This document analyzes the lighting conditions in two spaces - the main reading zone and tea lounge - of a community library located in Kuala Lumpur. For each space, natural daylighting is assessed using daylight factor calculations and illuminance levels are determined. Artificial lighting designs using recessed downlights and pendants are also proposed, with lumen method calculations to determine fixture specifications and layouts. Permanent supplementary artificial lighting schemes utilizing switching are additionally suggested to optimize the use of daylight.

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BUILDING SCIENCE II
BLD 61303 / ARC 3413
PROJECT INTEGRATION: LIGHTING ANALYSIS
CHEN EE DONG
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TUTOR: MR SIVA

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0 INTRODUCTION
2.0 SPACE 1: MAIN READING ZONE
2.1 Natural Daylighting
Daylight Factor
Natural Illuminance
2.2 Artificial Lighting
Lumen Method
2.3 PSALI
3.0 SPACE 2: TEA LOUNGE
3.1 Natural Daylighting
Daylight Factor
Natural Illuminance
3.2 Artificial Lighting
Lumen Method
3.3 PSALI

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1.0 INTRODUCTION
This project is an integrated module with the Design Studio V project, which is a
community library, focusing on principles of lighting in both natural and artificial lighting
strategies.
The site in which the community library is located in is Jalan Petaling, Kuala Lumpur. The
said community library is orientated in an east-west direction; hence, east and west
facades of the library are most prone to direct sunlight. Some issues might arise due to
the excess of sunlight, and some key spaces might experience issues in which there is not
sufficient illumination. Through this project, natural daylighting strategies shall be
explored and artificial lighting shall be proposed where appropriate, alongside PSALI
scheme to optimize daylighting in spaces without forgoing illumination quality.

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2.0 SPACE A: MAIN READING ZONE
The main reading zone is located at the rear of the building on the first floor. It is open to
the public and not too user specific, catered for library activities such as reading and
writing. Hence, sufficient task lighting has to be installed with appropriate spacing to
provide an adequate level of illumination to the room in order to provide an enjoyable
library experience for the patrons.

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Figure 2.0: First floor plan denoting main reading zone and area dimensions.
2.1 NATURAL DAYLIGHTING
Natural daylighting is a passive method of introducing light into space to provide
adequate and comfortable levels of illumination.

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Daylight factor
Daylight factor is usually used to determine the ratio of internal illuminance level to
external illuminance level and is defined using the formula
DF =
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
× 100 %
Daylight factor is then compared with standard MS 1525 requirements to determine the
lighting conditions of the space.
Daylight Factor Calculations
Daylight factor formula DF =
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
× 100 %
Total floor area of space (m2
) 11.4 m × 7.191 m
= 81.977 m2
Total area of window openings
exposed to sun (m2
)
Window opening per unit = 5.845 m2
5.845 m2 × 2
= 11.684 m2
Daylight factor, DF (%) 11.684
81.977
× 100 %
= 0.1425 × 100 %
= 14.25 × 0.1
= 1.425 %
Zone Daylight Factor/% Distribution
Very bright >6 Very large with thermal and glare problems.
Bright 3-6 Good
Average 1-3 Fair
Dark 0-1 Poor
Figure 2.1.a: Daylight Factor according to MS 1525 table.
Conclusion
According to the MS 1525 requirements, the daylight factor of the main reading room is
fairly illuminated. The lighting conditions are considered average. This might be due to

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the lack of fenestration in the eastern façade (only 2 2m wide windows), which are highly
efficient in introducing daylight during the morning (eastern sun). However, as the sun
gravitates west, the main reading area may experience darkness which would deter
reading activities in the zone due to eye strain from the lack of illumination.
Natural Illumination Calculations
Luminance level/lux) Luminance example
120000 Brightest sunlight
110000 Bright sunlight
20000 Shade illuminated by clear blue sky; midday
1000-2000 Typical overcast day; midday
400 Sunrise/sunset on a clear day (ambient)
< 200 Extreme or darkest storm clouds; midday
40 Fully overcast, sunset/sunrise
< 1 Extreme of darkest storm clouds, sunset/sunrise
Figure 2.1.b: Luminance intensity according to MS 1525 standard.
Formula DF =
𝐸 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 (𝐸𝑖)
𝐸 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 (𝐸𝑜)
× 100 %
E external, Eo (lux), given from Figure X 20000 lux
Daylight factor, DF (%) 1.425 %
Natural illumination of Space A 1.425 =
𝐸 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 (𝐸𝑖)
20000
× 100 %
Ei = 285 lux
Conclusion
The standard illumination level required for a reading space is 300 lux (library minimum).
Natural illumination of the main reading zone is 285 lux which is close to the standard
illumination level, hence, 15 lux more is required. This can be easily achieved by
introducing some form of artificial lighting into the space to light up the areas which
cannot be reached by natural daylight during the day.
Renderings and Light Contour

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Figure 2.1.c: Daylight contour at 9 am.
Figure 2.1.d: Daylight contour at 12 pm.
Figure 2.1.e: Daylight contour at 3 pm.

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2.2 ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING
As the library has a proposed 24/7 scheme, indicating that public areas like the main
reading zone will be opened throughout the night too, the space cannot be fully
dependent on solely natural daylighting strategies. Artificial lighting is to be
incorporated into the spaces to provide a well-illuminated, comfortable and relaxing
working area especially when natural light levels are low.
Lumen method
Philips Luxspace DN570B LED20S Type of fixture Recessed
downlight
Source:
Philips lighting product catalogue
Type of bulb LED
Power 36 W
Voltage 240 V
Luminous flux 3000 lm
Lifetime of
luminaire
70000 hours
Luminaire colour Warm white
Colour
temperature (K)
4000 K
Colour rendering
index (CRI)
100
Figure 2.2.a: Type of luminaire
Space dimensions, L × W (m) 11.4 m × 7.191 m
Total floor area (m2
) 81.977 m2
Types of luminaire Philips LED recessed downlight
Lumen of luminaire, F (lm) 2200 lm
Height of luminaire (m) 3.5 m
Height of working plane (m) 0.8m
Mounting height, Hm (m) 2.7 m
Reflection factors (%) Ceiling: 0.7
Wall: 0.5
Floor: 0.2

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Room index, K
RI =
𝑳 × 𝑾
𝑯𝒎 ×(𝑳+𝑾)
11.4 × 7.191
2.7 × (11.4 + 7.191)
= 1.633
Utilization factor, UF (refer to table) 0.6
Maintenance factor, MF 0.8
Standard illuminance, E (lux) 300
Number of lighting fixtures, N =
𝑬 × 𝑨
𝑭 × 𝑼𝑭 × 𝑴𝑭
300 × (81.977)
3000 × 0.6 × 0.8
= 24593.1/1440
= 17.07
= 18 fixtures
Spacing to height ratio (SHR)
(
1
𝐻𝑚
) × √
𝐴
𝑁
SHR = (
1
𝐻𝑚
) × √
𝐴
𝑁
= (
1
2.7
) × √
81.977
18
= 0.79046
Smax = SHR x Hm
= 0.79046 × 2.7
= 2.134 m
Luminaire fitting layout Number of fittings across 11.4 m wall
=
11 .4
2.134
= 5.34
= 6 rows
Number of fittings in each row
=
18
6
= 3 fittings per row
Spacing along 7.191 m wall
=
7.191
3
= 2.397 m

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Luminaire fitting layout
Figure 2.2.b: Luminaire spacing layout for main reading zone according to calculated dimensions and
spacing.
Figure 2.2.c: Section of the main reading zone with artificial lighting (recessed downlight).
Conclusion

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Artificial lighting is installed in a layout of 6 rows of 3 luminaires each to ensure an even
distribution of light in the main reading zone. The luminaires are arranged in a grid of
2.134 m x 2.397 m.
Light contour with artificial lighting
Figure 2.2d: Light contour at 3pm (sun away from façade) with artificial lighting.
2.3 PSALI (Permanent Supplementary Artificial Lighting of Interiors)
Figure 2.3.a: Reflected ceiling plan of the main reading zone.
Based on the number of luminaires required and the calculated spacing dimensions, the
18 luminairescan be controlled using 2 switches. Switch A will control the first 6 luminaires
closest to the window openings, while Switch B will control the other 2 rows of luminaires

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(12 units). The PSALI strategy is arranged in such a way that during daytime, the two rows
of luminaires located deeper into the building will be switched on while Switch A is turned
off. This is because the illumination provided by the row of luminaires at the front is
replaced by natural daylighting from the window openings, making the PSALI scheme
cost effective as electricity can be saved. During the night where there is no daylight
element, Switch A and Switch B (all luminaires) is turned on to illuminate the space.
Figure 2.3.b: (left) Row of luminaires closest to the facade) is not switched on during daytime, but row of
luminaries deeper into the building is switched on; (right) every row of luminaries are switched on during the
night.

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3.0 SPACE B: TEA LOUNGE
The tea lounge is located at the front of the first floor. Hence, it would receive maximum
sunlight during the evening sun (west). The tea lounge is catered for leisure reading
activities and function as a break-out area for patrons, providing them a space to mingle
accompanied with light refreshments.

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Figure 3.0: First floor plan denoting Space B and area dimensions.
3.1 NATURAL DAYLIGHTING
Daylight Factor Calculations
Daylight factor formula DF =
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
× 100 %
Total floor area of space (m2
) 10.0 m × 4.308 m
= 43.08 m2
Total area of window openings
exposed to sun (m2
)
Window opening per unit = 4.650 m2
4.650 m2 × 4
= 18.6 m2
Daylight factor, DF (%) 18.6
43.08
× 100 %
= 0.432 × 100 %
= 43.20× 0.1
= 4.32 %
Zone Daylight Factor/% Distribution
Very bright >6 Very large with thermal and glare problems.
Bright 3-6 Good
Average 1-3 Fair
Dark 0-1 Poor
Figure 3.1.a: Daylight Factor according to MS 1525 table.
Conclusion
The daylight factor of the tea lounge is 4.32 %, which indicates that the lighting condition
of the space is good as the space is brightly and adequately lit. The pivoting doors allow
a large influx of daylight into the building, which justifies the brightness of the space.

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Hence, this can be a well-illuminated space for library patrons to do leisure reading and
enjoy light refreshments.
Natural Illumination Calculations
Luminance level/lux) Luminance example
120000 Brightest sunlight
110000 Bright sunlight
20000 Shade illuminated by clear blue sky; midday
1000-2000 Typical overcast day; midday
400 Sunrise/sunset on a clear day (ambient)
< 200 Extreme or darkest storm clouds; midday
40 Fully overcast, sunset/sunrise
< 1 Extreme of darkest storm clouds, sunset/sunrise
Figure 3.1.b: Luminance intensity according to MS 1525 standard.
Formula DF =
𝐸 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 (𝐸𝑖)
𝐸 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 (𝐸𝑜)
× 100 %
E external, Eo (lux), given from Figure X 20000 lux
Daylight factor, DF (%) 4.32 %
Natural illumination of Space B 4.32 =
𝐸 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 (𝐸𝑖)
20000
× 100 %
Ei = 864 lux
Conclusion
The standard illumination level required for a lounge is 150 lux. The natural illumination
of the space however is 864 lux, exceeding the standard requirements by 715 lux. The
space is amply illuminated but might have glare problems or thermal discomfort.
Appropriate shading devices are recommended to reduce such problems and provide
optimum user comfort.

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Renderings and Light Contour
Figure 3.1.c: Daylight contour at 9 am.
Figure 3.1.d: Daylight contour at 12 pm.

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Figure 3.1.e: Daylight contour at 3 pm.
3.2 ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING
As the library has a proposed 24/7 scheme, indicating that public areas like the tea lounge
will be opened throughout the evening and night too, the space cannot be fully
dependent on solely natural daylighting strategies. Artificial lighting is to be incorporated
into the spaces to provide a well-illuminated, comfortable and relaxing working area
especially when natural light levels are low.
Lumen method
Philips UnicOne Compact Pendant LED Type of fixture Pendant
Type of bulb LED
Power 31 W
Voltage 240 V
Luminous flux 2400 lm
Lifetime of
luminaire
70000 hours
Luminaire colour Warm white
Colour
temperature (K)
3000 K

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Source:
Philips lighting product catalogue
Colour rendering
index (CRI)
100
Figure 3.2.a: Type of luminaire proposed
Space dimensions, L × W (m) 10.0 m × 4.308 m
Total floor area (m2
) 43.08 m2
Types of luminaire UnicOne Compact Pendant LED
Lumen of luminaire, F (lm) 2400 lm
Height of luminaire (m) 3.0 m
Height of working plane (m) 0.8m
Mounting height, Hm (m) 2.2 m
Reflection factors (%) Ceiling: 0.7
Wall: 0.5
Floor: 0.2
Room index, K
RI =
𝑳 × 𝑾
𝑯𝒎 ×(𝑳+𝑾)
10.0 × 4.308
2.2 × (10.0 + 4.308)
= 1.37
Utilization factor, UF (refer to table) 0.6
Maintenance factor, MF 0.8
Standard illuminance, E (lux) 150 lux
Number of lighting fixtures, N =
𝑬 × 𝑨
𝑭 × 𝑼𝑭 × 𝑴𝑭
150 × 43.08
2400 × 0.6 × 0.8
= 6462/1152
= 5.609
= 6 fixtures
Spacing to height ratio (SHR)
SHR = (
1
𝐻𝑚
) × √
𝐴
𝑁
= (
1
2.2
) × √
43.08
6

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(
1
𝐻𝑚
) × √
𝐴
𝑁
= 1.218
Smax = SHR x Hm
= 1.218 × 2.2
= 2.68
Luminaire fitting layout Number of fittings across 10.0 m wall
=
10.0
2.68
= 3.731
= 4 rows
Number of fittings in each row
=
6
4
= 1.5
= 2 fittings per row
Spacing along 4.308 m wall
=
4.308
2
= 2.154 m
Luminaire Fitting Layout

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Figure 3.2.b: Luminaire fitting layout in the tea lounge according to calculated dimensions and spacing.
Figure 3.2.c: Section of the tea lounge with artificial lighting (pendant downlight).
CONCLUSION
Artificial lighting in the tea lounge is organized in a layout of 4 rows of 2 luminaires each
to fulfil standard illumination requirements and provide a well-roundded illumination
throuhgout the room, especially during night time when the daylight element is not
applicable.
LIGHT CONTOUR WITH ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING

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Figure 3.2d: Light contour at 9 am (sun furthest away from façade)
3.3 PSALI (Permanent Supplementary Artificial Lighting Interiors)
Figure 3.3.a: Reflected ceiling plan of the tea lounge.
Based on the calculated number of luminaires and the spacing layout, the total of 8
luminares can be controlled using 2 light switches. The first 4 luminaires facing the front
can be controlled using Switch A and the 4 luminaires at the back can be controlled using
Switch B. Hence, the rows of luminaires can be controlled differently according to the level
of illumination required for the room. As the daylight factor of the tea lounge is 4.32 %,
indicating that the space is well-lit during the day, the Switch A can be turned off as

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natural daylight is able to illuminate the front of the room but not the back, hence,
luminaires controlled by Switch B has to be switched on.
Figure 3.3.b: (left) Row of luminaires closests to the balcony (outdoors) is not switched on during daytime,
but row of luminaries deeper into the building is switched on; (right) every row of luminaries are switched on
during the night.
This alternating strategy of PSALI application can enable a lowered cost of electricity as
not all lights have to be switched on by optimizing the benefits of natural daylight
illumination.