate and Kronecker delta values across different age groups, which has not been extensively studied in previous literature. The study's unique contribution is the determination of age-specific values of the constant K required to represent this relationship accurately in different populations, which could inform the development of more effective algorithms for denoising ECG signals in clinical settings. Additionally, this study's finding of an inverse relationship between ECG rate and Kronecker delta values could have broader implications for understanding the physiological factors that contribute to variability in ECG measurements. The study provides valuable insights into ECG signal processing and suggests that the implemented techniques can improve the accuracy of ECG signal analysis in real-time clinical settings. Overall, the manuscript is a valuable contribution to the field of biomedical signal processing and provides important information for researchers and healthcare professionals.
Basic Criteria for Building the Third Renaissance in Uzbekistan IIJSRJournal
On the occasion of the 29th anniversary of the independence of the Republic of Uzbekistan, President Shavkat Mirziyoyev emphasized that the goal of our development should be the Third Renaissance. This strategic idea, in its grandeur, shows the need to aim for a common goal in all aspects of national development. In practice, the head of state expressed the new and clarified content of the national idea of Uzbekistan at the current stage of development. This article analyzes the important role of literature, theater and art in establishing the Third Renaissance in Uzbekistan.
Assessment of Neglected and Under-Utilized Crop Species of African Horned Mel...IIJSRJournal
There is an increasing interest in neglected and under-utilized crop species (NUS) throughout the world, reflecting a growing trend within agriculture to identify and develop new crops for export and domestic markets. Interest in NUS stems from a variety of factors, including their contribution to agricultural diversification and better use of land, their economic potential and the opportunities they provide for diet diversification. The main objective was to assess the economic and nutritional value of neglected and utilized crop species of African horned melon in Zambia.
The study used the qualitative research design and descriptive, using desk review to collect secondary data from various literature on neglected and under-utilized crops species of African horned melon.
In conclusion, the findings reveal that the African horned melon has nutritional value consisting numerous vitamins and antioxidants which are beneficial to health living of humans and will contribute and broaden food diversity and nutritional among rural and urban communities of Zambia. The crop will promote healthy living among Zambian citizen to overcome malnutrition and obesity. Further, African horned melon is a climate change crop that will enhancing rural resiliency and climate smart agriculture activities in many areas. Communities must be trained and have knowledge experience of farmer-to-farmer capacity building in rural areas of Zambia.
Prevalence of Trichomonas Vaginalis Infection Among Married Pregnant Women in...IIJSRJournal
A cross-sectional survey of Trichomonas vaginalis infection has been conducted among married pregnant women attending antenatal clinics, for the first time in pregnancy, the direct microscopy technique was adopted. Of the 120 pregnant women studied, 4(3.3%) were infected with T. vaginalis. Individuals age 20-25 years were most infected (3.7%). Women in their third trimester of pregnancy were significantly more infected (1.1%), than those in their second trimester (1.6%) and first trimester (2.3%). Despite reporting a low prevalence of T. vaginalis among pregnant women in the study, this does not imply completely ruling out the presence of T. vaginalis among pregnant women due to the diagnostic technique and also that even the low occurrence among pregnant women in the hospitals cannot totally explain general occurrence. T. vaginalis infection can be dangerous and poses serious threat to the health. Hence, the need for prevention of T. vaginalis and that efforts for prevention of T. vaginalis infection should be targeted at all women of child bearing age. Since T. vaginalis is primarily sexually transmitted, educational efforts must be aimed at high risk groups including women without any formal education and must be explicit regarding the behaviours that leads to the spread of T. vaginalis, and other sexually transmitted infections. There is also the need for proper counseling and education on sexual behaviour and genital hygiene which would greatly help in the prevention of the infection.
Factors Influencing Professional Project Management Ethical Practices in Buil...IIJSRJournal
Ethical practices are essential to providing quality work which cut across every sector. In building construction, adherence to project management ethical standards is essential to providing quality services that can stand the test of time. However, many building projects have been constructed with standards that are far below the professional ethics. This is evident in the cases of building failure reported throughout the country. The study examines the factors that influences project management ethical practices in Nigeria and specifically in Lagos. A total of 384 samples were selected from project stakeholders and construction professionals. A well-structured 25 items questionnaire was designed to elicit for response on ethical practices and factors that influences ethical practices. The results indicated that ethical practices in project management are influenced by various factors, including the project environment and stakeholder's impact as organizational factors. The major project-related factors that affect ethical practices are project scope and complexity, project financing, project risk, and project stakeholders, while project managers' technical skills, qualifications, and personal values have significant impacts on adherence to ethical practices. The influencing factors could be related to the organization, the project, or the professional, but in most cases, they are a combination of these factors. Therefore, it is recommended that thorough assessments are conducted before, during, and after construction, and different professionals should be assigned to ensure transparency and compliance with standards.
Assessment of Water Occupancy Rates of the Çamlıgöze Dam Lake between 2010-20...IIJSRJournal
With the increasing world population, the importance of dam lakes is increasing within the framework of more effective and efficient use of water resources. This study focuses on the water occupancy rates of Çamlıgöze Dam Lake, located in Turkey, between the years 2010-2021. The annual average water occupancy rate of Çamlıgöze Dam Lake between 2010-2021 was calculated as 69.55 percent. This shows that approximately seventy percent of Çamlıgöze Dam Lake was full between 2010-2021. According to these values, it was determined that the water occupancy rates of Çamlıgöze Dam Lake did not face a serious decrease between 2010-2021. As a result, there is no short term problem in terms of water occupancy rates in Çamlıgöze Dam Lake, but this does not mean that it will not be a problem in the long term. For this reason, it should not be abandoned to use the water of Çamlıgöze Dam Lake effectively, economically and consciously.
Sustainability of Pod Yields of Groundnut through Crop Seasonal Rainfall, Len...IIJSRJournal
A study was conducted with the objective of assessing the effect of crop seasonal rainfall and length of growing period on the sustainability of pod yields of groundnut attained in 31 mandals under arid Alfisols of Anantapur in Andhra Pradesh. We have considered the variability of mandals with regard to (i) crop seasonal rainfall (mm) and (ii) pod yield of groundnut (kg/ha) during 2001 to 2020; (iii) extent of crop area (ha) during 2009 to 2020; and (iv) length of growing period (days). Based on the mean and standard deviation (SD) of each parameter, the mandals were classified into 5 groups viz., (i) G1: Less than (Mean–2SD); (ii) G2: (Mean–2SD) to (Mean–SD); (iii) G3: (Mean–SD) to (Mean+SD); (iv) G4: (Mean+SD) to (Mean+2SD); and (v) G5: More than (Mean+2SD). Out of 31 mandals, 22 mandals for area and crop seasonal rainfall, 20 mandals for LGP and 18 mandals for yield have fallen in G3. Estimates of correlation were derived between groundnut area, crop seasonal rainfall and yield for each mandal over years and tested for significance to assess the superiority of mandals. Significant correlation of yield and crop seasonal rainfall was observed which ranged from 0.433 at Kalyandurg to 0.765 at Putlur. Similarly, significant correlation between yield and area of groundnut was observed in Kalyandurg (-0.764), Brahmasamudram (-0.674) and Rapthadu (-0.584) mandals. The predictability of yield and prediction error were derived based on a regression model of yield calibrated through the crop seasonal rainfall, LGP and crop area in different mandals. The model gave significant predictability (R2) value of 0.46 with prediction error of 90.9 kg/ha and indicated negative effect of area, positive effect of crop seasonal rainfall and LGP on yield. The sustainability yield index ranged from 26.6% (Kambadur) to 87.5% (Peddavadagur) with mean of 53.9% (CV of 30.1%) over years. Ranks were assigned to the mean and variation of area, crop seasonal rainfall, yield, LGP and SYI of each mandal and rank sums were derived. Guntakal, Gooty and Vidapanakal were superior with rank sums of 30, 38 and 70 respectively. Guntakal was superior with an area of 16570 ha (CV of 17.3%), crop seasonal rainfall of 436.1 mm (CV of 33.4%), LGP of 140 days, yield of 644 kg/ha (CV of 70.9%) and SYI of 76.5%, while Gooty was superior with area of 14146 ha (CV of 14.6%), crop seasonal rainfall of 429.6 mm (CV of 42.4%), LGP of 140 days, yield of 663 kg/ha (CV of 69.1%) and SYI of 79.1%. Similarly, Vidapanakal was superior with area of 5077 ha (CV of 31.1%), crop seasonal rainfall of 403.2 mm (CV of 47.4%), LGP of 140 days, yield of 654 kg/ha (CV of 49.5%) and SYI of 77.9%. Due to maximum LGP and crop seasonal rainfall, we recommend that the farmers of these mandals could enhance the area of groundnut and attain maximum sustainable yields under arid Alfisols.
On the Modulation of Biocompatibility of Hydrogels with Collagen and Guar Gum...IIJSRJournal
In this work, we report the synthesis of molybdenum metal-organic frameworks (Mo-MOFs) using 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylic acid and the amino acids L-phenylalanine, L- tryptophan, and L-histidine as ligands. They were incorporated in hydrogel matrixes comprised of collagen and guar gum to obtain composite hydrogels. The effect of chemical structure of Mo-MOFs on the structure, physicochemical properties and in vitro biocompatibility of hydrogels was studied. These biomaterials showed a super absorbent performance (higher than 2000 ± 169%) and a high degree of reticulation (higher than 75 ± 6%). The microstructure of the composites showed a granular morphology with some porosity. These composites were degraded entirely by hydrolysis at pH 5 and pH 7 at room temperature in time lapses shorter than 15 days. Also, they were biocompatible with porcine dermis fibroblasts not showing cytotoxic effects up to 48 h of incubation allowing its proliferation, and it was observed that the MOF containing L-tryptophan improved notably the biocompatibility of the collagen/guar gum matrix. Finally, the matrixes were tested as vehicles for cell encapsulation and release. The slow-release rates show that fibroblasts tend to remain inside the hydrogel matrixes. Thus, these materials are more suitable for cell scaffolds and tissue engineering applications such as wound healing dressings.
Incorporation of Se (IV) Complexes based on Amino Acids in Biomatrixes in Hyd...IIJSRJournal
Selenium is a non-metal that shows biological interest since it is responsible for modulating various proteins at the micronutrient level in living beings. In this work, new complexes based on the Se (IV) ion with amino acids such as phenylalanine (Se-F), histidine (Se-H) and tryptophan (Se-T) were hydrothermally synthesized and characterized. These were incorporated into biomatrixes based on semi-interpenetrated polymeric networks (Semi-IPN) of collagen-polyurethane-guar gum (CPGG) by the microemulsion process using a mass ratio of 1 wt.% with respect to collagen. The structural and crystalline characteristics that the selenium-amino acid complexes show a performance in modulating the properties of the biomatrixes under study. The results indicate that the incorporation of the complex decreases the crosslinking of the hydrogel, generating granular surfaces with porosity dependent on the type of amino acid. The CPGG Se-T biomatrix shows a swelling capacity of 10200 ± 1100 higher than the CPGG base matrix; while the CPGG Se-F and CPGG Se-T biomatrixes present slow degradation at both physiological and acidic pH. Interestingly, the matrix that includes the Se-F complex significantly stimulates the metabolic activity of L929 fibroblasts for up to 48 h, stimulating their proliferation. The fibroblasts encapsulated on these novel biomatrixes show recurrent release capacity for up to 7 days, where the structure of the CPGG Se-H biomatrix exhibits greater release from the encapsulated cells. These results demonstrate that these innovative biomatrixes could be used in biomedical applications such as dermal tissue regeneration and cell release for a specific biological fate.
Machine Learning Based House Price Prediction Using Modified Extreme Boosting IIJSRJournal
In recent years, machine learning has become increasingly important in everyday voice commands and predictions. Instead, it provides a safer auto system and better customer assistance. As a result of all that has been demonstrated, ML is a technology that is becoming more and more popular in a range of industries. To gauge changes in house values, the House Price Index is frequently employed (HPI). Due to the substantial correlation that exists between property prices and other variables, such as location, region, and population, the HPI on its own is not sufficient to accurately forecast a person's house price. Some studies have successfully predicted house prices using conventional machine learning techniques, but they seldom evaluate the efficacy of different models and ignore the more complicated but less well-known models. We proposed Modified Extreme Gradient Boosting as our model in this study due to its adaptive and probabilistic model selection process. Feature engineering, hyperparameter training and optimization, model interpretation, and model selection and evaluation are all steps in the process. Home price indices, which are frequently used to support real estate policy initiatives and estimate housing costs. In this project, models for forecasting changes in home prices are developed using machine learning methods.
Preliminary Evaluation on Vegetative of Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum) in San...IIJSRJournal
The study was initiated to evaluate the early performance of rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum) vegetative planted on marginal sandy tin-tailing soil. The experiment was carried out for one year in a plot of 4-year-old rambutan cultivar at MARDI Kundang, Rawang, Selangor, Malaysia. Varieties of Mutiara Merah and Mutiara Wangi were used. Data from the plants as a measurement of vegetative growth was recorded. Mutiara Merah proved that it can be well-grown and cultivated on sandy tin-tailing soil. The plant height of Mutiara Merah indicated the highest significant reading. The parameter of canopy width showed the same variety contributed to the highest record. Nevertheless, Mutiara Merah contributed to the highest significant reading on stem diameter and perimeter respectively. Chlorophyll content in leaves of the plant of the same variety recorded the highest SPAD reading. Further field evaluations are needed to determine the relationship of fertilizer level with the different varieties in inducing the growth and yield of rambutan planted in marginal soil.
Analysis of Physicochemical and Microbiological Parameters of Wine Produced f...IIJSRJournal
Wine is a fermented drink made by the controlled culture of yeasts on fruit juices. This study was undertaken to produce acceptable wines from blends of banana and pineapple by the fermentative action of Meyerozyma guilliermondii strain 1621 and Pichia guilliermondii strain PAX-PAT 18S. The fermentation process lasted for a period of 28 days and, the aging process was for 2 months. The fermentation process comprised two set ups- one was fermented by Meyerozyma guilliermondii strain 1621 and the other was fermented by Pichia guilliermondii strain PAX-PAT 18S. The process was monitored and controlled by carrying out physicochemical analysis (pH, temperature, specific gravity, total titratable acidity, and alcohol content) and yeast count using standard methods. There was a decrease in the pH for both wines and an increase in the total titratable acidity. The temperature was between 17 and 27 0C for both wines. The specific gravity of the wines decreased during the fermentation leading to an increase in alcohol production. There was an increase in yeast count from 6.7×107 sfu/ml to 1.8×108 sfu/ml between days 1 and 17 and a decrease from 1.8×108 sfu/ml to 0 sfu/ml between days 17 to 85 for Meyerozyma guilliermondii; also an increase from 5.1×107 sfu/ml to 1.7×108 sfu/ml from day 1 to 17, and a decrease from 1.7×108 sfu/ml to 0 sfu/ml between day 17 to 85 for Pichia guilliermondii. Statistically, there was no significant difference between the yeast counts, temperature, pH, total titratable acidity, and specific gravity but there was signa ificant difference between the alcohol production for both wines. This study shows that wines can be successfully produced using Meyerozyma guilliermondii strain 1621 and Pichia guilliermondii strain PAX-PAT 18S.
Cohesive and Thermal Properties of Sodium Cyanide-Halide Mixed Crystals IIJSRJournal
In order to analyse the cohesive and thermal properties of sodium cyanide-halide mixed crystals an Extended Three Body Force Shell Model (ETSM) has been applied by incorporating the effect of translational-rotational (TR) coupling. We have conducted theoretical research on cohesive and thermal properties, such as cohesive energy (, molecular force constant (f), compressibility (), Restrahlen frequency (, Debye temperature (D), Gruneisen parameter (), Moelwyn Hughes constants (F1) and the ratio of volume thermal expansion coefficient (v) to volume specific heat (Cv), as a function of temperature within the temperature range 50K T 300K at concentration x=0, 0.27, 0.58 and 1. The current model computations and the findings of the available experiments are in good agreement. The ETSM is a sufficiently realistic model and may be applied to a variety of other mixed crystals in this family.
Discussion on Analysis of Effects of Short-Form Video Advertising on the Purc...IIJSRJournal
The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of informativeness, entertainment, credibility, social interaction, incentives, and irritation of short-form video advertising on social media on the purchase intention of Gen Z in Vietnam through user attitude and advertising value. The methodology is conducting a survey by collecting responses from 1257 respondents who are Gen Z and familiar with social media, which was later analysed using SmartPLS. The main findings are advertising value and user attitude significantly affect customers’ purchase intention; advertising value is directly affected by informativeness, entertainment, and credibility; user attitude is directly affected by social interaction, incentives, and irritation. Finally, the research team proposes some solutions for businesses to increase the purchase intention of Gen Z in Vietnam through short-form video advertising on social media.
Comparison of Glucose in Urine with Likening of Pigeons as Pets IIJSRJournal
If someone is liking pigeons as pets, this may be due to their intelligent, effortless, and loving nature. The chief objectives of this study were to relate pigeon lovers as a pet with the level of glucose in their urine. Around 100 students of Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan Pakistan were participants of this study. Pee has glucose that is measured for measuring the glucose in urine. If glucose is not present in the urine it shows the kidney is working well. There is no major effect of glucose in urine with the love of a pigeon as a pet.
Non-unique Fixed Points of Self Mappings in Bi-metric Spaces IIJSRJournal
In this paper, we prove a few non-unique fixed-point results of mapping on a set with bi-metrics using θ – contraction. We also give an example that justifies our results. In the literature, our result generalized many results.
Research on the Impact of Short-Form Video Advertising on Social Media on the...IIJSRJournal
In recent years, short-form video has become a popular form of advertising on social media. The way consumers make decisions to purchase has changed owing to this new marketing method. This study aims to investigate the impact of informativeness, entertainment, credibility, social interaction, incentives and irritation of short-form video advertising on social media on the purchase intention of Gen Z in Vietnam through user attitude and advertising value. A survey was conducted by collecting responses from 1257 respondents who are Gen Z and familiar with social media, which was later analysed using SmartPLS. The findings revealed that advertising value and user attitude significantly affect customers’ purchase intention. In addition, advertising value is directly affected by informativeness, entertainment and credibility. Meanwhile, user attitude is directly affected by social interaction, incentives and irritation. Finally, the research team propose some solutions for businesses to increase the purchase intention of Gen Z in Vietnam through short-form video advertising on social media.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
2. Middle East Journal of Applied Science & Technology
Vol.4, Iss.4, Pages 01-18, October-December 2021
ISSN: 2582-0974 [2] www.mejast.com
conduct this study to help understand this relationship. Educational status and occupation of a parent/guardian are
important determinants of under-five malaria morbidity. Educational status of a parent/guardian informs the level
of awareness of the parent to health matters, helps them make informed health decisions and choices. Educated
parents are likely to get well-paying jobs hence adequate resources to access quality health care. On the contrary,
less educated people are likely to engage in activities which bring little income hence poor health [4]. The
relationship between parental educational status and under-five malaria prevalence in North West Kisumu Ward
has not been investigated hence the need for the study. Insecticide treated bed nets reduces malaria infection and
deaths by forming a protective barrier against the malaria causing vector [6]. The use of WHO recommended long
lasting insecticide-treated mosquito nets for every two people forms an important component of malaria control and
elimination strategies [7]. Insecticide treated bed nets have shown to reduce malaria episodes by 50% and under
five mortality by 17%, several studies conducted in sub-Saharan Africa have also demonstrated community wide
benefits of insecticide treated bed nets on malaria related morbidity and mortality [8].
In Kenya, the universal coverage of one net for every two people was realized in 2012 [9]. The usage of bed nets
among children under the age of five years living in North West Kisumu Ward has not been assessed hence the need
to conduct the study. A study conducted in Siaya, Western Kenya, involving children between 0-35 months of age
reported that malaria and under nutrition were related such that undernourished children experienced more malaria
and malaria related morbidity [10]. However, this study did not involve children older than 35 months. To clearly
understand the relationship between nutritional status and malaria morbidity among children under the age of five
years, this study included all the age groups within the first five years of life.
2. Methods
Study site and study design
The study was conducted at Chulaimbo County Hospital in North West Kisumu Ward in Kisumu County, Kenya.
It is a malaria endemic zone. In 2019, Chulaimbo hospital catchment area population was approximately 21, 452
people, children < 5 years were about 3623 (16.9 %) of total population. The facility predominantly serves the rural
population of North West Kisumu Ward. Economic activities engaged by the people of this region include small
scale farming and business. A descriptive cross-sectional design was used due to its relevance in estimating
prevalence and measuring both outcome and exposure variables simultaneously.
Target and study population
This study targeted children under the age of five years who sought treatment at Chulaimbo County hospital. Those
who had signs and symptoms of malaria such as vomiting and fever ≥ 37.5 ℃, tested positive or negative for
malaria and residents of North West Kisumu ward for at least one month were consented to participate in the study.
Those who had chronic illnesses such as HIV were excluded from the study.
Data collection
Structured questionnaire was used to collect the participant’s socio-economic and demographic data. Information
on bed net usage characteristics and child anthropometric body measurements were also collected.
3. Middle East Journal of Applied Science & Technology
Vol.4, Iss.4, Pages 01-18, October-December 2021
ISSN: 2582-0974 [3] www.mejast.com
Sample size and sampling procedure
The formulae used to calculate the sample size was adapted from Charan and Biwas [11]. The formula is useful in
calculating sample size for cross sectional studies. The sample size was calculated based on under five malaria
prevalence of 40% as per the 2017 District Health Information System (DHIS) [12], a 95% confidence level and a
5% precision. The final sample size was 369. Simple random sampling was applied. The potential participants from
the laboratory were identified, informed about the study, consented and enrolled. The participants were then triaged
where temperature, weight, height/length and mid upper arm circumference were taken. Temperature was taken in
degrees Celsius by use of digital clinical thermometer manufactured by Omron (ref: 20140411 UF), weight was
taken in kilograms by use of digital weighing scale manufactured by Omron (ref: 20141202445) and Seca (ref:
8354091180468), height/length in centimeters by use of height/length measuring scale made by Seca (ref: 0123).
Statistical analysis of data
Data from the questionnaires was entered into Microsoft excel, cleaned and checked for completeness. The child
anthropometric measurements were entered into WHO Anthro plus calculator to calculate the child’s weight for
height and height for age nutritional status. The data were then analyzed using Statistical Package for Social
Sciences (SPSS) version 20. Validation and quality assurance checks were done to ensure the integrity of data.
Questionnaires were uniquely numbered to help track and match the questionnaires against the computer entries.
Chi square test of independence was used to determine the association between the dependent and independent
variables. Crude Odds ratios (cOR) was calculated to test various exposures for associations with the outcome
variable. Most recent studies have used variables significant at p<0.2 at the multivariable level hence in this study
exposures with p-Value <0.2 was included into the multiple logistic regression model using either backward or
forward selection process for the calculation of adjusted odds ratios (aOR) in which, all exposures with p-value
<0.05 was considered to be independently associated with the malaria prevalence.
3. Results
A total of 369 children under the age of five years were enrolled in this study. The general characteristics of the
study participants are summarized in Table 1. One hundred and fourteen (30.9%) were between the age of 0-12
months, ninety three (25.2%) of these children were between the age of 13-24 months, seventy three (19.8%) were
aged between 25-36 months and 56 (15.2%) were aged between 37-48 months. Of the 369 respondents, only 33
(8.9%) were aged between 49-60 months old. Majority were male (53.7%) with females accounting for 46.3%.
More than three quarter (91.6%) of the children were brought to the clinic by their mothers. Twenty (5.4%) of the
children were brought to the clinic by care givers. The mean age of the children was 24.66 months.
One hundred and eighty-nine mothers (51.2%) and 142 (38.5%) fathers in this study had primary level of
education. In general, 128 (34.7%) both mothers and fathers had secondary level of education and only 33 (8.9%)
mothers and 38 (10.3%) fathers had a higher level of education (Table 1). Overall, 277 (75.1%) mothers and 248
(67.2%) fathers were in private business while 36 (9.8%) mothers and 43 (11.7%) of fathers were employed. On the
other hand, 56 (15.2%) mothers and 78 (21.1%) fathers did not report any source of income. The highest number
(n=317; 85.9%) of the respondents were married and only 52 (14.1%) of them were single parents. One hundred
4. Middle East Journal of Applied Science & Technology
Vol.4, Iss.4, Pages 01-18, October-December 2021
ISSN: 2582-0974 [4] www.mejast.com
and eighty four (49.9%) and 166 (45.0%) of the children had normal nutritional status for weight for height and
height for age respectively (Table 1).
Table 1. Socio-economic, Demographic and Nutritional characteristics of study participants (N=369)
Characteristics n (%), Mean±SD
Age of the child (months) 24.66±15.89
Age category (months)
0-12 114 (30.9)
13-24 93 (25.2)
25-36 73 (19.8)
37-48 56 (15.2)
49-60 33 (8.9)
Gender of the child
Male 198 (53.7)
Female 171 (46.3)
Relationship with child
Mother 338 (91.6)
Father 11 (3.0)
Care giver 20 (5.4)
Mother's Education level
Primary 189 (51.2)
Secondary 128 (34.7)
College/University 33 (8.9)
Never attended school 19 (5.2)
Father's Education level
Primary 142 (38.5)
Secondary 128 (34.7)
College/University 38 (10.3)
Never attended school 61 (16.5)
Mother's Occupation status
Self employed 277 (75.1)
Employed 36 (9.7)
Not employed 56 (15.2)
Fathers’ Occupation status
Self employed 248 (67.2)
Employed 43 (11.7)
Not employed 78 (21.1)
Marital status
Single 52 (14.1)
Married 317 (85.9)
Weight for height nutritional status
Normal nutritional status 184 (49.9)
Moderate wasting 115 (31.1)
Severe wasting 70 (19.0)
5. Middle East Journal of Applied Science & Technology
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Height for age nutritional status
Normal nutritional status 166 (45.0)
Moderate stunting 101 (27.4)
Severe stunting 102 (27.6)
Weight for height nutritional status-measures wasting; Height for age nutritional status-measures stunting; SD:
Standard Deviation
Out of the 333 (90.2%) bed nets available (Table 2), 331 (89.7%) of them were used by the children and a bigger
percentage 321 (87.0%) were issued from the hospital while the remaining 12 bed nets, were bought from shops or
issued in the community. Most of the bed nets (89.2%) were treated, 208 (56.4%) were aged between 0-12 months.
Majority were blue in color 325 (88.1%) and 331 (89.1%) were rectangular in shape.
Table 2. Bed net usage characteristics
Bed Net Characteristics
All N=369
n (%)
Bed net availability
Yes 333 (90.2)
No 36 (9.8)
Source of bed net†
Hospital 321 (87.0)
Community 6 (1.6)
Shop 6 (1.6)
Bed net used by participant†
Yes 331 (89.7)
No 2 (0.5)
Age of bed net (months)†
0-12 208 (56.4)
13-24 87 (23.6)
25-36 35 (9.5)
Treated bed nets†
Yes 329 (89.2)
No 2 (0.5)
Retreated bed nets†
Yes 11 (3.0)
No 320 (86.7)
Colour of the bed net†
Blue 325 (88.1)
White 2 (0.5)
Green 4 (1.1)
Shape of the bed net†
Rectangle 331 (89.1)
Condition of the bed net†
Torn 95 (25.8)
Not torn 236 (64.0)
Time of sleeping in bed net†
All time when asleep 98 (26.6)
At night 208 (56.4)
† Variables with missing cases; S.D Standard Deviation.
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Only 11 (3.0%) of the bed nets were retreated. Of these 333 available nets, 95 (25.8%) were torn. Over half of the
children 208 (56.4%) slept under the nets at night while 98 (26.6%) slept under their nets all the time when
sleeping. Age was significantly associated with malaria prevalence among children under the age of five years (P =
0.04). However, this analysis did not detect any significant association between gender of the child and malaria
prevalence (P = 0.71). This study also compared malaria prevalence and marital status and reports no association (P
= 0.81). No significant association were observed in maternal education (P = 0.09), education status of the father (P
= 0.22), mother’s occupation (P = 0.26) and occupation of the father (P = 0.39) (Table 3).
Table 3. Socio-economic and demographic characteristics of the study participants
Demographic Variables
All N=369
n (%),
Malaria Positive
N=183 n (%),
Malaria Negative
N=186 n (%),
p-Value
Age category (months)
0-12 114 (30.9) 43 (23.5) 71 (38.2)
0.04ᵃ
13-24 93 (25.2) 50 (27.3) 43 (23.1)
25-36 73 (19.8) 38 (20.8) 35 (18.8)
37-48 56 (15.2) 34 (18.6) 22 (11.8)
49-60 33 (8.9) 18 (9.8) 15 (8.1)
Gender of the child
Male 198 (53.7) 100 (54.6) 98 (52.7)
0.71
Female 171 (46.3) 83 (45.4) 88 (47.3)
Relationship with child
Mother 338 (91.6) 163 (89.1) 175 (94.1)
0.18
Father 11 (3.0) 8 (4.4) 3 (1.6)
Care giver 20 (5.4) 12 (6.5) 8 (4.3)
Mother's Education level
Primary 189 (51.2) 102 (55.7) 87 (46.8)
0.09
Secondary 128 (34.7) 62 (33.9) 66 (35.5)
College/University 33 (8.9) 10 (5.5) 23 (12.3)
attended school 19 (5.2) 9 (4.9) 10 (5.4)
Father's Education level
Primary 142 (38.5) 78 (42.6) 64 (34.4)
0.22
Secondary 128 (34.7) 63 (34.4) 65 (35.0)
College/University 38 (10.3) 14 (7.7) 24 (12.9)
Never attended school 61 (16.5) 28 (15.3) 33(17.7)
Mother's Occupation status
Self employed 277 (75.1) 131 (71.6) 146 (78.5)
0.26
Employed 36 (9.7) 19 (10.4) 17 (9.1)
Not employed 56 (15.2) 33 (18.0) 23 (12.4)
Father’s Occupation status
Self employed 248 (67.2) 119 (65.0) 129 (69.3)
0.39
Employed 43 (11.7 20 (11.0) 23 (12.4)
Not employed 78 (21.1) 44 (24.0) 34 (18.3)
Marital status
Single 52 (14.1) 25 (13.7) 27 (14.5)
0.81
Married 317 (85.9) 158 (86.3) 159 (85.5)
ᵃSignificant p-Values at p<0.05; SD: Standard Deviation
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From the univariate analyses, we found that children aged between 13-24 months old (OR = 1.92, 95% CI
1.10-3.35) or 37-48 months (OR = 2.55, 95% CI 1.32-4.92) were significantly more likely to test positive for
malaria as compared to those who were less than 13 months old (Table 4). However, age between 25-36 months
(OR = 1.79, 95% CI 0.99-3.25) and 49-60 months (OR = 1.98, 95% CI 0.91-4.33) were associated with higher odds
but insignificant effects (P > 0.05). The same case was observed among children related to care givers (OR = 1.61,
95% CI 0.64-4.04) or those living with their fathers (OR = 2.86, 95% CI 0.75-10.98). Employment was associated
with higher odds of testing positive for malaria such that children from mothers who had no employment (OR =
1.60, 95% CI 0.89-2.86) or were employed (OR = 1.24, 95% CI 0.62-2.50) were more likely to have Malaria as
compared to mothers who were self-employed though the effect was not statistically significant. Gender and
parental education were associated with reduced odds of predicting malaria in this study such that female children
were less likely to test positive for malaria (OR = 0.92, 95% CI 0.61-1.39) as compared to their male counterparts
and children from mothers or fathers who had secondary education and above were less likely to test positive for
malaria as compared to children whose mothers or fathers had primary level of education. At the multivariate
analysis, only children aged between 13-24 months (OR = 1.84, 95% CI 1.03-3.29, P = 0.04) or those aged between
37-48 months (OR = 2.29, 95% CI 1.16-4.52, P = 0.02) remained significantly associated with having malaria
(Table 4).
Table 4. Socioeconomic and demographic predictors of malaria prevalence
Predictors
Malaria
Positive N=183
n (%)
Malaria
Negative
N=186 n (%)
Crude Odds Ratio
(95% CI)
Adjusted Odds
Ratio (95% CI)
p-Value
Age category (months)
0-12 43 (23.5) 71 (38.2) Ref
13-24 50 (27.3) 43 (23.1) 1.92 (1.10,3.35) 1.84 (1.03,3.29) 0.04
25-36 38 (20.8) 35 (18.8) 1.79 (0.99,3.25) 1.62 (0.87,3.01) 0.13
37-48 34 (18.6) 22 (11.8) 2.55 (1.32,4.92) 2.29 (1.16,4.52) 0.02
49-60 18 (9.8) 15 (8.1) 1.98 (0.91,4.33) 1.77 (0.78,4.02) 0.17
Gender of the child
Male 100 (54.6) 98 (52.7) Ref
Female 83 (45.4) 88 (47.3) 0.92 (0.61,1.39)
Relationship with child
Mother 163 (89.1) 175 (94.1) Ref
Father 8 (4.4) 3 (1.6) 2.86 (0.75,10.98) 2.18 (0.55,8.63) 0.27
Care giver 12 (6.5) 8 (4.3) 1.61 (0.64,4.04) 1.91 (0.65,5.58) 0.24
Mother's Education
level
Primary 102 (55.7) 87 (46.8) Ref
Secondary 62 (33.9) 66 (35.5) 0.80 (0.51,1.26) 0.96 (0.57,1.60) 0.87
College/University 10 (5.5) 23 (12.3) 0.37 (0.17,0.82) 0.47 (0.16,1.37) 0.17
Never attended school 9 (4.9) 10 (5.4) 0.77 (0.30,1.97) 0.65 (0.21,2.03) 0.46
Father's Education
level
Primary 78 (42.6) 64 (34.4) Ref
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ᵃVariables that were significant at p<0.2 were included in the multivariate model, Ref- Reference group, CI-
Confidence Intervals; cOR: Crude Odds Ratio
Bed net usage characteristics and malaria prevalence
There was no significant relationship between bed net availability and malaria prevalence (P = 0.32). In addition,
this study did not report any significant relationship between the source of the bed net and malaria prevalence (P =
0.19). Whether the child sleeps under the bed net or not was not associated whatsoever with testing positive for
malaria (P = 0.50). This study also did not report significant relationship between age of bed net and child testing
positive for malaria (P = 0.10). Similar results were reported for color of the bed net (P = 0.61), condition of the bed
net (P = 0.19) and time of sleeping under the bed net (P = 0.05) (Table 5)
Table 5. Bed net usage characteristics and malaria prevalence
Bed net Characteristics
All N=369
n (%)
Malaria Positive
N=183 n (%)
Malaria Negative
N=186 n (%)
p-Value
Bed net availability
Yes 333 (90.2) 168 (91.8) 165 (88.7)
0.32
No 36 (9.8) 15 (8.2) 21 (11.3)
Source of bed net
Hospital 321 (87.0) 161 (88.0) 160 (86.0)
0.19
Community 6 (1.6) 2 (1.1) 4 (2.2)
Shop 6 (1.6) 5 (2.7) 1 (0.5)
Bed net used by participant
Yes 331 (89.7) 166 (90.7) 165 (88.7)
0.50
No 2 (0.5) 2 (1.1) 0
Age of bed net (months)
0-12 208 (56.4) 97 (53.0) 111 (59.7) 0.10
Secondary 63 (34.4) 65 (35.0) 0.80 (0.49,1.28) 0.89 (0.52,1.53) 0.69
College/University 14 (7.7) 24 (12.9) 0.48 (0.23,1.00) 0.86 (0.31,2.35) 0.77
Never attended school 28 (15.3) 33(17.7) 0.70 (0.38,1.27) 0.72 (0.34,1.50) 0.38
Mother's Occupation
status
Self employed 131 (71.6) 146 (78.5) Ref
Employed 19 (10.4) 17 (9.1) 1.24 (0.62,2.50)
Not employed 33 (18.0) 23 (12.4) 1.60 (0.89,2.86)
Father’s Occupation
status
Self employed 119 (65.0) 129 (69.3) Ref
Employed 20 (11.0) 23 (12.4) 0.94 (0.49,1.80)
Not employed 44 (24.0) 34 (18.3) 1.40 (0.84,2.34)
Marital status
Single 25 (13.7) 27 (14.5) Ref
Married 158 (86.3) 159 (85.5) 1.07 (0.60,1.93)
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13-24 87 (23.6) 46 (25.1) 41 (22.0)
25-36 35 (9.5) 23 (12.6) 12(6.5)
Treated bed nets
Yes 329 (89.2) 165 (90.2) 164 (88.2)
0.75
No 2 (0.5) 1 (0.6) 1 (0.5)
Retreated bed nets
Yes 11 (3.0) 6 (3.3) 5 (2.7)
0.75
No 320 (86.7) 160 (87.4) 160 (86.0)
Colour of bed net
Blue 325 (88.1) 162 (88.5) 163(87.6)
0.61
White 2 (0.5) 1 (0.6) 1 (0.5)
Green 4 (1.1) 3 (1.6) 1 (0.5)
Shape of bed net
Rectangle 331 (89.1) 166 (90.7) 165 (88.7) N/A
Condition of bed net
Torn 95 (25.8) 53 (29.0) 42 (22.6)
0.19
Not torn 236 (64.0) 113 (61.8) 123 (66.1)
Time of sleeping in bed net
All time 98 (26.6) 42 (23.0) 56 (30.1)
0.05
At night 208 (56.4) 114 (62.3) 94 (50.5)
This analysis used Chi-squared or Fisher exact when appropriate, N/A Variables that did not meet conditions for
Chi-square test due to missing data in some groups.
From the univariate analyses of bet net data, we found that children who used bed nets aged 25-36 months old (OR
= 2.19, 95% CI 1.04-4.64) were significantly more likely to test positive for Malaria. This was also the case for
children who slept under bed nets only at night (OR = 1.62, 95% CI 1.00-2.62) .Children who used bed nets aged
between 13-24 months old (OR = 1.28, 95% CI 0.78-2.12), used bed nets from shops (OR = 4.97, 95% CI
0.57-43.01) , slept under untreated bed nets (OR = 2.01, 95% CI 0.18-22.41), used green bed nets (OR = 3.04, 95%
CI 0.31-29.51) or white bed nets (OR = 1.01, 95% CI 0.06-16.32) were found to be associated with increased odds
of testing positive for Malaria, though the effects were not statistically significant (P > 0.05) (Table 6). Children
who did not use torn nets (OR = 0.73, 95% CI 0.45-1.18), had bed nets (OR = 0.70, 95% CI 0.35-1.41), used
community nets (OR = 0.50, 95% CI 0.09-2.75) were not associated with having Malaria. However, after adjusting
for other covariates, using bed nets aged 25-36 months old (OR = 2.04, 95% CI 0.87-4.77) and sleeping under bed
nets only at night (OR = 1.46, 95% CI 0.87-2.44) did not have a positive association with Malaria, though
associated with increased odds. Children who slept under bed nets that were not torn (OR = 0.90, 95% CI 0.52-55),
those used community nets (OR = 0.57, 95% CI 0.10-3.22) remained less likely to get malaria infection (Table 6).
Table 6. Bed Net Predictors of Malaria Prevalence
Predictors
Malaria
Positive
N=183 n (%)
Malaria Negative
N=186 n (%)
Crude Odds Ratio
(95% CI)
Adjusted Odds
Ratio (95% CI)
p-Value
Bed net availability
Yes 168 (91.8) 165 (88.7) Ref
No 15 (8.2) 21 (11.3) 0.70 (0.35,1.41)
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Source of bed net
Hospital 161 (88.0) 160 (86.0) Ref
Community 2 (1.1) 4 (2.2) 0.50 (0.09,2.75) 0.57 (0.10,3.22) 0.52
Shop 5 (2.7) 1 (0.5) 4.97 (0.57,43.01) 4.74 (0.53,42.23) 0.16
Bed net used by
participant
Yes 166 (90.7) 165 (88.7) N/A
No 2 (1.1) 0
Age of bed net
(months)
0-12 97 (53.0) 111 (59.7) Ref
13-24 46 (25.1) 41 (22.0) 1.28 (0.78,2.12) 1.15 (0.66,2.02) 0.63
25-36 23 (12.6) 12(6.5) 2.19 (1.04,4.64) 2.04 (0.87,4.77) 0.10
Treated bed nets
Yes 165 (90.2) 164 (88.2) Ref
No 1 (0.6) 1 (0.5) 2.01 (0.18,22.41)
Retreated bed nets
Yes 6 (3.3) 5 (2.7) Ref
No 160 (87.4) 160 (86.0) 0.83 (0.25,2.79)
Colour of bed net
Blue 162 (88.5) 163(87.6) Ref
White 1 (0.6) 1 (0.5) 1.01 (0.06,16.32)
Green 3 (1.6) 1 (0.5) 3.04 (0.31,29.51)
Shape of bed net
Rectangle 166 (90.7) 165 (88.7) N/A
Condition of bed net
Torn 53 (29.0) 42 (22.6) Ref
Not torn 113 (61.8) 123 (66.1) 0.73 (0.45, 1.18) 0.90 (0.52,55) 0.71
Time of sleeping in
bed net
All time 42 (23.0) 56 (30.1) Ref
At night 114 (62.3) 94 (50.5) 1.62 (1.00,2.62) 1.46 (0.87,2.44) 0.15
N/A: Variables with missing cases hence odds ratios and CI were not computed
Nutritional status and malaria prevalence among children under the age of five years
Malnutrition generally increases an individual’s susceptibility to infections. Malnutrition among children from
Chulaimbo was approximated to be 50.1%.
Weight for height and height for age was used to asses’ child nutritional status. Weight for height measures wasting
while height/length for age measures stunting.
Wasting is a symptom of acute under nutrition and is defined as <- 2 SD of WHO Child Growth Standard median.
Stunting is a symptom of chronic under nutrition and is defined as <-2 SD of WHO Child Growth Standard median.
Normal nutritional status was defined as -1 SD to +1 SD of WHO Child Growth Standard median.
As shown in (Table 7), neither weight for height nutritional status (P > 0.06) nor did height for age nutritional status
(P > 0.11) have significant association with malaria prevalence.
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Table 7. Nutritional status and malaria prevalence
Nutritional status
All N=369
n (%)
Malaria Positive
N=183
n (%)
Malaria Negative
N=186
n (%)
p-Value
Weight for height nutritional status
Normal nutritional status 184 (49.9) 91 (49.7) 93 (50.0)
0.06
Moderate wasting 115 (31.2) 65 (35.5) 50 (26.9)
Severe wasting 70 (18.9) 27 (14.8) 43 (23.1)
Height for age nutritional status
Normal nutritional status 166 (45.0) 85 (46.4) 81 (43.5)
0.11
Moderate stunting 101 (27.4) 56 (30.6) 45 (24.2)
Severe stunting 102 (27.6) 42 (23.0) 60 (32.3)
ᵃSignificant p-Values at p<0.05; Moderate wasting/stunting- < -2 SD to -3 SD; Severe wasting/stunting- < - 3 SD
4. Discussions
Despite all the interventions put in place to prevent and control malaria prevalence among children under the age of
five years living in malaria endemic settings, malaria still remains a major public health problem among children
under five years. This study sought to demonstrate the relationship between socio-economic, demographic factors
and malaria prevalence. Child’s age was significantly associated with malaria prevalence among children under the
age of five years, however it did not demonstrate any significant association between malaria and other variables.
This study as well sought to demonstrate the relationship between bed net usage characteristics, child nutritional
status and malaria prevalence and found no significant association.
This study observed that children who were aged between 13-24 months old, 25-36 months, 37-48 months and
49-60 months old were more likely to test positive for malaria as compared to those who were less than 13 months
old. This finding is in line with that of a previous study that reported that, children above 2 years of age are more
likely to get malaria infection than those below 2 years [4].
The susceptibility of children over two years of age to malaria infection could be attributed to reduced maternal
antibodies that protects against malaria infection and also due to the fact that children above two years of age were
active and could be playing outdoors late in the evening when mosquitoes which transmit malaria are at the peak of
their biting habit [13,14]. This study also observed that female children were less likely to test positive for malaria
as compared to their male counterparts. This is in agreement with that of a study conducted in Ethiopia that reported
that, malaria cases were high among males than females [15]. This is because female children are less biologically
vulnerable to infectious diseases than males [16]. This study further reported that, children from mothers or fathers
who had secondary level of education and above were less likely to test positive for malaria as compared to children
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whose parents had primary level of education. Similar finding was reported from a study conducted in Uganda
where a decreasing trend of malaria prevalence was reported among children below the age of five years whose
mothers had the highest level of education [17]. This is perhaps due to the fact that well-educated parents have high
level of awareness on health care and wellbeing.
This study also observed that children whose mothers were employed and those whose mothers were not employed
had higher odds of getting malaria as compared to those whose mothers were self-employed. Moreover, children
whose fathers were employed were less likely to test positive for malaria as compared to those whose fathers were
not employed, this could be attributed to the fact that employment provide source of income hence higher chances
of seeking proper health services. However, our findings contradict that of a study conducted in Tanzania that
reported that, individual’s socioeconomic status was not associated with malaria risk when malaria was a
dependent variable [18]. Mothers who are employed could be busy with their employment thereby disregarding
malaria prevention and control measures hence increased malaria odds. On the other hand, unemployed mothers
could be lacking source of income hence impaired ability to provide proper health services. Finally, this study
reported that, children from married respondents had increased odds of getting malaria as compared to children
from single parents. This however contradicts findings from another study conducted in Ethiopia that associated
households headed by single parents with poor health services [19]. These observations can be attributed to the fact
that households with married respondents are likely to have big family size which is likely to strain the financial
ability of the family making the family unable to bear the expenses associated with taking preventive measures
against malaria [20].
Bed net usage reduces malaria morbidity and mortality by providing barrier between people sleeping under them
and mosquitoes. To demonstrate this relationship, this study evaluated the bed net usage characteristics and malaria
prevalence. The analysis demonstrated that children who had bed nets were less likely to test positive for malaria as
compared to those who did not have bed nets. This is similar to findings of a study conducted in Democratic
Republic of Congo which reported low malaria risk among children who used bed nets [21]. This findings is due to
the fact that bed nets provide protection against mosquito bites, thereby reducing individual’s chances of getting
malaria [9]. This study also reported that children who used bed nets bought from shops were more likely to test
positive for malaria than those who used bed nets from the community and hospital.
This observation was surprising, however this is perhaps due to the fact that bed nets from the community/ or
hospital are long lasting treated mosquito bed nets provided by ministry of health and therefore provide better
protection from mosquito bites as compared to the ones bought from the shops [9]. It was further revealed that
children who slept under untreated bed nets had increased odds of testing positive for malaria as compared to
children who slept under treated bed nets. This observation is similar to those of previous studies that reported that,
children who slept under untreated bed nets had increased odds of getting malaria [7, 21, 22]. This observation is
due to the fact that Insecticide treated bed nets repel or kill mosquitoes attempting to feed upon humans sleeping in
them thereby reducing chances of mosquito bite. However this findings contradicts that of a study conducted in
Uganda that reported increased malaria odds among children who used long lasting insecticide treated bed nets and
the compliance with the bed net use was 98% [23]. This study further reported that, children who used torn bed nets
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had higher odds of getting malaria as compared to children who slept under nets that were not torn, this is due to the
fact that torn bed nets exposed children to mosquito bite as they allow mosquitos into the nets to bite people
sleeping under the nets. Finally, this analysis demonstrated that children who slept under bed nets only at night
were significantly associated with having malaria than those who used the nets all the time. Sleeping under bed net
all the time provided optimal protection from mosquito bite thereby reduced malaria infection.
The relationship between malnutrition and malaria is complex. Previous studies reported that malnutrition had
protective effect against malaria while new studies have reported that malnutrition increases the risk of malaria
infection. Some studies have however reported no association between malnutrition and malaria. To understand
this relationship in North West Kisumu Ward which is a high malaria transmission zone, this study analyzed child
nutritional status and malaria prevalence. Surprisingly, results from this study demonstrate that children who had
severe wasting or stunting were less likely to have malaria as compared to those with normal nutritional status. This
is in line with finding from a study conducted in Senegal that reported that, malaria odds were low among the
severely malnourished preschool children [24]. Similarly, a study conducted in rural settings in the Brazilian
Amazon demonstrated reduced malaria odds among malnourished children [25]. The finding from this study can be
attributed to non-biological explanations such as overprotection of severely malnourished children from their
mothers [24] or perhaps due to severe malnutrition apathy which is a state of inactive which is likely to make such
children less playful hence reduced chances of staying outdoors late in the evening when malaria transmitting
vectors are at the peak of their biting habit [14].
This finding is however challenged by a study conducted in Ethiopia that demonstrated high malaria odds among
severely wasted children under the age of five years [26]. Another study conducted in Democratic Republic of
Congo also demonstrated that malaria odds were high among severely malnourished children who were below the
age of five years [27]. Similarly, a study conducted in Uganda reported an increased malaria risk among severely
malnourished children [28]. Other studies conducted elsewhere in malaria hot spots have equally reporeted high
malaria risk among severly malnourished children [10,29]. Malnutrition result to impared ability of malnourished
children to mount effective immune response when exposed to pathogens by resulting in a reduction in T
lymphocyte count, including Tcell subsets, and, thus in decreased numbers of effector cells and decreased
formation of cytokines which are important for parasite clearence. In addition, there is increasing evidence that
antibody and complement formation is mediated by nutritional status [30].
A study conducted in Ethiopia however demonstrated that there is no association between malnutrition and
increased malaria risk [31]. Another study conducted in South West Ethiopia also demonstrated that there is no
association between malnutrition and malaria [32]. Similarly, a study conducted in Sierra Leone reported no
association between severe malnutrition and increased malaria odds [33]. In addition, a study conducted in rural
Gambia and West Africa reported that there is no association between stunting and increased malaria incidence [34,
35]. Other studies conducted to determine the relationship between malnutrition and malaria incidence have
however demonstrated mixed results. An epidemiological study conducted in Niger demonstrated mixed
association between malnutrition and under five malaria prevalence with stunting an indicator of chronic
malnutrition being associated with both increased and decreased malaria prevalence [36]. The source of conflicting
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results for studies of malnutrition and malaria still remain unclear. There may be differences due to differences in
populations under study, immunity and or differences in metrics used in studies that contribute to heterogeneity in
results. The study design suffered recall bias. Some participants were not able to recall information required from
them, so in such cases, the information required was obtained from the hospital records department from
under-fives who had been previously treated at Chulaimbo hospital, this was done after permission had been
granted by the hospital in charge.
5. Conclusion
Child age and bed net use, but not nutritional status, are important determinants of malaria prevalence in children
under 5 years. The Ministry of Health should promote more efforts towards protecting young children from
malaria, by ensuring access and use of bed nets, and enhancing health education.
6. Recommendations
Additional malaria preventive measures combined with implemented strategies should be put in place for children
above 13 months of age as this is a much more vulnerable group. In addition, health education on malaria
preventive measures should be strengthened to increase malaria prevention awareness. Children under the age of
five years should sleep under long lasting insecticide treated bed nets provided by the ministry of health throughout
for better protection from mosquito bite.
7. List of Abbreviations
aOR: Adjusted Odds Ratio
cOD: Crude Odds Ratio
HIV: Human Immunodeficiency Syndrome
MOH: Ministry of Health
MUAC: Mid Upper Arm Circumference
SPSS: Statistical package for Social Sciences
SD: Standard Deviation
WHO: World Health Organization
Declarations
Ethical consideration
Ethical clearance and approval to conduct this study was sought from the Board of Postgraduate Studies, JOOUST.
Ethical approval of the study was obtained from University of Eastern Africa, Baraton Research Ethics Committee.
Informed consent was given by the mothers/guardians before their children were enrolled into the study.
Availability of data and Materials
The dataset used/or analyzed during this study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
15. Middle East Journal of Applied Science & Technology
Vol.4, Iss.4, Pages 01-18, October-December 2021
ISSN: 2582-0974 [15] www.mejast.com
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests
Author’s Contributions
Midem David conceived the study, wrote the original draft, collected and analyzed data and prepared final
manuscript; Dr. Daniel Onguru and Babu Lawrence were involved in study design, implementation and statistical
analysis. All authors read and approved the final draft.
Acknowledgements
Authors thank the staff of Chulaimbo Hospital and the Ministry of Health for allowing us to use the institution for
our research. Our appreciation also goes to the study participants for providing us with the information required
from them.
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