1. International relations in Latin America were influenced by their colonial history with European powers like Spain and Portugal as well as recent commercial ties with Britain, France, and Germany. 2. Relations within the Americas were dominated by the powerful presence of the United States, beginning with the Monroe Doctrine in 1821 which established America's right to intervene in Latin America. 3. The US further imposed its right to intervene through the Spanish-American War in 1898 and the Roosevelt Corollary in 1905, enforcing policies like acquiring the Panama Canal Zone and occupying countries in the region.

1. Chapter 18
1865-1890

2. International Relations in Latin
America
The nations of Latin America share a common heritage that influences the nature of
their relationships with other countries. For example, their policies toward European
states tend to be the products of long colonial associations with Spain and Portugal,
and more recent commercial contacts with Great Britain, France, and Germany.
International relations within the Americas are influenced by the powerful presence of
the United States. As early as 1821, the Monroe Doctrine established the selfproclaimed right of the United States to protect all Latin American nations from
foreign intervention.
The Spanish-American War of 1898, followed in 1905 by the Roosevelt Corollary by
President Theodore Roosevelt to the Monroe Doctrine, imposed the right of the
United States to intercede in Latin American affairs. The United States enforced this
policy in the acquisition of the Panama Canal Zone; military occupations of Nicaragua,
Haiti, and the Dominican Republic; intervention in Cuba; and incursions into Mexico.
The Good Neighbor Policy announced by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1933
improved inter-American relations.

3. The American West

4. The Building of the Railroads
 Built in 1860s
 Two companies
 Central Pacific Railroad Company
 Union Pacific Railroad Company
 Met and joined railroad in Promontory, Utah
 Date of completion 10 May 1869
 By 1893 there were 6 major railroad companies

5. Why did America need Railroads?






Communication from East to West was not very good
Travelling time from East to West took 6 months +
It would help fulfil ‘Manifest Destiny’
The U.S. needed to keep up with other countries
Trade links with China and Japan
Help to bring law and order to the West

6. Effect of the Railroads: Quick and easy
travel to the West
 Previous methods
 Wagon Train
 Foot
 By boat
 Pony Express
 The railroad turned a 6
month journey into a
maximum of 8 days

7. Effect of the Railroads: Cheap land for
people wanting to go West
 Once the Railroads
were built the Railroad
companies had no use
for the excess land
 Sold land off cheap
 Benefitted
Homesteaders and
Ranchers who came
west.

8. Effect of the Railroads: Destruction of the
Indians
 Hunters used the Railroad




to go west to hunt the
buffalo
Hunters were only
interested in buffalo skin
1875 southern buffalo herds
wiped out
1885 northern buffalo herds
wiped out
Indians depended on the
buffalo, but now they were
gone! 

9. Effect of the Railroads: Helps develop the
Cattle Industry
 Cattle were transported
by the railroads making
it easier to move them
from Texas to the East
 Cow Towns grew up
around these railroad
stops

10. Task
Essay Question:
How important were the railroad and railroad companies
in opening up the west?
Step 1: Planning your answer
Step 2: Writing your answer

11. The Transcontinental Railroad
The transcontinental railroad in North America became a reality on 10 May 1869,
when the tracks of the Union Pacific joined those of the Central Pacific at
Promontory, Utah. The event fulfilled dreams of spanning the continent that were
spurred by settlement of the American West and that dated back to at least 1845.
Interest in a transcontinental railroad was heightened by the acquisition of Oregon
(1846) and California (1848) and the subsequent gold rush in California (1849). In
1853, Congress appropriated $150,000 to defray expenses of surveying feasible routes,
but the question of the best one quickly became a matter of sectional controversy.
Once the South left the Union, Congress pushed through the Pacific Railroad Act (1
Jul 1862), which authorized the Central Pacific to build eastward from San Francisco
and the Union Pacific to build westward from Omaha, NE, via South Pass; the two
were to join at the California-Nevada line. Each company was to receive 400 ft (122 m)
of right-of-way through public (or 100 ft/31 m—through private) lands and 10
alternate square-mile sections of public land for each mile of track laid. Loans of
$16,000 to $48,000 per mile—depending on the grade of the terrain—were also
available as a first mortgage on the railroad. In 1864, Congress doubled the land grant
and made the financial subsidy a second lien on the property. Congress yet again
amended the original legislation in 1866 to allow the Central Pacific to advance
Golden spike that was donated by
eastward until it met the Union Pacific, thereby turning governorproject Territory.a
the the of Arizona into It
is one of four ceremonial spikes
construction race.
The Last Spike by Thomas Hill, 1869
driven at the completion (but is not
the final golden spike).

12. Suffragette
The demand for the enfranchisement of American women was first seriously
formulated at the Seneca Falls Convention (1848). After the War between the States,
agitation by women for the ballot became increasingly vociferous. In 1869, however, a
rift developed among feminists over the proposed 15th Amendment, which gave the
vote to black men. Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and others refused to
endorse the amendment because it did not give women the ballot. Other suffragists,
however, including Lucy Stone and Julia Ward Howe, argued that once the black man
was enfranchised, women would achieve their goal. As a result of the conflict, two
organizations emerged. Stanton and Anthony formed the National Woman Suffrage
Association to work for suffrage on the federal level and to press for more extensive
institutional changes, such as the granting of property rights to married women.
Stone created the American Woman Suffrage Association, which aimed to secure the
ballot through state legislation. In 1890, the two groups united under the name
National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA). In the same year
Wyoming entered the Union, it became the first state with general women’s suffrage
(which it had adopted as a territory in 1869).

13. The Grange
The National Grange is the popular name of the Order of the Patrons of Husbandry,
the oldest general farm organization in the United States. It was established in
Washington, D.C. on 4 Dec 1867, largely through the efforts of Oliver Hudson Kelley, a
Minnesota farmer who was deeply affected by the poverty and isolation of the farmers
he saw while inspecting farm areas in the South for the U.S. Department of Agriculture
in 1866. He felt they had to unite and promote their interests collectively. The
organization, which acquired the character of a fraternal society, provided lectures and
entertainment for farm men and women. It also experimented in cooperative buying
and selling of farm products and supplies and carried on educational programs,
setting up Grange units for children as well as adults.
In the 1870’s, the Grange was prominent in the broader Granger movement, which
campaigned against extortionate charges by monopolistic railroads and warehouses,
and helped bring about laws regulating these charges in some states in the upper
Mississippi Valley. Although challenged, the constitutionality of such laws was upheld
by the U.S. Supreme Court in Munn V. Illinois (1877).

14. Populism
The Populist party was formed in the 1890’s at the culmination of a period of agrarian
discontent in the United States. The party traced its roots to the farmers’ alliances,
loose confederations of organizations that had formed in the South and West
beginning in the late 1870’s and expanded rapidly after about 1885. The alliances
advocated tax reform, regulation of railroads, and free silver (the unlimited minting of
silver coins). In 1890, many candidates who supported alliance objectives were elected
in state and local contests. Encouraged by these results, alliance leaders formed a
national political party, officially the People’s party, but usually called the Populist
party.
At a convention in Omaha, NE, in 1892, the Populists nominated James B. Weaver of
Iowa as their presidential candidate. Hoping to unite Southern and Western farmers
with industrial workers of the Northeast, the party adopted a platform calling for
government ownership of the railroads and the telephone and telegraph systems; free
silver; a graduated income tax; a ‘subtreasury” plan to allow farmers to withhold crops
from the market when prices dipped; the direct election of U.S. senators; immigration
restriction; an 8 hour day for industrial workers; and other reforms. Many of these
reforms or ideas were socialist ideas that had come from Europe. In the election of
1892, Weaver received more than a million popular votes and 22 electoral votes, but the
Democratic candidate, Grover Cleveland, won the election.
Several Populist
candidates won election to Congress that year in 1894.

15. Progressivism:
Socialism Begins in America
The origins of progressivism were as complex and are difficult to describe as the
movement itself. In the vanguard were various agrarian crusaders, such as the
Grangers and the Populists and the Democrats under William Jennings Bryan,
with their demands for stringent railroad regulation and national control of banks
and the money supply. At the same time a new generation of economists,
sociologists, and political scientists was undermining the philosophical
foundations of the laissez-faire state with socialism and constructing a new
ideology to justify democratic collectivism; and a new school of social workers was
establishing settlement houses and going into slums to discover the extent of
human degradation. Allied with them was a growing body of ministers, priests,
and rabbis—proponents of what was called the Social Gospel—who struggled to
arouse the social concerns and consciences of their parishioners. This philosophy
led to collective salvation. Finally, journalists called “muckrakers” probed into all
the dark corners of American life and carried their message of reform, usually
through government intervention, by mass-circulation newspapers and
magazines.
Robert M. "Fightin' Bob" LaFollette (1855-1925)--Progressive Era political
leader who served as a United States Congressman from 1885 to 1891,
governor of WisconsinRoosevelt isto 1905, and United States Senator from
Theodore from 1900 "Dee-Lighted" to throw his hat
1905 to 1925.into the ringentirely enclosedindependent Progressive candidate
In 1924, An of the 1912 as an court in a
LaFollette ran presidential election
for President and polled nearly district invotes out of some 30 million cast.
tenement million Baltimore
Immigrant children6at Jane Addams' Hull House in
Chicago

16. Battle of the Little Big Horn
The Battle of the Little Big Horn (25 Jun
1876), also called “Custer’s Last Stand,” was the
last major Indian victory in the Indian Wars of
the American West. The Lakota, Sioux, and
Cheyenne peoples resisted incursions of whites
prospecting for gold on Indian land in the Black
Hills of Dakota beginning in 1874. In 1876, the
U.S. Army sent an expedition to subdue the Sioux
leaders, Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse. On 24
June,
COL
George
Armstrong
th Cavalry, located their
Custer, commanding the 7
camp on the Little Big Horn River in Montana.
Underestimating his opponents’ strength, he
attacked them with a small force of about 225
men the following day.
In the ensuing
battle, Custer and all of his men were killed.
Despite their victory, most of the Sioux had been
expelled from the Black Hill by the end of 1876.
The site of the battle is now a national
monument.
GEN GeorgeChief SittingCuster, the commander of the 7th
Armstrong Bull of the Lakota and
Cavalry at the Battle of the Little Big Horn
Sioux Nations

17. Wounded Knee Creek Massacre
Wounded Knee was the last Indian battle that ended the wild frontier. White
officials became alarmed at the religious fervor and in December 1890 banned the
Ghost Dance on Lakota reservations. When the rites continued, officials called in
troops to Pine Ridge and Rosebud reservations in South Dakota. The military, led
by veteran General Nelson Miles, geared itself for another campaign.
The presence of the troops exacerbated the situation. Short Bull and Kicking Bear
led their followers to the northwest corner of the Pine Ridge reservation, to a
sheltered escarpment known as the Stronghold. The dancers sent word to Sitting
Bull of the Hunkpapas to join them. Before he could set out from the Standing
Rock reservation in North Dakota, however, he was arrested by Indian police. A
scuffle ensued in which Sitting Bull and seven of his warriors were slain. Six of the
policemen were killed.
General Miles had also ordered the arrest of Big Foot, who had been known to live
along the Cheyenne River in South Dakota. But, Big Foot and his followers had
already departed south to Pine Ridge, asked there by Red Cloud and other
supporters of the whites, in an effort to bring tranquility. Miles sent out the
infamous Seventh Cavalry led by Major Whitside to locate the renegades. They
scoured the Badlands and finally

18. Wounded Knee Creek Massacre (cont’d)
found the Miniconjou dancers on Porcupine Creek, 30 miles east of Pine Ridge.
The Indians offered no resistance. Big Foot, ill with pneumonia, rode in a wagon.
The soldiers ordered the Indians to set up camp five miles westward, at Wounded
Knee Creek. Colonel James Forsyth arrived to take command and ordered his
guards to place four Hotchkiss cannons in position around the camp. The soldiers
now numbered around 500; the Indians 350, all but 120 of these women and
children.
The following morning, December 29, 1890, the soldiers entered the camp
demanding the all Indian firearms be relinquished. A medicine man named
Yellow Bird advocated resistance, claiming the Ghost Shirts would protect them.
One of the soldiers tried to disarm a deaf Indian named Black Coyote. A scuffle
ensued and the firearm discharged. The silence of the morning was broken and
soon other guns echoed in the river bed. At first, the struggle was fought at close
quarters, but when the Indians ran to take cover, the Hotchkiss artillery opened
up on them, cutting down men, women, children alike, the sick Big Foot among
them. By the end of this brutal, unnecessary violence, which lasted less than an
hour, at least 150 Indians had been killed and 50 wounded. In comparison, army
Ghost Foot lies Forsyth snow. He
Miniconjou Chief BigDance Shirt
casualties were 25 killed and 39 wounded.dead in thewas later charged with killing
was among the first
the innocents, but exonerated. to die on December 29, 1890
View of canyon at Wounded Knee, dead horses and Lakota bodies are visible.

19. Vocabulary Development
Definition
Leaders
Word
Examples
Non-examples

20. Seeking and Losing Freedom Quiz
1.
What imposed the right of the United States to intercede
2.
Where did the Union Pacific and Central Pacific railroads
meet on the transcontinental railroad?
3.
Name one of the suffragettes that led the movement for
women’s right to vote?
4.
Name one of the Progressive effort of the later 19th century.
5.
Name the general that lost the Battle of the Little Big Horn.
in Latin American affairs?

22. The Geographical Position of Utah

23. Brigham Young
 Prior Planning
 Mormons had faith in their
leader
 Organisational Skills
 Setting up supply depots and
workshops
 No land ownership
 Persuaded the U.S.
Government to elect him
Governor of Utah territory

24. Polygamy
 Brigham Young had 27
wives
 Set Mormons apart as
immoral outcasts
 Enabled every woman
to be taken care of
 Larger population
Having more than
one wife.

25. Self Sufficiency and the Railway
 Mormons were farmers
 Railway ran through
 Irrigation system
Utah
 Made travelling easier
 Made trade a possibility
– especially as a way of
increasing income
 Wheat production
triplede between 18501860
 Everyone contributed

26. Perpetual Emigrating Fund
 Set up by Brigham
Young
 Helped Mormons
travel from anywhere
to Utah
 Money to be paid back
once settled
 4225 Mormons had
reached Utah using
this fund

28. 1880’s Census/Livestock Quiz
1.
What section of the country has the largest population?
Northeast
B. Midwest
C. Southeast
D. West
A.
2.
What section of the country produced the largest amount
of hogs?
A. Northeast
Midwest
C. Southeast
D. West
B.

29. We’re Spreading Out
Despite widespread public recognition of worsening urban housing problems and
frequent calls for reform, only after the War between the States were government
efforts undertaken to improve housing conditions. In 1867, the New York state
legislature enacted the first tenement-housing legislation, which regulated the
construction of railroad flats by establishing minimum construction standards. The
continued influx of immigrants, however, resulted in the proliferation of overcrowded
tenements and deplorable health conditions. Attempts to improve housing were
spurred by the writings of such reformers as Jacob Riis and Lawrence Veiller in the
1890’s, as well as by the first federal report on housing conditions, issued in 1894.
Nevertheless, it was not until 1901 that a law permitting enforcement of housing
standards was enacted. The landmark New York City “New Law” required building
permits and inspections, prescribed penalties for noncompliance, and created a
permanent city housing department. Subsequently, the New Law was copied in other
U.S. cities and provided an impetus for housing legislation at the state level in the
early 1900’s. By 1930, many state and local governments also had adopted city
planning, zoning, and subdivision regulations to guide the development and location
Scene on the CigarmakerstheWork Only ofpark
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Pictures by Jacob Riis