Preston bsci proj 2

1. BUILDING SCIENCE 2 [ BLD 61303 / ARC 3413 ]
PROJECT 2: INTEGRATION PROJECT
SENTUL COMMUNITY LIBRARY
REPORT & CALCULATION
PRESTON LIEW RU PING
0313822
TUTOR: MR. SIVA

2. Table of Content
1.0 Lighting
1.1 Plants Study Area
1.1.1 Daylight
1.1.2 Artificial Lighting
1.1.3 PSALI
1.2 Limited Edition Section
1.2.1 Daylight
1.2.2 Artificial Lighting
1.2.3 PSALI
2.0 Acoustic
2.1 External Noise Sound Pressure Level
2.1.1 Limited Edition Section
2.1.2 Plants Study Area
2.2 Sound Reduction Index
2.2.1 Limited Edition Section
2.2.2 Plants Study Area
2.3 Reverberation Time
2.3.1 Office
2.3.2 Computer Room
3.0 References

3. 1.0 Lighting
1.1 Plants Study Area
1.1.1 Daylight
According to MS 1525, Day lighting Factor distribution is as below:
Daylight Factor, DF
Zone Daylight Factor (%) Distribution
Very Bright >6 Very large with thermal and glare problems
Bright 3-6 Good
Average 1-3 Fair
Dark 0-1 Poor
The area selected, which is the quiet reading area faces southward and is located at the third floor
of the building. This space has a curtain wall facade, which allows daylight into the space and also
visual connectivity with the pedestrians passing by. The façade is further shaded by climbers which
are grown from the roof to provide sun.
Figure 1.0 Third Floor Plan (Showing location of plants Study area)
Daylight

4. Figure 1.1 Close up view of plants study area (Plan View)
Figure 1.2 Light Contour diagram of plants study area
Daylight Factor Calculation
Floor Area (𝑚2
) 37.75
Area of façade exposed to sunlight (𝑚2
) 21.6
Area of skylight 0
Exposed Façade & Skylight Area to Floor Area ratio/
Daylight Factor, DF
(21.6+0)
37.75
= 0.576
= 57.6% x 0.1
= 5.76%
Natural Illumination Calculation
Illuminance Example
120,000 lux Very Bright Sunlight
110,000 lux Bright Sunlight
20,000 lux Clear Sky
1000-2000 lux Overcast day
400 lux Sunrise / Sunset on clear day
<200 lux Midday
40 lux Fully overcast
<1 lux Sunset, Storm cloud

5. Eexternal = 20 000 lux
DF=
𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙
𝐸 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙
x 100%
=
5.76 𝑥 20000
100
= 1152 lux
Conclusion
The plants study area has a daylight factor of 5.76% and natural illumination of 1152 lux. Based on
the requirements of MS 1525, this space has good daylight distribution as the value is in between
3-6%. However, the illuminance value is higher than the required value of 300 lux. This can cause
thermal and glare problems, which leads to the discomfort of the users. Low-e coatings of the glass
panels are proposed to minimize the penetration of ultraviolet and infrared rays into the interior
spaces. Moreover, this is further aided by planting vegetation on the external of the façade which
can further solve glare and thermal problems.

6. 1.1.2 Artificial Lighting
According to MS 1525, the recommended illumination level for reading space is 300-500 lux.
Lumen Method Calculation
Type Recessed Fluorescent Light
Model
Figure 1.3 Columbia Lighting, EPC 14-1
Lumen ( lm ) 2750
Watt 26
Color Temperature, K 3200
Color Designation Warm White
Dimension of room (m x m) 4.0 x 8.5
Floor Area (m2) 34.0
Height of Ceiling (m) 3.2
Lumen (Lux) 2750
Height of Luminaire (m) 3.2
Height of Work Level (m) 0.8
Mounting Height (Hm) 2.4
Reflection Factors Ceiling: 0.7
Wall: 0.5
Floor: 0.2
Room Index/ RI (K) 37.75
2.4 𝑥 (8.5 + 4.0)
= 1.26
Utilisation Factor (UF) 0.40
Maintenance Factor (MF) 0.80
Number of Lamps Required
N=
𝑬 𝒙 𝑨
𝑭 𝒙 𝑼𝑭 𝒙 𝑴𝑭
N=
300 𝑥 34.0
2750 𝑥 (0.4 𝑥 0.8)
= 11.6
= 12

7. Spacing to Height Ratio (SHR) SHR =
1
3
X √
34
22
= 0.41
SHR=
𝑆
3
= 0.57
S = 1.23
Fittings Layout Fittings required along 8.5m wall=
8.5
1.23
= 6.9
= 7 rows
Number of lamps in each row =
12
7
= 1.7
= 2 lamps
Spacing along 4.0m wall =
4
2
= 2.0 m

8. FITTING LAYOUT
Figure 1.3 Light fitting of plants study area
Conclusion
14 fluorescent lamps are used to illuminate the plants study area to achieve the minimum
illuminance of 300 lux stated by MS 1525.With sufficient illuminance, users are able to perform
tasks more efficiently and accurately.

9. 1.1.3 Permanent Supplementary Artificial Lighting of Interior (PSALI)
Referring to the daylight values obtained above, the plants study area has a good daylight factor of
5.76%. The light contour diagram also shows that the space receives sufficient day lighting during
the day from the façade. The artificial lightings calculation also shows a result of the usage of 14
fluorescent lamps to illuminate the plants study area. Hence, PSALI is applied whereby the
lightings are controlled with 2 switches. One for the first row near the facade whereby it can be
switched off when there is sufficient day light, one for the second row which is futher in when there
isn’t sufficient day light.
PSALI Fitting Layout
Figure 1.4 PSALI Light Fitting Layout in the plant study area

10. 1.2 Limited Edition Section
1.2.1 Daylight
According to MS 1525, Day lighting Factor distribution is as below:
Daylight Factor, DF
Zone Daylight Factor (%) Distribution
Very Bright >6 Very large with thermal and glare problems
Bright 3-6 Good
Average 1-3 Fair
Dark 0-1 Poor
The area selected, which is the limited edition section faces northward and is located at the first
floor of the building. This space has a curtain wall facade, which allows daylight into the space and
also visual connectivity with the pedestrians passing by. The façade is further shaded by climbers
which are grown from the roof to provide sun and book shelves.
Figure 1.5 First Floor Plan (Showing location of Limited Edtion Section)
Daylight

11. Figure 1.6 Close up view of Limited Edition Section (Plan View)
Figure 1.7 Light Contour diagram of Limited Edition Section
Daylight Factor Calculation
Floor Area (𝑚2
) 38
Area of façade exposed to sunlight (𝑚2
) 8.77
Area of skylight 0
Exposed Façade & Skylight Area to Floor Area ratio/
Daylight Factor, DF
(8.77+0)
38
= 0.231
= 23.1% x 0.1
= 2.31%
Natural Illumination Calculation
Illuminance Example
120,000 lux Very Bright Sunlight
110,000 lux Bright Sunlight
20,000 lux Clear Sky
1000-2000 lux Overcast day
400 lux Sunrise / Sunset on clear day

12. <200 lux Midday
40 lux Fully overcast
<1 lux Sunset, Storm cloud
Eexternal = 20 000 lux
DF=
𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙
𝐸 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙
x 100%
=
2.31 𝑥 20000
100
= 462 lux
Conclusion
The Limited Edition section has a daylight factor of 2.31% and natural illumination of 462 lux.
Based on the requirements of MS 1525, the daylight factor is under the good 3-6% range and the
illuminance value is slightly higher than the required value of 300 lux. This can cause slight thermal
and glare problems, which leads to the discomfort of the users and spaces will be slightly darker.
Hence, low-e coatings of the glass panels are proposed to minimize the penetration of ultraviolet
and infrared rays into the interior spaces. And more lighting fixtures will be needed.

13. 1.2.2 Artificial Light
According to MS 1525, the recommended illumination level for reading space is 300-500 lux.
Lumen Method Calculation
Type LED Downlight
Model
Figure 1.8 Philips DN135C
Lumen ( lm ) 2000
Power (W) 13
Color Temperature, K 3000
Color Designation Warm White
Dimension of room (m x m) 3.65 x 6.31
Floor Area (m2) 23.03 m2
Height of Ceiling (m) 3.8
Lumen (Lux) 2000
Height of Luminaire (m) 3.2
Height of Work Level (m) 0.8
Mounting Height (Hm) 2.4
Reflection Factors Ceiling: 0.7
Wall: 0.5
Floor: 0.2
Room Index/ RI (K) 23.03
2.4 𝑥 (3.65 + 6.31)
= 0.96
Utilisation Factor (UF) 0.48
Maintenance Factor (MF) 0.80
Number of Lamps Required
N=
𝑬 𝒙 𝑨
𝑭 𝒙 𝑼𝑭 𝒙 𝑴𝑭
N=
300 𝑥 23.03
2000 𝑥 (0.8 𝑥 0.48)
= 8.99
= 9 lamps

14. Spacing to Height Ratio (SHR) SHR =
1
3
X √
23.03
9
= 0.533
SHR=
𝑆
3
= 0.533
S = 1.6
Fittings Layout Fittings required along 6.31 m wall=
6.31
1.6
= 3.9
= 4 rows
Number of lamps in each row =
9
4
= 2.25
= 3 lamps
Spacing along 3.65 m wall =
3.65
3
= 1.22 m

15. Fitting Layout
Figure 1.8 Light fitting of Limited Edition section
Conclusion
12 LED down lights are used to illuminate the limited edition area to achieve the minimum
illuminance of 300 lux stated by MS 1525.With sufficient illuminance, users are able to read in a
comfortable environment.

16. 1.2.3 Permanent Supplementary Artificial Lighting of Interior (PSALI)
Referring to the daylight values obtained above, the limited edition section has a daylight factor of
2.31% which is under the optimum standard 3 - 6%. The light contour diagram also shows that the
space lacks day lighting during the day from the façade, resulting rather gloomy and dark. The
artificial lightings calculation also shows a result of the usage of 12 LED down lights to illuminate
the limited edition section. Hence, PSALI is applied whereby the lightings are controlled with 2
switches. One for the first two rows near the facade whereby it can be switched off when there is
sufficient day light and another one for the successive two rows at the back.
PSALI Fitting Layout
Figure 1.9 PSALI Light Fitting Layout in the limited edition section
Facade

17. 2.0 Acoustic
2.1 External Noise Sound Pressure Level
2.1.1 Limited Edition Section
Figure 2.0 First Floor Plan (Showing location of Limited Edtion Section)
i) Peak Hour ( Jalan Ipoh )
Highest reading= 80dB
Using the formula,
L= 10 log10 (
𝐼
𝐼 𝑜
)
80= 10 log10 (
𝐼
1 𝑥 10−12
)
log-1 8=
𝐼
1 𝑥 10−12
I= 1x 10-4

18. Lowest Reading= 60dB
Using the formula,
L= 10 log10 (
𝐼
10
)
60= 10 log10 (
𝐼
1 𝑥 10−12
)
log-1 6=
𝐼
1 𝑥 10−12
I= 1x 10-6
Total Intensity, I= (1x 10-4) + (1x 10-6)
= 1.01 x 10-4
Using the formula, Combined SPL= 10 log10 (
𝑝2
𝑝 𝑜
2
), where po = 1 x 10-12
Combined SPL= 10 log 10 (
1.01 𝑥 10−4
1 𝑥 10−12
)
= 80.04dB
ii) Non-Peak Hour
Highest Reading= 55dB
Using the formula,
L= 10 log10 (
𝐼
𝐼 𝑜
)
55= 10 log10 (
𝐼
1 𝑥 10−12
)
log-1 5.5=
𝐼
1 𝑥 10−12
I= 3.162x 10-7

19. Lowest Reading= 50dB
Using the formula,
L= 10 log10 (
𝐼
𝐼 𝑜
)
50= 10 log10 (
𝐼
1 𝑥 10−12
)
log-1 5=
𝐼
1 𝑥 10−12
I= 1x 10-7
Total Intensity, I= (3.162x 10-7 ) + (1x 10-7)
= 4.16 x 10-7
Using the formula, Combined SPL= 10 log10 (
𝑝2
𝑝 𝑜
2
), where po = 1 x 10-12
Combined SPL= 10 log 10 (
4.16 𝑥 10−7
1 𝑥 10−12
)
= 56.19dB
Conclusion
The noise criteria for a reading area is within the range of NC 35-40. According to the calculations
above, the combined sound pressure level around the limited edition section during peak and non
peak hours are 80.04dB and 45dB respectively, which exceeds the noise criteria for a reading
area, resulting in interrupted communication. This can be solved by designing a landscape in front
of the building which can act as a buffer zone to absorb noise coming from the streets. And sound
reflecting / absorbent façade.

20. 1.1.1 Plants Study Area
Figure 2.1 Third Floor Plan (Showing location of Plants Study Area)
i) Peak Hour ( Jalan Ipoh )
Highest reading= 75dB
Using the formula,
L= 10 log10 (
𝐼
𝐼 𝑜
)
75= 10 log10 (
𝐼
1 𝑥 10−12
)
log-1 7.5=
𝐼
1 𝑥 10−12
I= 3.16x 10-5

21. Lowest Reading= 58dB
Using the formula,
L= 10 log10 (
𝐼
10
)
58= 10 log10 (
𝐼
1 𝑥 10−12
)
log-1 5.8=
𝐼
1 𝑥 10−12
I= 6.31x 10-7
Total Intensity, I= (3.16x 10-5 ) + (6.31x 10-7 )
= 3.22 x 10-5
Using the formula, Combined SPL= 10 log10 (
𝑝2
𝑝 𝑜
2
), where po = 1 x 10-12
Combined SPL= 10 log 10 (
3.22 𝑥 10−5
1 𝑥 10−12
)
= 75.08dB
ii) Non-Peak Hour
Highest Reading= 53dB
Using the formula,
L= 10 log10 (
𝐼
𝐼 𝑜
)
53= 10 log10 (
1
1 𝑥 10−12
)
log-1 5.3=
1
1 𝑥 10−12
I= 1.20 x 10-7

22. Lowest Reading= 50dB
Using the formula,
L= 10 log10 (
𝐼
10
)
50= 10 log10 (
𝐼
1 𝑥 10−12
)
log-1 5=
1
1 𝑥 10−12
I= 1x 10-7
Total Intensity, I= (1.2 x 10-7 ) + (1x 10-7)
= 2.2 x 10-7
Using the formula, Combined SPL= 10 log10 (
𝑝2
𝑝 𝑜
2
), where po = 1 x 10-12
Combined SPL= 10 log 10 (
2.2 𝑥 10−7
1 𝑥 10−12
)
= 53.42dB
Conclusion
The noise criteria for a reading area is within the range of NC 35-40. According to the calculations
above, the combined sound pressure level around the plants reading area during peak and non
peak hours are 75.08dB and 53.42dB respectively, which exceeds the noise criteria for a reading
area, resulting in a chaotic environment unfit for reading. This can be solved by proposing an
insulated curtain wall and growing plants to absorb unwanted noise.

23. 2.2 Sound Reduction Index
2.2.1 Limited Edition Section
Figure 2.2 First Floor Plan (Showing location of Limited Edtion Section)
Building Element Material Surface Area (𝑚2
) SRI ( dB) Transmission Coefficient, T
Wall Glass 18.6 27 1.995 x 10-3
Wall Concrete 37.16 46 2.512 x 10-5
Glass Wall
Sound Reduction Index, SRI= 10 log10 (
1
𝑇 𝑎𝑣
)
27= 10 log10 (
1
𝑇 𝑎𝑣
)
log-1 2.7=
1
𝑇
T= 1.995 x 10-3

24. Concrete Wall
Sound Reduction Index, SRI= 10 log10 (
1
𝑇 𝑎𝑣
)
46= 10 log10 (
1
𝑇 𝑎𝑣
)
log-1 4.6=
1
𝑇
T= 2.512 x 10-5
Average Transmission Coefficient of Materials
Tav=
(18.6 𝑥 1.995 𝑥 10−3 )+( 37.16 𝑥 2.512 𝑥 10−5 )
( 18.6+ 37.16)
= 6.822 x 10-4
SRI= 10 log10 (
1
𝑇
)
= 10 log10 (
1
6.822 𝑥 10−4)
= 31.66dB
External Sound Pressure Level= 80.04dB
= 80.04 – 31.66
= 48.38 dB
Conclusion
The sound reduction index of the façade is 31.66dB. Assuming sound pressure level from the
street is 80dB, the sound that is transmitted into the limited edition section is 48.38 dB. According
to the noise criteria environment perception, this value is higher than the recommended level for a
quiet library which is 40dB. This can be improved by proposing a sound insulated curtain wall,
which can filter noise from the streets or by installing acoustic panels on the ceiling to absorb the
unwanted noises.

25. 2.2.2 Plants Study Area
Figure 2.3 Third Floor Plan (Showing location of Plants study area)
Building Element Material Surface Area (𝑚2
) SRI ( dB) Transmission Coefficient, T
Wall Glass 24.5 27 1.995 x 10-3
Wall Concrete 10.1 46 2.512 x 10-5
Glass Wall
Sound Reduction Index, SRI= 10 log10 (
1
𝑇 𝑎𝑣
)
27= 10 log10 (
1
𝑇 𝑎𝑣
)
log-1 2.7=
1
𝑇
T= 1.995 x 10-3
Concrete Wall

26. Sound Reduction Index, SRI= 10 log10 (
1
𝑇 𝑎𝑣
)
46= 10 log10 (
1
𝑇 𝑎𝑣
)
log-1 4.6=
1
𝑇
T= 2.512 x 10-5
Average Transmission Coefficient of Materials
Tav=
(24.5 𝑥 1.995 𝑥 10−3 )+( 10.1 𝑥 2.512 𝑥 10−5 )
(24.5+10.1))
= 1.42 x 10-3
SRI= 10 log10 (
1
𝑇
)
= 10 log10 (
1
1.42 𝑥 10−3)
= 28.48 dB
External Sound Pressure Level= 75.08dB
= 75.08 – 28.48
= 46.6 dB
Conclusion
The sound reduction index of the façade is 28.48dB. Assuming sound pressure level from the
street is 75.08 dB, the sound that is transmitted into the plant study area is 46.6 dB. According to
the noise criteria environment perception, this value is higher than the recommended level for a
quiet library which is 40dB. The high sound pressure level will affect the users’ concentration which
causes interruption in studying. Sound insulated curtain wall can be proposed, it can filter noise
from the streets or by installing acoustic panels on the ceiling to absorb the unwanted noises.

27. 2.3 Reverberation Time
2.3.1 Office
Figure 2.4 First Floor Plan (Showing location of Office)
Standard Reverberation Time= 0.6-0.8 seconds
Space Volume= 31𝑚2
x 3.2
= 99.2𝑚3
Material absorption coefficient at 125Hz and 500Hz at non-peak hour with 4 person in the space.
Building
Elements
Materials Absorption
Coefficient
(125Hz)
Absorption
Coefficient
(500Hz)
Area
(m2)
Sound
Absorption,
Sa (125Hz)
Sound
Absorption,
Sa (500Hz)
Floor Carpet 0.1 0.25 31.00 3.10 7.75
Wall Concrete 0.01 0.02 20.16 0.20 0.40
Glass 0.10 0.04 50.66 5.07 2.03
Door Glass 0.35 0.18 2.40 0.84 0.43
Timber 0.30 0.15 2.40 0.72 0.36
Ceiling Plaster 0.02 0.02 31.00 0.62 0.62

28. Furniture Desk 0.50 0.45 4.85 2.43 2.18
Padded
Chair
0.44 0.77 2.50 1.10 1.93
People - 0.3/P 0.4/P 4.00 1.20 1.60
15.28 17.3
125Hz
Reverberation Time, RT=
0.16 𝑋 𝑉
𝐴
=
0.16 𝑋 99.2
15.28
=1.04s
500Hz
Reverberation Time=
0.16 𝑋 𝑉
𝐴
=
0.16 𝑋 99.2
17.3
= 0.92s
Conclusion
The reverberation time for the office at 125Hz and also 500Hz is 1.04s and 0.92s respectively. This
value falls out of the standard reverberation time of 0.6-0.8s which shows that the space is lacking
absorptive materials. Acoustic panels can be added to further reduce the reverberation value.
Total absorption, A

29. 2.3.2 Computer Room
Figure 2.4 Third Floor Plan (Showing location of Computer Room)
Standard Reverberation Time= 0.7-1.1 seconds
Space Volume= 35𝑚2
x 3.2
= 112𝑚3
Material absorption coefficient at 125Hz and 150Hz at non-peak hour with 12 person in the space.
Building
Elements
Materials Absorption
Coefficient
(125Hz)
Absorption
Coefficient
(500Hz)
Area
(m2)
Sound
Absorption,
Sa (125Hz)
Sound
Absorption,
Sa (500Hz)
Floor Carpet 0.10 0.25 35.00 3.5 8.75
Wall Concrete 0.01 0.02 20.16 0.20 0.40
Glass 0.10 0.04 50.67 5.07 2.03

30. Door Glass 0.35 0.18 1.80 0.63 0.32
Ceiling Plaster 0.02 0.02 35.00 0.7 0.7
Furniture Padded
Chair
0.44 0.77 2.13 0.94 1.64
Desk 0.50 0.45 16.20 8.1 7.29
People - 0.30/P 0.40/P 12.00 3.60 4.80
22.74 25.93
125Hz
Reverberation Time, RT=
0.16 𝑋 𝑉
𝐴
=
0.16 𝑋 112
22.74
=0.79s
500Hz
Reverberation Time=
0.16 𝑋 𝑉
𝐴
=
0.16 𝑋 112
25.93
= 0.69s
Conclusion
The reverberation time for the computer rooms at 125Hz and also 500Hz is 0.79s and 0.69s
respectively. This value falls within the standard reverberation time range of 0.7-1.1s which shows
that the space is optimum for classes and discussion.
Total absorption, A

31. 3.0 References
1. Department of Standards Malaysia. (2007) Malaysian Standard: Code of Practice
on Energy Efficiency and use of Renewable Energy for Non-Residential Buildings
(First Revision). Malaysia: Department of Standards Malaysia
2. Recommended Light Levels. Retrieved from
https://www.noao.edu/education/QLTkit/ACTIVITY_Documents/Safety/LightLev
els_outdoor+indoor.pdf
3. Architect’s Data. (2012). Chicester: John Wiley and Sons.
4. Cowab, J, (2000) Architectural Acoustics, Design Guide, Mc Graw-Hill, N.Y
5. Long,M. (2006), Architectural Acoustics. Amsterdam: Elsevier/ Academic Press