Presentation6

Urban America
Chapter 6
1865-1896

Immigrants in
America
Millions of immigrants moved to the
United States in the late 1800’s & early
1900’s.

Give Me Your Poor
Huddled Masses
The plaque on the
Statue of Liberty
contains the poem by
Emma Lazarus—The
New Colossus, 1883
Employers in the West and Southwest had never found it necessary or
desirable to recruit laborers as immigrants. Instead, they relied upon alien
workers from Asian countries, who were made ineligible for citizenship under
U.S. naturalization laws, and, increasingly, upon sojourner migrants from
Mexico, whose muscle was wanted but who were not welcome as members of
American society. Prejudice against Asians was so strong that in 1882
Congress passed the first of Chinese Exclusion Acts preventing the importation
of Chinese laborers. However, the system of sojourner Mexican workers, some
of whom came lawfully and others illegally, was permitted to continue. During
World War I, this was formalized in the first of a series of temporary-worker
programs through which workers were imported to do hard agricultural labor
with the understanding that they would be sent back to Mexico when the work
was finished.
Immigrants, on the other hand, were encouraged to participate in American
institutions. By 1917 (when a literacy test for immigrants was enacted), though,
most Americans were convinced that there were too many immigrants.

Population of Selected Cities in
Great Britain

Immigration Stations
 Once immigrants arrived in the U.S., they went
through immigration stations, such as Ellis Island
in New York Harbor and Angel Island in San
Francisco, California. Government workers
questioned them about where they planned to
work & live. Doctors also examined them to
make sure they didn’t have any diseases. Almost
all European immigrants were allowed to enter
the U.S.

New immigrants arriving at Ellis Island. At Ellis they will
be "processed" before they are allowed to continue their
journey to find a new home.

Laws Against Immigration
 1882 Congress passed Chinese Exclusion Act
 Almost all Chinese immigrants were kept out of
America
 1921 & 1924 Congress passed laws that lowered
the number of Europeans & Asians
 All immigrants faced prejudice upon arrival

Immigrants helped the U.S. become one of
the richest and fastest-growing countries in
the world. They built railroads, dug mines,
and worked in factories.

We’re Spreading Out
Despite widespread public recognition of worsening urban housing problems and
frequent calls for reform, only after the War between the States were government
efforts undertaken to improve housing conditions. In 1867, the New York state
legislature enacted the first tenement-housing legislation, which regulated the
construction of railroad flats by establishing minimum construction standards. The
continued influx of immigrants, however, resulted in the proliferation of
overcrowded tenements and deplorable health conditions. Attempts to improve
housing were spurred by the writings of such reformers as Jacob Riis and
Lawrence Veiller in the 1890’s, as well as by the first federal report on housing
conditions, issued in 1894. Nevertheless, it was not until 1901 that a law permitting
enforcement of housing standards was enacted. The landmark New York City
“New Law” required building permits and inspections, prescribed penalties for
noncompliance, and created a permanent city housing department. Subsequently,
the New Law was copied in other U.S. cities and provided an impetus for housing
legislation at the state level in the early 1900’s. By 1930, many state and local
governments also had adopted Night School Mulberry in city the Bend, Seventh planning, New Avenue York
zoning, Lodging House
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Immigration and Urban Graphic
Organizer
Immigration
and Urban
Issues

Urban Immigration Quiz
1. Give an example of immigration legislation.
2. Name the two principle immigration stations on
the two coasts.
3. What jobs did immigrants do upon arrival?
4. Tenements became a large urban problem for
most East Coast large cities. What
photographer shed light upon this embarrassing
aspect of urban life?
5. What New York City law was enacted to
develop housing codes and copied in most
American cities by the 1930s?

Origins of Socialism
From Europe to America

Socialism- is an economic
system characterised by social
ownership and cooperative
management of the means of
production, and a political
philosophy advocating such a
system.
Socialist Aspects- Origins
I. Introduction
A. Ancient philosophies
B. Modern origins
1. French revolution- 1789
2. British Industrial Revolution
II. Early Figures in the Origins of Socialism
A. François Noel (“Gracchus”) Babeuf
1. Minor figure in the French Revolution
2. A precursor of modern communism
3. First advocate of the abolition of private property
B. Louis Auguste Blanqui
1. Advocate of workers revolution
2. Positions adopted by V.I. Lenin and Bolsheviks
C. Claude Henri de Rouvroy, comte de Saint-Simon
1. Postulated the theory of “Evolutionary Organicism”
2. Influenced August Comte, Karl Marx, Herbert Spencer, Thomas
Carlyle, and John Stuart Mill
Revolutionary

Socialist Aspects- Origins (cont’d)
D. François Marie Charles Fourier
1. French social theorist whose vision of the ideal society centered on the
phalanstery, a small cooperative agricultural community
2. Communities founded in Red Bank, N.J., and at Brook Farm in
Massachusetts (1841-46)
E. Etienne Cabet
1. French socialist who founded a utopian community in the United States
2. Influenced by the utopian ideas of Robert Owen
F. Robert Owen
1. Welsh industrialist and social reformer who had a strong influence on 19th
century utopian socialism
2. Believed that human character would be greatly improved in a cooperative
society rather than in the traditional family
3. Influential in the passage of the Factory Act of 1819
4. Became involved in trade unionism
Utopian

Socialism: The Crisis of 1848 and
Aftermath
Despite all the socialist enthusiasm in Europe during the 19th century, no nation adopted the
political/economic system. Socialist parties were in the minority but were regarded as a
serious threat by both government and capitalists. The year 1848 was a critical point in
socialist history. A series of revolts broke out against European monarchies, beginning in
Sicily and spreading to France, Germany, and the Austrian Empire. The revolts failed, and
all liberals and socialists were disillusioned by this failure. From 1848, socialism made no
great gains until the Russian Revolution.
Socialism itself persisted in a variety of national political parties. In the early years of the
20th century, socialism became a powerful parliamentary force throughout Europe, and it
was this force that would eventually undermine revolutionary socialism everywhere.
Governments—seeing the threat proposed by socialists, Communists, and anarchists—
began to adopt programs of social reform that would in time create welfare states
throughout Europe and in North America. In a few decades, this legislation would mount
an incalculable debt on these governments.
Socialism, however, did persist. After 1848, the year in which Karl Marx and Friedrich
Engels published their Communist Manifesto, the movement came to be dominated by
Marx. In 1864, the International Working Men’s Association was formed to unite socialist
groups in all countries and to create a feeling of solidarity among workers everywhere.

Socialism: The Crisis of 1848 and
Aftermath (cont’d)
Although Marx was not one of the organizers, he soon became the leader of the
association. This organization, usually remembered as the First International, dissolved in
1876 because of internal dissension. The Second International was founded in 1889. Its
purpose was to build a united class feeling among workers and to use this solidarity to
prevent war. If hostilities threatened, the workers might prevent the struggle by refusing
to serve as soldiers.

Today’s Little Red Hen
Once upon a time, there was a little red hen who scratched about the barnyard until she
uncovered some grains of wheat. She called her neighbors and said, “If we plant this
wheat, we shall have bread to eat. Who will help me plant it?”
“Not I,” said the cow.
“Not I,” said the duck.
“Not I,” said the pig.
“Not I,” said the goose.
“Then I will,” said the little red hen, and she did. The wheat grew tall and ripened into
golden grain. “Who will help me reap my wheat?” asked the little red hen.
“Not I,” said the duck.
“Out of my classification,” said the pig.
“I’d lose my seniority,” said the cow.
“I’d lose my unemployment compensation,” said the goose.
“Then I will,” said the little red hen, and she did.
At last, it came time to bake the bread. “Who will help me bake the bread?” asked the
little red hen.
“That would be overtime for me,” said the cow.
“I’d lose my welfare benefits, said the duck.
“I’m a dropout and never learned how,” said the pig.
“If I’m the only helper, then that’s discrimination,” said the goose.

Today’s Little Red Hen (cont’d)
“Then I will,” said the little red hen. She baked the five loaves and held them up for her
neighbors to see.
They all wanted some—in fact, demanded a fair share. But the little red hen said, “No, I
can eat the five loaves myself.”
“Excess profits!” yelled the cow.
“Capitalist leech!” cried the duck.
“I demand equal rights!” shouted the goose.
The pig just grunted. Then they hurriedly painted “UNFAIR” picket signs and marched
around, shouting obscenities.
The government agent came and said to the little red hen, “You must not be greedy.”
“But I earned the bread,” said the little red hen.
“Exactly,” said the agent, “that is the wonderful free enterprise system. Anyone in the
barnyard can earn as much as he wants. But, under government regulation, the
productive workers must divide their product and earnings with the lazy, idle ones.”
And they lived happily ever after. But the little red hen’s neighbors wondered why she
never baked bread again!

Communist Manifesto
In 1848, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, two young socialists, published the pamphlet
titled Manifesto of the Communist Party. They called it “communist,” rather than
“socialist,” to disassociate themselves from utopian socialists with whom they disagreed.
The Manifesto stated that the basis of Communism was historical materialism: the belief
that the course of history is determined primarily by the operation of economic forces. All
history, so Marx declared, could be explained in terms of class struggles between ruling
groups and the oppressed. This pattern, he believed, enabled him to predict the long-range
future. Capitalism (private enterprise) must, he said, inevitably give way to socialism.
This would come about through a struggle between the proletariat, the class of modern
wage earners, and the bourgeoisie, who owned the factories and machines.
The Manifesto defines Communism as the abolition of private property. It ends with a call
for the forcible overthrow of all existing social institutions. “Let the ruling classes tremble
at a Communist revolution. The proletarians have nothing to lose but their chains. They
have a world to win. Workingmen of all countries, unite!”
The first authentic Communist party was organized in 1864 as the International Working
Men’s Association (now more commonly called the First International). Violent
controversies among its different factions soon split industrialized nations, but World War I
destroyed it. Each Socialist party rejected socialist unity. The Third International was
founded by V.I. Lenin after the war.

The Economic Theory of Karl Marx
Karl Marx developed an economic theory based on his analysis of history. The following
outlines the stages of history envisioned by Marx.
1. History is shaped by economic forces—the way that goods are produced and distributed.
2. A class struggle exists between the “haves” and the “have nots.” In modern industrial
society, the bourgeoisie, or middle class capitalists, exploit the proletariat, or wage
earning laborers.
3. The class that holds economic power also controls the government for its own advantage.
4. The middle class begins to shrink, as shopkeepers and owners of small businesses are
ruined by competition with powerful capitalists. The working class grows larger until
society is composed of a few rich people and the proletarian masses.
5. Made desperate by their poverty, workers seize control of the government and the means
of production, destroying the capitalist system and the ruling class. Through violent
revolution, the workers create a “dictatorship of the proletariat.”
6. Under the new Communist system, property and the means of production are owned by
the people, and all goods and services are shared equally.
7. With the destruction of capitalism, the class struggle ends, a “classless society” emerges,
and the state withers away.

Communism: A Failed
Economy
Fidel Castro
The term communism is generally applied to the Marxist-Leninist political and
socioeconomic doctrines that guided the USSR until its disintegration in 1991 and that were
shared by governments and political parties in Eastern Europe, China, and elsewhere. The
term also denotes the centralized political system of China and of the former USSR and its
satellites in Eastern Europe. This system, associated with the collective ownership of the
means of production, central economic planning, and rule by a single political party, was
discredited almost everywhere outside China, North Korea, and Vietnam as a result of its
collapse in Europe and the USSR. What remains is its Marxist ideology, shorn of its
Leninist--and, in China, much of its Maoist trappings.
Communism is an outgrowth of 19th-century socialism. It became a distinct movement after
the Russian Revolutions of 1917, when a group of revolutionary socialists seized power and
adopted the name Communist party of the USSR. Mongolia became a Communist state in
1921. After World War II other Communist states were established in the Eastern European
countries of Poland, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria,
Yugoslavia, and Albania, and in the Asian countries of China and North Korea. Communist
regimes were subsequently established in Cuba, in the Southeast Asian countries of Vietnam,
Laos, and Cambodia, and in Afghanistan.

Communism: A Failed Economy
(cont’d)
For 15 or more years pro-Soviet revolutionary governments ruled South Yemen and
several African states, notably Angola, Mozambique, and Ethiopia. In the Western
Hemisphere the leftist Sandinista regime (1979-90) in Nicaragua was under substantial
Soviet and Cuban influence.

Totalitarianism: Totally
Wrong
Adolf Hitler
Totalitarianism is a form of government in which all societal resources are monopolized by
the state (socialism) in an effort to penetrate and control all aspects of public and private
life. This control is facilitated by propaganda and by advances in technology.
Both in theory and practice, totalitarianism is of relatively recent origin. First used to
describe the organizational principles of the National Socialist (Nazi) party in Germany, the
term gained currency in political analysis after World War II. Older concepts, such as
dictatorship and despotism, were deemed inadequate by Western social scientists to
describe this modern phenomenon.
Totalitarian regimes are characterized by distinctive types of ideology and organization.
Totalitarian ideologies reject existing society as corrupt, immoral, and beyond reform,
project an alternative society in which these wrongs are to be redressed, and provide plans
and programs for realizing the alternative order. These ideologies, supported by propaganda
campaigns, demand total conformity on the part of the people.

Democracy and
Our Republic
Liberty Bell, Philadelphia
An increase in popular participation in government has often come about because the ruling
group sees political advantage in it. For example, when Cleisthenes created Athenian
democracy about 510 BC, he was apparently packing the assembly with new voters. In the
United States several major expansions of the electorate occurred for similar reasons:
Jeffersonian Republicans eliminated property qualifications to win the votes of the very
poor; Republicans passed (1870) the 15th Amendment (on black voting) to win blacks' votes
in southern and border states; progressive reformers from both parties in the early 20th
century pushed for women's suffrage, expecting that women, more frequently than men,
would support humanitarian causes such as temperance; and Republicans and Democrats
vied with each other in the 1950s and '60s to promote black voting in the South in order to
win black votes. Not every expansion of the electorate is so consciously self-serving,
however. In colonial America, participation widened almost by accident. Most colonies
initially adopted the traditional English property qualification for voting: the 40-shilling
freehold. This represented an income that was very high in late medieval times and still
fairly high in the 17th century. By 1776, inflation and prosperity had enabled the vast
majority of adult males to qualify as electors. In the 20th century some countries, such as
Turkey and India, have greatly expanded their electorates as an incidental consequence of
the decision to adopt democratic forms.

Socialism Frayer Model
Definition
Characteristics
Socialism
Examples Non-examples

Socialism Quiz
1. Give one revolutionary and one utopian socialist leader.
2. What is the difference between utopian and revolutionary
(communism) socialism?
3. When did socialism start to affect society? What activities?
4. The goal of communism was a classless, property-less,
society. What were the two classes that Karl Marx said would
be in warfare?
5. All communist societies have been what type of government?

Progressivism
Socialism in America
Political Reforms?
Political Machines

Progressivism:
Socialism Begins in America
The origins of progressivism were as complex and are difficult to describe as
the movement itself. In the vanguard were various agrarian crusaders, such as
the Grangers and the Populists and the Democrats under Bryan, with their
demands for stringent railroad regulation and national control of banks and the
money supply. At the same time a new generation of economists, sociologists,
and political scientists was undermining the philosophical foundations of the
laissez-faire state with socialism and constructing a new ideology to justify
democratic collectivism; and a new school of social workers was establishing
settlement houses and going into slums to discover the extent of human
degradation. Allied with them was a growing body of ministers, priests, and
rabbis—proponents of what was called the Social Gospel—who struggled to
arouse the social concerns and consciences of their parishioners. Finally,
journalists called “muckrakers” probed into all the dark corners of American life
and carried their message of reform, usually through government intervention,
by mass-circulation newspapers and magazines.

The Grange
The National Grange is the popular name of the Order of the Patrons of Husbandry,
the oldest general farm organization in the United States. It was established in
Washington, D.C. on 4 Dec 1867, largely through the efforts of Oliver Hudson
Kelley, a Minnesota farmer who was deeply affected by the poverty and isolation of
the farmers he saw while inspecting farm areas in the South for the U.S.
Department of Agriculture in 1866. He felt they had to unite and promote their
interests collectively. The organization, which acquired the character of a fraternal
society, provided lectures and entertainment for farm men and women. It also
experimented in cooperative buying and selling of farm products and supplies and
carried on educational programs, setting up Grange units for children as well as
adults.
In the 1870’s, the Grange was prominent in the broader Granger movement, which
campaigned against extortionate charges by monopolistic railroads and
warehouses, and helped bring about laws regulating these charges in some states
in the upper Mississippi Valley. Although challenged, the constitutionality of such
laws was upheld by the U.S. Supreme Court in Munn V. Illinois (1877).

Populism
The Populist party was formed in the 1890’s at the culmination of a period of
agrarian discontent in the United States. The party traced its roots to the farmers’
alliances, loose confederations of organizations that had formed in the South and
West beginning in the late 1870’s and expanded rapidly after about 1885. The
alliances advocated tax reform, regulation of railroads, and free silver (the unlimited
minting of silver coins). In 1890, many candidates who supported alliance
objectives were elected in state and local contests. Encouraged by these results,
alliance leaders formed a national political party, officially the People’s party, but
usually called the Populist party.
At a convention in Omaha, NE, in 1892, the Populists nominated James B. Weaver
of Iowa as their presidential candidate. Hoping to unite Southern and Western
farmers with industrial workers of the Northeast, the party adopted a platform calling
for government ownership of the railroads and the telephone and telegraph
systems; free silver; a graduated income tax; a ‘subtreasury” plan to allow farmers
to withhold crops from the market when prices dipped; the direct election of U.S.
senators; immigration restriction; an 8 hour day for industrial workers; and other
reforms. Many of these reforms or ideas were socialist ideas that had come from
Europe. In the election of 1892, Weaver received more than a million popular votes
and 22 electoral votes, but the Democratic candidate, Grover Cleveland, won the

Political reform
 Progressive socialists subverted constitutions and
charters of local and state governments by
allowing people to introduce bills (initiative). A
referendum is a vote on that initiative. They
looked at constitutions as a “living document” and
not as a document to guide a government which
was difficult to change.

Political reform
 A Progressive reform, the Seventeenth
Amendment supposedly put more power into the
people’s hands. It allowed for the direct election
of US Senators. Before, state legislators would
choose and could recall them if they were voting
for unsupportable legislation. Now we have to
wait until the next election to replace them.

Political reform
 Progressives wanted big business out of politics.
 Political machines controlled the political parties
and were progressives.

Political Reform
 One infamous Democratic political machine was
the Tammany Hall Ring of NYC. Starting with
William Marcy “Boss” Tweed in the 1870s.

New York’s Political Machine- the Tammany Hall with
Richard "Boss" Croker in the 1890s

 Political machines manipulated people.
They provided jobs to immigrants and
other services for a vote

Economic Reform
 Another Progressive reform, the Sixteenth
Amendment allowed for a graduated income tax
which means the rich pay a higher percentage
than poor people. Presently about half of all
Americans pay no income tax and have no stake
in America. Progressives use class warfare to
divide America.

A Large Progressive Idea- The
Progressive Income Tax

Progressive Political Machine
and Reforms Concept Map
Origins
Progressivism
Socialism in
America
Types
Characteristics
Examples

Progressive Political Machine
and Reforms Quiz
1. Give a characteristic of progressive political
machines.
2. Name one of the political machine bosses in
New York City.
3. Name a piece of legislation passed with
progressive support.
4. How did progressives get around constitutions
and charters?

Urban America Science, Art,
Philosophy, and the Gilded Age
Evolution, pasteurization, microorganisms,
radiation, relativity, romanticism, and
realism

Scientific Discoveries of the Bible
Natural Selection
Charles Darwin, a 19th century English naturalist, argued that natural selection
guides evolutionary change. Darwin’s contemporary Alfred Russel Wallace,
another English naturalist, stated a similar theory of evolution independently of
Darwin. The theory of natural selection is based on the idea that living things are
in constant competition for limited but essential resources in their environments—
such as food, places to hide, and opportunities to breed. Accordingly, natural
selection favors any trait that helps an organism or its offspring to survive. For
example, the daring shown by birds in the place of a predator near the nest involves
the risk of death. Nonetheless, natural selection compensates the risk by increasing
the offspring’s chances of survival.
In 1859, Darwin published his views in On the Origin of Species by Means of
Natural Selection, and a major controversy was immediately sparked between
theologians and scientists. Even scientists argued with each other over how the
traits Darwin thought were subject to natural selection could be inherited.
Ironically, an Austrian priest, Gregor Mendel, published genetic principles in 1866
that could have settled the problem, but Mendel’s work was not appreciated until
1900.

Scientific Discoveries of the Bible
(cont’d)
 Six Day Creation
 Gen 1: 11, 12, 21-25 (ten times reproduction is stated)
 Darwin’s On the Origin of the Species dilemma
 "Why, if species have descended from other species by fine
graduation, do we not everywhere see innumerable transitional
forms? Why is not all nature in confusion, instead of the species
being, as we see them, well defined?”
 Questionable Testing- Piltdown Man
 I Cor 3:18-20; I Thess 2:13

The Bible vs. Evolution
How did we come into existence?
 Explanations and terms
The Bible Evolution
God witnessed Creation and recounted Darwin observed and theorized
Gen 1 & 2 Micro vs. macro evolution
Astrophysicist Hugh Ross’ account Abiogenesis, DNA
Gen 6, 7 & 8 Phylogeny
1. Creation of the physical universe (space, 7. Production of small sea animals
time, matter, energy, galaxies, stars, planets, 8. Creation of sea mammals
etc.) 9. Creation of birds
2. Transformation of the earth’s atmosphere 10. Making of land mammals (wild mammals,
from opaque to translucent. domesticated mammals, and rodents)
3. Formation of a stable water cycle. 11. Creation of mankind
4. Establishment of continent(s) and ocean(s).
5. Production of plants on the continent(s).
6. Transformation of the atmosphere from
translucent to transparent (Sun, Moon, and stars
become visible).

 Where did life come from?
Phylogenetic Tree
Cladogram

 Scientists have never demonstrated how this first life
came into existence from non-life by an evolutionary
mechanism
 Abiogenesis proposal- proteins and nucleic acids evolved
first and then into life
 Michael Behe’s book- Darwin’s Black Box
 “There is no publication in the scientific literature—in prestigious journals,
specialty journals, or books—that describes how molecular evolution of
any real, complex, biochemical system either did occur or even might have
occurred. There are assertions that such evolution occurred, but
absolutely none are supported by pertinent experiments or calculations.”

 Dinosaurs and the Bible
 The original Hebrew text words- tanniyn, behemowth,
livyathan
 Tanniyn- dragon, serpent, sea monster 1. dragon or dinosaur 2. sea
or river monster 3. serpent, venomous snake
 And God created great tanniyn, and every nephesh chaiah that creeps, which the
mayim brought forth abundantly, after their kind, and every winged fowl after his
kind: and God saw that [it was] good. - Gen 1:21
When Pharaoh shall speak unto you, saying, Shew a miracle for you: then thou shalt
say unto Aaron, Take thy rod, and cast [it] before Pharaoh, [and] it shall become a
tanniyn. - Ex 7:9
For elohiym [is] my melek of old, working yĕshuwah (salvation) in the midst of the
erets (earth). Thou didst divide the sea by thy strength: thou brakest the heads of
the tanniyn in the mayim. Thou brakest the heads of leviathan in pieces, [and]
gavest him [to be] meat to the people inhabiting the wilderness. Thou didst cleave
the fountain and the flood: thou driedst up mighty rivers. The day[is] thine, the laila
(night) also [is] thine: thou hast prepared the aur (light) and the shemesh (sun). -
Psa 74:12-16

 1822, Mary Ann Mantell correctly identified a strange bone as
having belonged to a large unknown reptile. Her husband
later named the creature “Iguanodon.”
 Sir Richard Owen articulated the term "dinosaur" for a new
order of animals in 1841 (deino = terrible; sauros = lizard).

 Behemowth- perhaps an extinct dinosaur 1. a Diplodocus or Brachiosaurus, exact
meaning unknown. Some translate as elephant or hippopotamus but from the
description in Job 40:15-24, this is patently absurd.
 Behold now behemoth, which I made with thee; he eateth grass as an ox. Lo now, his
strength [is] in his loins, and his force [is] in the navel of his belly. He moveth his tail
like a cedar: the sinews of his stones are wrapped together. His bones [are as]
strong pieces of brass; his bones [are] like bars of iron. He [is] the chief of the ways
of God: he that made him can make his sword to approach [unto him]. Surely the
mountains bring him forth food, where all the beasts of the field play. He lieth under
the shady trees, in the covert of the reed, and fens. The shady trees cover him [with]
their shadow; the willows of the brook compass him about. Behold, he drinketh up a
river, [and] hasteth not: he trusteth that he can draw up Jordan into his mouth. He
taketh it with his eyes: [his] nose pierceth through snares. Job 40:15-24 KJV
 The juniper-like tree most likely referred to is the famous well-known species
called "Cedrus libani", or "cedar-of-Lebanon," a beautiful and stately tree that
grows in the Middle East. These trees can be quite large. The tree can attain
heights greater than 40 meters with a diameter greater than 3 meters.
 The word here rendered navel means properly firm, hard, tough, and in the plural
form, which occurs here, means the firm, or tough parts of the belly. It is not used
to denote the navel in any place in the Bible, and should not have been rendered
so here. AS, NAS, and NIT renders it muscles.

 Livyathan- leviathan, sea monster, dragon 1. large aquatic animal 2.
perhaps the extinct dinosaur, plesiosaurus, exact meaning unknown. Some
think this to be a crocodile but from the description in Job 41 this is patently
absurd. It appears to be a large fire breathing animal of some sort. Just as
the bomardier beetle has an explosion producing mechanism, so the great
sea dragon may have an explosive producing mechanism to enable it to be
a real fire breathing dragon.
 Job 41
 There is the sea, vast and spacious, teeming with creatures beyond
number living things both large and small. There the ships go to and
fro, and the leviathan, which you formed to frolic there. Ps 104:25, 26
 In that day, the LORD will punish with his sword, his fierce, great and
powerful sword, Leviathan the gliding serpent, Leviathan the coiling
serpent; he will slay the monster of the sea. Is 27:1

Plesiosaurus picture and fossil
Kronosaurus and
fossil
 German chemist Dr. Schilknecht first found that the
bombardier beetle mixes two potentially dangerous
chemicals, hydroquinone and hydrogen peroxide (yes,
basically the stuff in brown bottles at your local market),
which should immediately result in a very violent
explosion.

Ankylosaurs:
The nasal passages in armored
dinosaurs were found to be
convoluted and complex, and
didn’t funnel directly to the lungs
or air pockets.
http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/
fulltext/121483993/PDFSTART?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0

Louis Pasteur & Germ Theory
Beliefs about disease in19th
Century
 People knew there was a link between dirt and
disease, but could not explain the link.
 People explained disease as seeds, bad seeds, in
the air known as miasma.
 1850s &1860s breakthrough in the cause of disease.

Pasteurization
In 1854, Louis Pasteur became professor of chemistry and dean of the
school of science (Faculté des Sciences) at the University of Lille.
Hearing of Pasteur’s ability, a local distiller came to him for help in
controlling the process of making alcohol by fermenting beet sugar.
Pasteur saw that fermentation was not a simple chemical reaction but took
place only in the presence of living organisms. He learned that
fermentation, putrefaction, infection, and souring are caused by germs, or
microbes.
Sucrose Table sugar
Staph Infection
Pasteur Dextrose published his Starch- first paper potato on and the corn
Souring- curdled milk formation and cheese
of lactic acid and its
function Fructose in souring milk Fruit, in 1857. vegetables, Further grains, studies and honey
developed the valuable
technique Lactose of pasteurization. Milk
The same year, he was appointed manager
and director Maltose of scientific Malt
studies as his old school, the Ecole Normale
Superieure. During the next several years, he extended his studies into
Glucose Sucrose, dextrose, fructose, and maltose
germ theory. He spent much time proving to doubting scientists that
germs do not originate spontBaneeero uFselyrminemntaatttieornbut enter from the outside.
Rotting corpse

Step 1: Discovery of Micro-organisms
 Anthony Van
Leeuwenhoek made
one of the earliest
microscopes.
 Discovered micro-organisms
which he
called animalcules.
 Microscopes not as
good as today.

Step 2: Improved microscopes
 1800s purer glass
produced = better
lenses for
microscope.
 1830 Joseph Lister
develops a
microscope which
can magnify x1000

Step 3: Louis Pasteur’s germ
theory
 Old Theory: spontaneous generation
 micro-organisms are the result of decaying matter.
 New Theory: germ theory
 micro-organisms cause decaying matter.
 Pasteur showed you could kill the micro-organisms
by applying heat - PASTEURIZATION.

Step 4: Germ theory vs
spontaneous generation
 Pasteur now had to
prove his theory.
 In competition with
French scientist
Pouchet.
 Conducted an
experiment showing that
microbes in the air
caused decay.
 1861 published his
‘germ theory’

Step 5: Linking micro-organisms
to disease
 Pasteur showed micro-organisms made wine and
beer go bad.
 Could germs cause disease?
 Another experiment!
 Proved that a micro-organism was causing disease
in silk worms.

Step 6: Proving the link between
bacteria and human disease.
 Pasteur never
showed the link
between bacteria
and human
disease.
 This was left to
Robert Koch

Radiation and Relativity
Marie was born Manya Sklodwska in Warsaw, Poland, on 7 Nov 1867. She took up her
father’s interest in mathematics and physics; and after her early schooling, she went to
Paris where she met Pierre Curie in 1894. They married on 25 Jul 1895, and began a
scientific partnership that soon earned them international fame.
In 1898, the Curies announced the discovery of the chemical elements polonium and
radium. In 1903, the Curies and Henri Becquerel shared the Nobel prize for physics for
their discovery of radioactivity. On 19 Apr 1906, Pierre was struck by a horse-drawn
carriage and killed. Marie carried on with her scientific work and became the first woman
ever appointed to teach at the Sorbonne. In 1911, she was awarded the Nobel prize for
chemistry for isolating pure radium. She died of leukemia, caused by exposure to
radiation during her work on 4 Jul 1934.
Albert Einstein’s special theory of relativity challenged all conventional ideas about time.
One of the cornerstones of this theory is that the speed of light is the same for all
observers. A consequence of this rule is that time is not constant: clocks run at different
rates for different observers depending on the relative motion of the clocks and observers.
For example, it appears to an observer with a clock at rest

Radiation and Relativity (cont’d)
on the surface of the Earth that the clock in a spaceship passing by at high speed runs
slower than the stationary, Earthbound clock. Likewise, the observer on the spaceship sees
the Earthbound clock running slower. This effect is called time dilation.
Einstein’s general theory of relativity predicted that clocks run slower in the presence of a
gravitational field. Thus a clock in space runs faster than an identical clock on Earth,
where gravity is stronger. Both of Einstein’s predictions concerning time dilation have
been experimentally confirmed. Today scientists no longer consider time as an
independent, constant entity but as one aspect of an interdependent space-time continuum.
They know that the time measured by a clock depends on where the clock is and how fast
it is moving in relation to the observer.

The Age of Idealism (1775-1850)
There were three phases of German literature in the late 18th century and the first half of
the 19th century. They were Storm and Stress (Sturm und Drang), classicism, and
romanticism. Each emphasized idealism rather than realism.
Writers of the Storm and Stress period were interested in the ideals of friendship,
freedom, and the fatherland. The intellectual leader of this brief phase was Johann
Herder. His insights about literature, architecture, and cultural evolution influenced not
only his own generation but also the followers of classicism and the advocates of
romanticism who came after him.
The foremost representatives of Storm and Stress were Johann Schiller and Johann Göthe.
For them, the movement served only as the first step in their development into the chief
writers of German classical idealism. Schiller produced a series of plays expressing the
ethical and intellectual values of the age. They marked him as one of the finest German
dramatists.
Göthe became the greatest writer in German literature. He produced enduring dramatic
monuments to German classicism and humanism in Iphigenia in Taurus

The Age of Idealism (1775-1850)
(cont’d)
and Torquato Tasso. His Wilhelm Meister books left an impression upon the later history
of the German novel. Faust, a great poetic drama, examines the problem of good and
evil.
German romanticism sprang from foreign as well as native roots. It rejected some of the
ideals of classicism and retained others of Storm and Stress. Emphasizing individualism,
it explored the subconscious and the unconscious.
Some of the romanticists were merely critics, but others were essentially creators,
especially of lyric poems and short stories. A number of writers, such as the Grimm
brothers, collected popular poetry and tales. Two of the latest and greatest romanticists
were Eduard Morike and Heinrich Heine.

Artists of the Romantic Movement
Poets, Novelists, Story-Tellers
Charlotte Brontë (English, 1816-1855) Jane Eyre
Emily Brontë (English, 1818-1848) Wuthering Heights
Lord Byron (English, 1788-1824) Don Juan
Samuel Taylor Coleridge (English, 1772-1834) Kublai Khan, Rime of the Ancient Mariner
Alexandre Dumas (French, 1802-1870) Count of Monte Cristo, Three Musketeers, Man in the
Iron Mask
JohannWolfgang von Göthe (German, 1749-1832)
Jakob andWilhelm Grimm (German, 1785-1863, 1786-1859)
Victor Hugo (French, 1802-1885) Hunchback of Notre Dame, Les Miserables, political activist
John Keats (English, 1795-1821) Ode to a Grecian Urn, Hyperion
Walter Scott (Scottish, 1771-1832) Rob Roy
Mary Shelley (English, 1797-1851) Frankenstein
Percy Bysshe Shelley (Englsh, 1792-1822) Prometheus Unbound (Takeoff on Greek tragedy-
Aeschylus’ Prometheus Bound)
Madame de Staël (French, 1766-1817) Jane Gray, Rousseau, Delphins (Political activist with
Rousseau, and Montesquieu against Bourbons and
Napoléon)
William Wordsworth (English, 1770-1850) Lyrical Ballads (wrote with Coleridge and uses Rime
of the Ancient Mariner as the introduction to Lyrical Ballads)

Trends in the Arts in the Late 1800s
Painting
Many artists of the late 1800’s experimented with making their work more abstract and less related to real objects.
Impressionism Impressionism painters experimented with showing their impression of an
object, rather than making a realistic representation. The artists focused on
light and color, and tried to capture a scene as it might have appeared at a
glance.
Post-impressionism The post-impressionists experimented with vivid colors and distorted images.
Expressionism The expressionists looked for ways to express intense emotion in their work.
Cubism The cubists painted natural shapes as geometrical forms.
Music
Musicians of the late 1800’s followed trends set by Romantics and nationalistic composers. The music dramas of
Richard Wagner influenced later composers. Some composers of the early 1900’s tried to create in music what the
impressionist painters were attempting on canvas.
Literature and Drama
Many writers in the late 1800’s began to write about social problems and the lives of ordinary people. This new
trend was called realism because writers tried to make their descriptions true to life. In plays of the late 1800’s,
characters began to speak in everyday language, rather than poetry.

Urban America Science, Art, and
Philosophy Graphic Organizer
Urban
America
Art
Science Philosophy

Urban America Science, Art, and
Philosophy Quiz
1. Name a writer, a painter, and a composer of the
romantic period.
2. Evolution is a philosophical theory used by
progressives that Charles Darwin wrote about in
what book? What Austrian monk disproved
evolution through genetics?
3. Name a scientist and his contribution to
microbiology?
4. What Polish chemists discovered the properties of
radiation?
5. Who developed the theory of relativity and started

Reconstruction
Radical Reconstruction
Jim Crow and the Black Codes
Black Americans in Government
The 1866 Election and the Lone
Impeachment
New State Governments
Reconstruction Comes to a Close
International Relations with Latin America
Homestead Act
Battle of the Little Big Horn

Radical Reconstruction
Radical Republicans were outraged at these procedures,
which of the same Southerners who had led their states out
of the Union. The Radicals put forth their own plan of
Reconstruction in the Wade–Davis Bill, which Congress
passed on July 2, 1864; it required not 10 percent but a
majority of the white male citizens in each Southern state to
participate in the reconstruction process, and it insisted upon
an oath of past, not just of future, loyalty. Finding the bill too
rigorous and inflexible, Lincoln pocket vetoed it; and the
Radicals bitterly denounced him. During the 1864–65
session of Congress, they in turn defeated the president's
proposal to recognize the Louisiana government organized
under his 10 percent plan. At the time of Lincoln's
assassination, therefore, the president and the Congress
were at loggerheads over Reconstruction.

Reconstruction under Andrew
Johnson
At first it seemed that Johnson might be able to work
more cooperatively with Congress in the process of
Reconstruction. A former representative and a former
senator, he understood congressmen. A loyal Unionist
who had stood by his country even at the risk of his life
when Tennessee seceded, he was certain not to
compromise with secession; and his experience as
military governor of that state showed him to be
politically shrewd and tough toward the slaveholders.
“Johnson, we have faith in you,” Radical Benjamin F.
Wade assured the new president on the day he took the
oath of office. “By the gods, there will be no trouble
running the government.”

Black Codes or Jim Crow Laws
The black codes had their roots in the slave codes that had formerly been in effect. The
premise behind chattel slavery in America was that slaves were property, and, as such, they
had few or no legal rights. The slave codes, in their many loosely defined forms, were seen as
effective tools against slave unrest, particularly as a hedge against uprisings and runaways.
Enforcement of slave codes also varied, but corporal punishment was widely and harshly
employed.
The black codes enacted immediately after the War between the States, though varying from
state to state, were all intended to secure a steady supply of cheap labor, and all continued to
assume the inferiority of the freed slaves. There were vagrancy laws that declared a black to
be vagrant if unemployed and without permanent residence; a person so defined could be
arrested, fined, and bound out for a term of labor if unable to pay the fine. Apprentice laws
provided for the Detail “hiring from Sheet cover
out” music of cover orphans for
and other young dependents to whites, who often
turned out to be of The their Celebrated
"former Dandy Jim owners. from
Some states limited the type of property blacks could
Negro Melodies, as
own, and in other states Caroline", blacks featuring
were excluded from certain businesses or from the skilled
Sung by the
Dan Emmett (center)
trades. Former Virginia slaves Minstrels,
and were the Virginia
forbidden to carry firearms or to testify in court, except in cases
concerning other 1843
blacks. Minstrels, Legal c. 1844
marriage between blacks was provided for, but interracial
marriage was prohibited.
It was Northern reaction to the black codes (as well as to the bloody anti-black riots in
Memphis, Tennessee, and New Orleans, Louisiana, in 1866; see New Orleans Race Riot) that
helped produce Radical Reconstruction (1865–77) and the Fourteenth and Fifteenth
amendments to the U.S. Constitution. The Freedmen's Bureau was created in 1865 to help the
former slaves. Reconstruction did away with the black codes, but, after Reconstruction ended

Ku Klux Klan
The 19th-century Klan was originally organized as a social club by Confederate
veterans in Pulaski, Tenn., in 1866. They apparently derived the name from the
Greek word kyklos, from which comes the English “circle”; “Klan” was added for
the sake of alliteration and Ku Klux Klan emerged. The organization quickly
became a vehicle for Southern white underground resistance to Radical
Reconstruction. Klan members sought the restoration of white supremacy through
intimidation and violence aimed at the newly enfranchised black freedmen. A
similar organization, the Knights of the White Camelia, began in Louisiana in 1867.
In the summer of 1867, the Klan was structured into the “Invisible Empire of the
South” at a convention in Nashville, Tenn., attended by delegates from former
Confederate states. The group was presided over by a grand wizard (Confederate
cavalry general Nathan Bedford Forrest is believed to have been the first grand
wizard) and a descending hierarchy of grand dragons, grand titans, and grand
cyclopses. Dressed in robes and sheets designed to frighten superstitious blacks
and to prevent identification by the occupying federal troops, Klansmen whipped
and killed freedmen and their white supporters in nighttime raids.
The 19th-century Klan reached its peak between 1868 and 1870. A potent force, it
was largely responsible for the restoration of white rule in North Carolina,
Tennessee, and Georgia. But Forrest ordered it disbanded in 1869, largely as a
result of the group's excessive violence. In 1869, a federal grand jury declared the
Ku Klux Klan to be a terrorist organization. In January 1871, Pennsylvania
Republican senator John Scott convened a committee, which took testimony from
witnesses about Klan atrocities. Local branches remained active for a time,
however, prompting Congress to pass the Force Act in 1870 and the Ku Klux Act in
1871.

The 1866 Elections and the Lone
Impeachment
1. The Radical Republicans won big victories in the election of 1866, gaining
two-thirds majorities in both houses of Congress. In addition, the
Republicans captured every Northern governorship.
2. The Reconstruction Act of 1867 established five southern military districts,
each supervised by a military commander. Before being readmitted, each
state had to have a new constitution and ratified by the voters that would
create a state government acceptable to Congress
3. Congress acted to tie Andrew Johnson’s hands by passing the Tenure of
Office Act and the Command of the Army Act. The former required Senate
approval for the removal of any public official whose installation had
previously required the President to issue orders as commander-in-chief only
to the general-in-charge of the army.
4. The House of Representatives voted for impeachment, but the Senate failed
to convict President Johnson of impeachment by only one vote.

Blacks in Government
The Fifteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution gave the vote to all
male citizens regardless of color or previous condition of servitude. Black
Americans became involved in the political process not only as voters but
also as governmental representatives at the local, state and national level.
Although their elections were often contested by whites, and members of
the legislative bodies were usually reluctant to receive them, many black
American men ably served their country during Reconstruction.
After the Civil War and the abolition of slavery, the 14th Amendment
(1868) granted African Americans citizenship, and the 15th Amendment
(1870) gave black men (but not women) the right to vote. In February
1870, Hiram Revels (Republican-Mississippi) became the first black
senator, taking the seat once occupied by Jefferson Davis, President of
the Confederacy. In December 1870, Joseph Rainey (Republican-South
Carolina) became the first black representative. Several Southern states
sent African Americans to Congress during Reconstruction. But later
efforts by white Southerners to restrict black voting, often through violence
and intimidation, resulted in the defeat of most black incumbents. After
1901 no blacks served in Congress until the election of Oscar De-Priest
(Republican-Illinois) in 1928. By then, Washington had become a
segregated city, and DePriest had to struggle even for his staff members
to eat in the Capitol restaurants.

The New State Governments and
Keeping the Peace
 Although most members of the reconstruction governments were white,
many blacks held office, including fourteen representatives and two
senators. Two other groups were influential—the carpetbaggers and the
scalawags.
 They faced the challenge of:
 Supervising the construction of new public works
 Combating the activities of organizations like the Ku Klux Klan
 Congress guaranteed black suffrage in the Fifteenth Amendment and
required ratification of that amendment by states yet to be readmitted to
the Union.
 Congress also passed:
 The Ku Klux Klan Acts, which provided harsh penalties for violations of the Fourteenth
and Fifteenth Amendments.
 Empowered the President to invoke martial law to protect the rights of blacks.
 Gave federal courts jurisdiction over civil-rights cases.

The 1868 Election and
Corruption
 Ulysses S. Grant becomes President and was a weak leader.
 Graft and corruption dominated Grant’s administration:
 The spoilsmen were northern politicians like Senators Oliver Morton and Roscoe
Conkling, who opposed reform and aimed at enriching themselves by aiding special
interests groups.
 Two speculators, Jay Gould and Jim Fisk, persuaded Grant not to allow the Treasury
Department to sell gold creating the panic of 24 Sep 1869—”Black Friday”
 The Crédit Mobilier was the attempt of some stockholders of the Union Pacific
Railroad to cheat the rest of the stockholders of that railroad company. The scandal
also involved the sale of Crédit Mobilier stock at low prices to prominent public
officials in return for favors.

The Republican regimes in the Southern states began to fall as early as 1870; by
1877 they had all collapsed. For the next 13 years the South was under the
leadership of white Democrats whom their critics called Bourbons because, like
the French royal family, they supposedly had learned nothing and forgotten
nothing from the revolution they had experienced. For the South as a whole, the
characterization is neither quite accurate nor quite fair. In most Southern states
the new political leaders represented not only the planters but also the rising
Southern business community, interested in railroads, cotton textiles, and urban
land speculation.
Even on racial questions the new Southern political leaders were not so
reactionary as the label Bourbon might suggest. Though whites were in the
majority in all but two of the Southern states, the conservative regimes did not
attempt to disfranchise African Americans. Partly their restraint was caused by
fear of further federal intervention; chiefly, however, it stemmed from a conviction
on the part of conservative leaders that they could control African American
voters, whether through fraud, intimidation, or manipulation.
Indeed, African American votes were sometimes of great value to these regimes,
which favored the businessmen and planters of the South at the expense of the
small white farmers. These “Redeemer” governments sharply reduced or even
eliminated the programs of the state governments that benefited poor people. The
public school system was starved for money; in 1890 the per capita expenditure in

(cont’d)
measures to safeguard the public health were rejected. At the same time these
conservative regimes were often astonishingly corrupt, and embezzlement and
defalcation on the part of public officials were even greater than during the
Reconstruction years.
The small white farmers resentful of planter dominance, residents of the hill country
outvoted by Black Belt constituencies, and politicians excluded from the ruling
cabals tried repeatedly to overthrow the conservative regimes in the South. During
the 1870s they supported Independent or Greenback Labor candidates, but without
notable success. In 1879 the Readjuster Party in Virginia—so named because its
supporters sought to readjust the huge funded debt of that state so as to lessen the
tax burden on small farmers—gained control of the legislature and secured in 1880
the election of its leader, General William Mahone, to the U.S. Senate. Not until
1890, however, when the powerful Farmers' Alliance, hitherto devoted exclusively to
the promotion of agricultural reforms, dropped its ban on politics, was there an
effective challenge to conservative hegemony. In that year, with Alliance backing,
Benjamin R. Tillman was chosen governor of South Carolina and James S. Hogg
was elected governor of Texas; the heyday of Southern populism was at hand.

International Relations in Latin
America
The nations of Latin America share a common heritage that influences the nature of
their relationships with other countries. For example, their policies toward European
states tend to be the products of long colonial associations with Spain and Portugal,
and more recent commercial contacts with Great Britain, France, and Germany.
International relations within the Americas are influenced by the powerful presence
of the United States. As early as 1821, the Monroe Doctrine established the self-proclaimed
right of the United States to protect all Latin American nations from
foreign intervention.
The Spanish-American War of 1898, followed in 1905 by the Roosevelt Corollary by
President Theodore Roosevelt to the Monroe Doctrine, imposed the right of the
United States to intercede in Latin American affairs. The United States enforced
this policy in the acquisition of the Panama Canal Zone; military occupations of
Nicaragua, Haiti, and the Dominican Republic; intervention in Cuba; and incursions
into Mexico. The Good Neighbor Policy announced by President Franklin D.
Roosevelt in 1933 improved inter-American relations.

Homestead
Act
The Homestead Act, passed by the U.S. Congress in 1862, granted 160 acres (65 ha) of
public land in the West as a homestead to "any person who is the head of a family, or who
has arrived at the age of twenty-one years, and is a citizen of the United States, or who shall
have filed his declaration of intention to become such." The homesteader had only to pay a
small filing fee, live on the land for 5 years, and make certain improvements in order to
receive clear title.
The passage of the Homestead Act was the culmination of years of controversy over the
disposal of public lands. From the 1830s on, groups called for free distribution of such lands.
This became a demand of the Free-Soil party, which saw such distribution as a means of
stopping the spread of slavery in the territories, and it was subsequently adopted by the
Republican party in its 1860 platform. The Southern states had been the most vociferous
opponents of the policy, and their secession cleared the way for its adoption.

Battle of the Little Big Horn
The Battle of the Little Big Horn (25 Jun
1876), also called “Custer’s Last Stand,” was
the last major Indian victory in the Indian
Wars of the American West. The Lakota,
Sioux, and Cheyenne peoples resisted
incursions of whites prospecting for gold on
Indian land in the Black Hills of Dakota
beginning in 1874. In 1876, the U.S. Army
sent an expedition to subdue the Sioux
leaders, Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse. On 24
June, COL George Armstrong Custer,
commanding the 7th Cavalry, located their
camp on the Little Big Horn River in Montana.
Underestimating his opponents’ strength, he
attacked them with a small force of about 225
men the following day. In the ensuing battle,
Custer and all of his men were killed.
Despite their victory, most of the Sioux had
been expelled from the Black Hill by the end
of 1876. The site of the battle is now a

Reconstruction Graphic
Organizer

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