The document provides details about the Crusades between 1000-1500 CE. It explains that the Crusades were holy missions launched by the Pope to retake the Holy Land from the Turks and liberate Christian sites. Thousands of knights and soldiers from Europe united under Christianity and attacked Muslim and Jewish populations in Turkey and Jerusalem in order to gain land for Christians. The Crusades had major impacts such as the persecution of Jews and Muslims, increased European economic development through trade, and gains in power for kings and popes.

1. The High
Middle Ages
Chapter 14
1000-1500

2. THE CRUSADES
 THE CRUSADES WERE HOLY MISSIONS TO SAVE THE
HOLY LAND FROM THE TURKS
 THE TURKISH MUSLIMS WERE CALLED INFIDELS

3. The Crusades
 During the Middle Ages,
many Christians went as
pilgrims to Jerusalem and
other Bible lands.
 By November 1095 Pope
Urban II preached a
sermon calling on faithful
Christians to journey to the
Holy Land on a crusade
against the Turks.
 The Turks were driven
from much of the Holy
Land and a new kingdom
of Jerusalem was set up.

4. Crusades
 The Crusades were
a series of battles
between Christians
and Muslims in the
Middle East.
 Christian knights
wanted to take the
Holy Land and give
it back to Christians

5. Crusades
 Thousands of
knights and
“barbarian” soldiers
united under
Christianity
attacked Muslims
and Jews in Turkey
and Jerusalem to
gain the land for
Christians.

6. Reasons for the
CrusadesTo the Christians of Europe, Jerusalem in the Holy Land was a sacred city. The tomb
of Christ, the Mount of Olives, Golgotha, and all places associated with the life and
death of Christ were believed to have divine powers of healing and of absolving
penitents of sin. People from all parts of Europe made pilgrimages to Jerusalem and
other holy places.
As long as the Saracens held Jerusalem, there was very little trouble. The Saracens
permitted the pilgrims to come and go. In 1071, however, the Fierce Seljuk Turks
captured Jerusalem from the Saracens. The Turks at once began to persecute the
Christians. Pilgrims on their way to the Holy City were robbed and beaten. The
sacred places of the Roman Catholic church were profaned or destroyed.
When European Christians heard of the persecution, they were outraged. Alexius
Commenus, emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire, feared that the Turks might seize
Constantinople his capital. They had already defeated and slain his predecessor. As
the terror of the Turks spread, Alexius Commenus sent a plea for aid to Pope Urban II
at Rome.
The Pope called a council at Clermont, France in 1095. Speaking with ringing
eloquence, he urged his audience to undertake a crusade to rescue the Holy Land.
No speech in history has ever had greater results. Fired with religious zeal, clergy,
knights, and common people shouted, “God wills it!”

7. Pope Urban II at the Council of Clermont, given a late Gothic
setting in this illumination from the Livre des Passages
d'Outremer, of c 1490
Crusader battle art

10. Feudal Warfare!!!!

11. Trebuchets were used to hurl all
sorts of objects at the enemy.

12. Why was Constantinople so
important geographically?

13. The Arab world was relatively peaceful and civilized at the time.
An Arab gentleman was expected to be a poet and philosopher
as well as a warrior. They had correctly calculated the distance
from earth to the moon. And one Arab had even suggested that
if he could split the atom, it would release enough power to
destroy a city the size of Baghdad. Furthermore, Jerusalem
itself was a multicultural city. Jews, Moslems and Christians all
lived together, but Jews and Christians had to pay an extra tax
if they wanted to retain their religion. Christians on pilgrimages
to Jerusalem were freely allowed across to the Holy Places.

14. When the Crusades arrived in Northern Turkey, the carnage
began. The town of Lycea was captured and looted. Reports
told of babies cut to pieces. Old people were subjected to
every kind of torture. Unfortunately, most of the inhabitants of
Lycea were actually Christians…

15. Impact of the Crusades
 Persecution of Jews
and Muslims
 Economic
development via trade
 Kings and popes,
gained power as a
result.

16. Crusades
Concept Map
What is it?
Impact
Definition
Crusades

17. Crusades Quiz
1. What did the Crusades have as their objective?
2. What pope preached the first major crusade?
3. What were the Crusades?
4. What did the Jews and Christians have to do in
order to retain their religion in Jerusalem and
Muslim-held land?
5. Give one of the impacts of the Crusades.

18. Reign End Ruler
ANJOU / PLANTAGENET
1154 Oct 25 -1189 hemorrhage Henry II "Curtmantle"
1189 Jul 6 -1199 gangrene, wounded at siege of Châlus in the Limousin
Richard I "Lionheart"
1199 Apr 6 -1216 Oct 18 dysentery John "Lackland"
1216 Oct 19 -1272 Henry III
1272 Nov 16 -1307 Jul 7 dysentery Edward I "Longshanks"
1307 Jul 8 - 1327 Jan 20 deposed; murdered Edward II
1327 Jan 25 -1377 Jun stroke Edward III
1377 Jun 21 - 1399 Sep 29 deposed; starved himself imprisoned in Pontefract castle
Richard II
PLANTAGENET - LANCASTER
1399 Sep 29 -1413 Mar seizure Henry IV
1413 Mar 20 -1422 Aug 31 dysentery Henry V
1422 Aug 31 – 1461; 4 Mar 1470 - 11 Apr 1471
deposed; stabbed in the Tower Henry VI
PLANTAGENET - YORK
1461 Mar 4 -14701471-1483 pneumonia? Edward IV
1483 Apr 9 - Jun 25 imprisoned & deposed Edward V
1483 Jun 26 -1485 22 Aug slain at Bosworth Richard III
English
Monarchs

19. Growth of TownsIt was no coincidence that the 12th and 13th centuries, which saw the founding of more
new towns than any time between the fall of Rome and the Industrial Revolution, also
witnessed a singular upsurge toward civic autonomy. Throughout western Europe, towns
acquired various kinds of municipal institutions loosely grouped under the designation
commune. Broadly speaking, the history of the medieval towns is that of the rising
merchant classes seeking to free their communities from lordly jurisdiction and to secure
their government to themselves. Wherever monarchical power was strong, the merchants
had to be content with a municipal status, but elsewhere they created city-states. Taking
advantage of renewed conflict between popes and emperors, they allied with local nobility
to establish communal self-government in the largest cities of Lombardy, Tuscany, and
Liguria. In Germany the city councils sometimes usurped the rights of higher clergy and
nobility; Freiburg im Breisgau obtained its exemplary charter of liberties in 1120. The
movement spread to Lübeck and later to associated Hanse towns on the Baltic and North
seas, touching even the Christian “colonial” towns east of the Elbe and Saale rivers to form
the Hanseatic League. In the 13th century the great towns of Bruges, Ghent, and Ypres,
creditors of the counts of Flanders, virtually governed the entire province. In France,
revolutionary uprisings, directed against nobility and clergy, sometimes established free
communes, but most communities were content with a franchise from their sovereign—
despite their limitations compared with the relative liberty of English boroughs after the
Norman Conquest. Finally the corporate freedom of the towns brought emancipation to
individuals. When bishops in the older German cities treated newcomers as serfs, the
emperor Henry V affirmed the principle Stadtluft macht frei (German: “City air brings
freedom”) in charters for Speyer and Worms; such new towns, founded on the lands of lay
and clerical lords, offered freedom and land to settlers who took up residence for more
than “a year and a day.” In France the villes neuves (“new towns”) and bastides (medieval

21. Guilds
The medieval guilds were generally one of two types: merchant guilds or craft
guilds. Merchant guilds were associations of all or most of the merchants in a
particular town or city; these men might be local or long-distance traders,
wholesale or retail sellers, and might deal in various categories of goods. Craft
guilds, on the other hand, were occupational associations that usually comprised
all the artisans and craftsmen in a particular branch of industry or commerce.
There were, for instance, guilds of weavers, dyers, and fullers in the wool trade
and of masons and architects in the building trade; and there were guilds of
painters, metalsmiths, blacksmiths, bakers, butchers, leatherworkers,
soapmakers, and so on.
Guilds performed a variety of important functions in the local economy. They
established a monopoly of trade in their locality or within a particular branch of
industry or commerce; they set and maintained standards for the quality of goods
and the integrity of trading practices in that industry; they worked to maintain
stable prices for their goods and commodities; and they sought to control town or
city governments in order to further the interests of the guild members and
achieve their economic objectives. Medieval guilds gave rise to the European
universities.

22. Clothing of the Middle
Ages
 Most women and men
wore tunics.
 Children only wore rags
mostly from the adults
old clothes and never
had shoes to wear.
 Monks and old men wore
tunics to the ground.

23. Education in the Middle
Ages
The invading Germanic tribes that moved into the civilized world of the West all
but destroyed ancient culture and provided virtually no formal education for their
young. In the early Middle Ages, the elaborate Roman school system had
disappeared. Mankind in 5th century Europe might well have reverted almost to
the level of primitive education had it not been for the medieval Catholic church,
which preserved what little Western learning had survived the collapse of the
Roman Empire. In the drafty, inhospitable corridors of church schools, the lamp
of learning continued to burn low, though it flickered badly.
Schools were ungraded—a 6 year old and a 16 year old (or an adult for that
matter) sometimes sharing the same bench. Medieval education can be
understood better if one realizes that for thousands of years childhood as it is
known today literally did not exist. No psychological distinction was made
between child and adult. The medieval school was not really intended for
children. Rather, it was a kind of vocational school for clerks and clergymen. A 7
year old in the Middle Ages became an integral part of the adult world, absorbing
adult knowledge, and doing a man’s work as best he could during what today
would be the middle years of elementary education. It was not until the 18th
century that childhood was recognized; not until the 20th that it began to be
understood.

24. A
University
Classroom
in the
Middle
Ages

25. Technology of the Middle
AgesThe time between the fall of the Roman Empire and the 5th century and the beginning of
the 16th century is often considered to be an isolated or backward period technologically.
Yet nothing was further from the truth. The invention of the horse collar, followed by the
moldboard turning plow in the 11th century, vastly improved agricultural output. The use
of watermills to mill grain aided food production. Windmills became a major energy
source. Clocks, and later watches, made timekeeping possible both day and night.
Lumber mills flourished and then the construction of ships. The discovery of the
magnetic compass, the development of the deep ship’s keel, and improved sail design
opened the world to navigation. Arabic numerals replaced Roman numerals, simplifying
the keeping of records. The spinning wheel, brought to Europe, probably from India in
the 13th century, made homespun clothing available to all. The spread of Islam through
much of Europe transmitted many ideas from Asia, including the production and working
of silk, the use of gunpowder, and the making of paper and porcelain.
These advances led to reduced dependence on agricultural and production labor, thus
freeing people for other things such as the building of the great Gothic cathedrals. If any
single technological event marks the end of the Middle Ages, it was the invention of the
movable-type printing press by Johannes Gutenberg in the mid-15th century. This
eventually spread the written word beyond scholars and opened education to the

26. Important Middle Ages
Technologies
 Water Wheel
 Eyeglasses
 Mechanical Clock
 Printing
 Gunpowder

27. Eyeglasses
 Invented in Pisa 13th century
 By 15th century Italy making thousands spectacles
 Eyeglasses encouraged invention of fine instruments
 Gauges
 Micrometers
 Fine wheel cutters
 Precision tools

28. Mechanical Clock
 Undermined Church authority
 equal hours for day and night a new
concept
 Resisted by the church for a century
 Every town wanted one
 Public clocks installed in towers
 Conquerors seized as spoils of war
 Allowed individual autonomy
 Work now measured by time
 increased productivity
Bern, Switzerland

29. Gunpowder
 Europeans improved
gunpowder to siege
castles
 Europeans focused on
range and weight of
projectiles: siege
warfare
 With improved metal
casting, made world’s
best cannon

30. St. Gregory with the Scribes
Late 9th century
Ivory
H 20.5 cm, W 12.5 cm
THE ART
OF
ILLUMINATED MANUSCRIPTS

31. I. In the Beginning:
The LindisfarneGospels, 698
Illuminated Carpet Page serving as a division
page between Gospels. Named for its Oriental
carpet-like appearance it was made with a
compass and ruler.

32. Title Page from St. John’s
Gospel. The work is based
on the Vulgate Bible with an
Anglo-Saxon translation of
the Latin text written
between each of the lines.
The art work is based on
inwoven lines to erase all
blank space while also
creating beasts common
during the time period.

33. Book of Kells,800
Chi Rho Page The Four Evangelists
Trinity College, Dublin Trinity College, Dublin
"The Work Not of Men but of Angels…" (Giraldus Cambrensis, c.1150 AD)

34. Elementsof an IlluminatedManuscript
Book of Hours for Roman Use (Collins Hours), Nativity, 1430-40, Philadelphia Museum of Art

35. II. Preparing the Tools and Canvas
A. The Parchmenter
A parchmenter turns
animal skins into leaves
or pages made of vellum
or parchment.

36. The stationer was the man
or woman who owned the
shop where an illuminated
manuscript or book was
ordered.
B. The Stationer orBookseller--Part 1

37. CreatingtheCodex
The first step was to determine the overall size of the book
and then to fold and cut the vellum to form the leaves of the
codex.
The cut sheets were usually arranged in groups of four or
five and folded once to compose a quire or gathering.
A single sheet of paper or vellum folded once forms a folio
volume; folded twice the sheet yields a quarto, and three
times an octavo volume.
As a result each quire might have either eight or ten leaves,
forming sixteen or twenty pages.
A series of gatherings sewn together through the folds in the
sheets made up the codex.

38. The apothecary was the
person who prepared the
raw materials and other
ingredients used to make
pigments or paint from
plants, stones and
insects. See “Materials of
Medieval Illumination”
C. The Apothecary

39. The job of a scribe was to
copy exactly the text of an
existing manuscript or an
exemplar.
D. The Scribe
Before copying the text
the scribe used an awl
and a stylus to prick tiny
holes through a stack of
vellum that served as
guides for ruling.

40. Nun's Prayer Book: Historiated Initial D with the Ecstasy of
Mary Magdalen, c. 1450. University of Pennsylvania,
Philadelphia.
Today, prickings are not always
visible in a manuscript, for they
were normally located along the
outer edges of the pages and
were trimmed off in binding.
(Manuscript on the right shows
prickings)
Blank sections were also left for
paintings, margins and capital
letters. Red ink was also used
to copy text and red letters
called rubrics used for titles,
initial letters, chapter headings,
comments, interpretations, and
quotations in the body of the
text and in the margins.

41. Medieval Scripts
The term "script" is used to
refer to the handwriting in
medieval manuscripts.
There are three major types
of scripts with variations
caused by the script's ductus
or the speed and care with
which the letters were
formed. The types of scripts
are set script, cursive script
and current script.

42. Bâtarde
A fragment from a Missal, Italian, 11th or 12th century. Library of
Philadelphia.
Book of Hours for Rome Use (Collins Hours). Belgium, c.
1445-1450. Philadelphia Museum of Art.
Book of the Castle of Work, France, c. 1430-1440. Library of Philadelphia.
There are also three major fonts used during the Medieval Period:
Carolingian Minuscule
Gothic

43. A true "illuminated" manuscript
is one with pages "lighted" with
gold.
The artist then painted small
pictures, marginalia and capital
letters that announced the
beginning of a new section or
paragraph while illustrating the text.
E. The Artist/Illuminator
Historiated initial S with the Holy Spirit, from a missal made for Cardinal Giulio de' Medici. Library of
Philadelphia.
Leaf from a Book of Hours,
Library of Philadelphia.

44. Illustrations from Abigail B. Quandt and William
G. Noel, "From Calf to Codex," in Leaves of
Gold: Manuscript Illumination from the
Philadelphia Collections.
The stationer bound the book. He cleaned up the leaves,
assembled them in order, and then gathered the pages into a
codex or folded book. The gatherings were sewn together and
attached to a spine and attached to wood boards covered with
leather and often fitted with clasps or ties.
F. The Stationeror Bookseller--Part 2
Sewing the quires on a
frame.
Sewn text block with sewing
and endband cords extending
on either side.
Trimming the ends of the
cords and pegs on the
outside of the boards.

45. A rare survival of a fifteenth-century binding. The brown
calfskin is stamped with panels of grapevines and animals.
The actual paintings in the clasps are about the size of a
U.S. nickel. The painting in the top clasp shows the Virgin
being entertained by an angel; the bottom shows Veronica
and her miraculous veil.
Library of Philadelphia, MS
Widener 3

46. III. Types of IlluminatedManuscripts
Religious texts, particularly Bibles, account for a large
proportion of manuscript books.
Many of the famous early manuscripts were Gospel books, the
Gospel accounts of the life of Christ along with canon tables
listing the passages that were the same in each Gospel.
Complete Bibles often occupied several volumes.
Bibles intended for public use were often quite large to
impress the members of the congregation; smaller volumes
were made for personal use, or sometimes for traveling clergy.
Smaller Bibles were also being produced for student use.
Initially Bibles were written in Latin, but Bibles written in the
vernacular gradually came into use.
A. Bibles

47. The WidenerThirteenthCentury Bible
KingDavidand a Fool
By the workshop of the Master of the Echevinage de Rouen, France, c. 1465-75, Library of Philadelphia
The miniature shows a
fool before King David,
who is enthroned and
surrounded by courtiers.
This is the standard
illustration for Psalm 52,
which begins" "The fool
said in his heart: there is
no God."
David (died 962 BCE) is
said to be an ancestor
of Jesus. This page is
from a section of the
Bible dedicated to the
lineage of Jesus.

48. This inhabited initial was
elaborately decorated
because it opened the Book
of Exodus in what was once
a large, splendid monastic
Bible made around 1150.
When an entire page with all
its miniatures, marginalia,
capitals and calligraphy was
removed it is referred to as a
leaf. A cutting is usually a
miniature painting with no
calligraphy. In the case of this
cutting, the miniature painting
is the inhabited initial h.
France, Champagne or Burgundy, c. 1150
Glencairn Museum, Pennsylvania. Cutting: 6-
1/8 x 6-1/4 inches
InhabitedinitialH to Exodus
Cuttingfrom a Bible,1150

49. This page from the
Moutier-Grandval Bible
c.840 depicts the story of
Adam and Eve in a
series of panels. To
produce a codex this
large would require the
skins of between 200 and
300 sheep. A sheep skin
retails for approximately
$165, meaning that at
today's prices the vellum
for a manuscript this size
would cost between
$32,000 and $50,000.
The Story of Adam and Eve
C. 840
The British Library

50. Extending the entire length
of the page, this initial I that
begins the Book of Genesis
has seven compartments
showing the days of
Creation.
Historiated InitialIwiththe
Seven Days of Creation
and the Crucifixion,
c. 1250–60
Northern France, Swarthmore College Libraries, Swarthmore,
Pennsylvania

51. English Apocalypse, c 1260
The Apocalypse or Book of
Revelations recounts St.
John's visions, including
those that tell of the end of
the world.
B. The Apocalypse
St. John on Patmos with
demon stealing his writing
instruments, 1450
Demons often show up with
malicious grins and engage
in devious activities.
The British Library
Washington University Libraries

52. C. Service Books
A range of books made for use during communal church
services, containing the various prayers, readings, chants and
instructions for the conduct of the Mass.
1. Missals
A missal is a book that
contains the texts and
music to be used in
the Catholic Mass
throughout the year.
British Library

53. The Burnet Psalter
Prayer, Domine
deus omnipotens
pater
The Trinity: Father, tiara
on head supporting the
crucified Son before Him
over whose head is a
minute dove.Aberdeen University Library
2. Psalters
The psalter was another form of religious text, containing the
text of the 150 Psalms, a cycle of calendar pages, used for
calculating feast days and commemorating the lives of the
saints, and a collection of canticles and creeds. If created for
private use they also contained other texts/prayers chosen by
person commissioning the volume.

54. Scenes from the Life of King David
Gallican Psalter with Canticles, by Nikolaus Bertschi
Germany, Augsburg, c. 1520
This is an opening page from a
Psalter containing events from
the life of David, author of most of
the 150 psalms. This page
begins with Psalm 1 and is
illustrated with images and rubrics
in the margin. Rubrics are used
as titles, chapter headings, or
instructions.
King David playing a musical instrument
inside the historiated initial B.
The Library Company of Philadelphia

55. 3. Breviary
The Breviary was a prayer book used by the clergy as the
principal service book for the Divine Office, a series of eight
services that took place at fixed intervals during the day.
Bethune Breviary-Missal
Northeastern France, c 1290-1310
The Bethune Breviary-Missal
contains services for the first half
of the ecclesiastical year (winter-
spring). The Missal includes two
gold bordered illuminations:
•Crucifixion scene with Mary and
John
•Annunciation scene with standing
figures shown here.

56. Breviarum Romanum, Venice, 1478 by printer Nicolaus Jenson.
Printed on vellum, painted by ‘Petrus V’.
King David Praying in the Waters
King David Enthroned in a LandscapeResurrection SceneCalendar with pen and ink drawings.

57. 4. Book of Hours
The Book of Hours—the main prayer book used in medieval
Europe—was divided into eight sections (or "hours") that were
meant to be read at specific times of day to help the reader
secure salvation for himself and his departed loved ones.
Philadelphia Museum of Art
The Collins
Hours,
1430-1440

58. Book of Hours for Rome Use, France,
c. 1475-80
Book of Hours for Bourges Use,
France, c. 1500
Philadelphia Museum of Art
The Free Library of Philadelphia

59. Calendar Leaves from the
Hours of Henry VII, c. 1480
Philadelphia Museum of Art

60. Antiphoner for Clement VII -
Chant & Papal Crown, 1530
19.25" x 25.75"
The Vatican Library Collection
With the introduction
of musical notation,
musical manuscripts
began to be produced.
Unbound ancient
manuscripts or choir
books which preserve
music for those of the
highest stature are
called antiphoners.
Those that preserve
music for the masses
are called graduals.
Musical manuscripts
were generally large
so a number of people
could follow from one
book.
D. Musical Manuscripts

61. Diurnal Antiphonary
Italy, Milan, early 1500s
Library of Philadelphia
Historiated Initial M with
Christ and the Apostles
Biblia Pauperum, Germany
c. 1435
Library of Philadelphia

62. A bestiary is a collection of short descriptions,
often written in the vernacular about all sorts of
animals, real and imaginary, birds and even
rocks, accompanied by a moralizing explanation.
Although it deals with the natural world it was
never meant to be a scientific text and should
not be read as such. Some observations may be
quite accurate but they are given the same
weight as totally fabulous accounts. The Bestiary
appeared in its present form in England in the
twelfth century, as a compilation of many earlier
sources, principally the Physiologus.
E. Bestiary

63. Adam Names the Animals
The Aberdeen Bestiary, 1542
The Creation of the Animals
The Aberdeen Bestiary, 1542
University Library, University of Aberdeen University Library, University of Aberdeen

64. The Hyena
The Aberdeen Bestiary, 1542
The Beaver. The Ibis
The Aberdeen Bestiary, 1542
University Library, University of Aberdeen University Library, University of Aberdeen

65. Translations of a variety of ancient texts, such as those by
Aristotle, Plutarch and Virgil were produced in manuscript form as
were a variety of different histories and chronicles which
described recent as well as past events.
From the twelfth century, textbooks on the topics of theology, law,
medicine, arithmetic, astronomy, logic and grammar were more
widely available. These were produced in all sizes and to suit a
range of budgets.
In the later medieval period increased levels of literacy meant that
there was a demand for contemporary literature, often written in
the vernacular. The writings of Dante, Petrarch, Boccaccio and
Chaucer were produced in manuscript form, often with
accompanying illuminations.
Herbals were books that dealt with culinary and medicinal
properties of plants.
F. Histories,Chronicles, Ancient Texts, Romances,
Literature andHerbals

66. The Death of King
Harold, c. 1280-1300
An Opening from an English
Manuscript on Medical and
Herbal Lore, late 12th
Century.
The British Library The British Library

67. Fall of Princes by John Lydgate
England, c. 1465–75
Les regnars traversant les
perilleuses voyes des folles
fiances du monde by Jean
Bouchet, Ghent, c. 1505–10
Rosenbach Museum & Library, Philadelphia Rosenbach Museum & Library, Philadelphia

68. St. Augustine's The City of God:
The Building and Destruction of Troy,
13th Century
The Author Joins Other Laborers in the
Castle of Work, La Voie de Povreté ou de
Richesse (Le Livre du Chastel de Labour)
by Jacques Bruyant, France, c. 1430-40
Museum of Philadelphia Free Library of Philadelphia

69. Les Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry
Anatomical Man

70. An Indulgence
Beinecke Library, Yale University

71. Now it is your turn to create
your own illuminated
manuscript. You have seen
many examples and we can
review them as needed.
You will need:
-A sheet of paper
-Colored pencils or crayons

73. Europe in Late Medieval Times
1309 Babylonian Captivity- all popes are French and rule from Avignon, rather
than Rome. Papacy returns to Rome in 1377.
1337 Hundred Years’ War breaks out when Edward III of England claims French
throne. England and France fight for more than a century.
1348 Black Death strikes Europe, killing about 20 million people.
1378 Great Schism– Romans insist on election of Italian Pope. Cardinals, most of
them French, leave Rome and elect second Pope at Avignon. In 1417, both
sides agree on new Pope who would rule from Rome.
1381 English peasants revolt against new taxes. Similar uprisings take place
among urban poor in France and Flanders.
1429 Joan d’Arc leads French army to victory against the English at Orléans. The
next year she is condemned by the Catholic church and burned at the stake.
1453 Hundred Years’ War ends. English lose all their lands in France, except port
city of Calais.
1455 Wars of the Roses– two rival branches of English royal family battle for the
English throne.
1485 Henry VII becomes king, establishing Tudor dynasty and ending wars of the
Roses.

74. Wars of the
Roses
A quarrel between the families of York and Lancaster over the right to occupy
the English throne brought on a series of cruel civil wars in England in the
years 1455 to 1485. The emblem of the Yorkists was a white rose and that of
the Lancastrians a red rose. Because of this the wars were called the Wars of
the Roses.
The Wars of the Roses broke the feudal power of the nobles and effectively
marked the end of the Middles Ages in England. Many of the ruling nobles
had been slain during the wars, and their estates were confiscated by the
Crown.
Lawlessness had torn England since the beginning of the Hundred Years’
War. It grew worse during the Wars of the Roses. Not enough able leaders
remained to maintain law and order. It was said that “few would venture alone
in the country by day and fewer still in to the towns by night.” The people
longed for a strong government that would bring peace and prosperity. Henry
VII seized the opportunity to reestablish the royal power and launch policies
that marked the beginning of modern England.

76.  MEDIEVAL TOWNS WERE SMALL, QUAINT, & SMELLED BADLY.
 THEY WERE CROWDED, LOTS OF GARBAGE, AND RATS
CARRYING FLEAS WITH BUBONIC PLAGUE.
 STREETS WERE NARROW, DARK, AND SCARY!!! THE
BELLRINGER WOULD CRY OUT, “BRING OUT THE DEAD!”
Rothenberg, BRD

78. Coffins were rare, most were buried in mass graves!
Health and hygiene was a great improvement due to
the Purity Laws enacted, especially by Germany.

79. Summary
The Crusades influenced Europe in
many ways- technology, architecture,
warfare, and sciences.
Towns became the focal point for life,
culture, and trade.
Despite the notion that the Middle Ages
were a dark period, lots of technology
was invented during this time.

80. Summary
Illuminated manuscripts were one of the
methods of art and communication.
Architecture shifted from Romanesque
to Gothic .
The Wars of the Roses effectually
ended the Middle Ages in England.
Sanitation was a large problem in the
growing cities.

81. City life and
Growth of
towns Guilds
What type of
economy? How do
people make a
living?
Technology
Examples
and what did
it affect?
Education
Level, grades,
development.

82. City Life and Establishments, Guilds,
Education, and Technology Quiz
1. What were the merchants seeking to do with the cities during
their growth?
2. What were the two types of guilds?
3. What did guilds give rise to?
4. Who were medieval schools geared for?
5. What invention marked the end of the Middle Ages?
6. Name one type of illuminated manuscripts?
7. What was the importance of the Wars of the Roses?
8. What was the impact of the Black Death?