The document outlines the historical context of immigration in the U.S. from the Gilded Age to the early 20th century, focusing on the differences between old and new immigrants, nativism, and significant legislation like the Chinese Exclusion Act and the National Origins Act. It also explores the rise of the populist movement, labor unions, and key reformers, as well as notable events that illustrate the struggles for workers' rights and social justice. Alongside, it discusses influential figures such as Theodore Roosevelt, Booker T. Washington, and W.E.B. Du Bois, highlighting their contributions to progressivism and civil rights.

1. Immigration, Urbanization,
Populism and Issues with the
Gilded Age

2. Old v New Immigrants
Old Immigrants
• From western Europe (England,
France, Spain)
New Immigrants
• From eastern Europe and Asia
(Germany, Italy, Greece,
Yugoslavia, China, Japan)

3. Nativism
• Anti-Immigration attitude
• The United States is only for people from the United States

4. Angel Island
• U.S. West Coast (between 1910 and 1940)
• San Francisco Bay, California
• immigration station for millions of immigrants arriving in the U.S.
from Asia.

5. Ellis Island
• US East Coast (between 1892 and 1954 )
• New York Harbor,
• immigration station for millions of immigrants arriving in the U.S.
from Europe.

6. Chinese Exclusion Act
• A law, enacted in 1892, that prohibited all Chinese
from entering the U.S.
• except students, teachers, merchants, tourists, and
government officials
• The law was not repealed until 1943.

7. Gentlemen’s Agreement
Japan
agreed to limit Japanese
emigration to the U.S.
United States
San Francisco withdrew its
segregation orders.
In San Francisco the Board of Education in 1906 took all
Asian school children and placed them special Asian Schools.
As a result Anti-American riots broke out in Japan. In 1907-
1908 an agreement was reached

8. formula for immigration quotas (limits) in the U.S.:
• number of immigrants of a given nationality each year
could not exceed 2% of the number of people of that
nationality living in the U.S. in 1890.
National Origins Act 1924

9. • Groups that were excluded included:
1. Southern & Eastern Europeans
(Italy, Russia, Yugoslavia, Hungary..)
2. Jews and Catholics
3. Japanese
1920’s Immigration

10. Populist Party
• Wanted to bring changes to help
the average person, especially
farmers
• Wanted to give the people a bigger
voice in government
• This party advocated (wanted) a
larger money supply and other
economic reforms

11. Farmers Problems
1. Low income (low prices for their food)
2. High Debt
3. Difficult to sell to other countries

12. William Jennings Bryan
• 1896 Democratic candidate for
President of the U.S.
• Lost the Election
• Was supported by Populists
• Best known for his “Cross of Gold”
speech.
• favored using both gold and silver as the
nation’s currency

13. Initiative
• People can propose a law if they can get enough
people to sign a petition
• A procedure by which a legislative measure can be
originated by the people rather than by lawmakers.

14. Referendum
• When the government has an idea for a law and has
the people vote on it
• A procedure by which a proposed legislative measure
can be submitted to a vote of the people.

15. Recall
• A procedure for removing a
public official from office by a
vote of the people.

16. William M. Tweed
• Political Boss that was the head of the
New York City Political Democratic
Machine called Tammany Hall. He ran
the machine in the late 1860’s and
early 1870’s.
• Under his leadership, the “Tweed Ring”
stole as much as $200 from the city.

17. Political Machine
• Controlled the activities of
political parties in their city
• A corrupt system where
businesses worked to get
favorable candidates elected
• To get reelected they would do
things to give businesses
advantages

18. Trust Buster
Trust = monopoly
• Theodore “Teddy” Roosevelt
was the Trust Buster (broke up
the monopolies)
• Was popular with the average
person because if his “Square
Deal” promising conservation of
natural resources and land,
consumer protection, and
controlling corporations

19. Muckrakers
• Journalists who searched for and
publicized (wrote about) real or
alleged acts of corruption of public
officials, businessmen.

20. Jacob Riis
• Used photography to illustrate (show)
the problems and evils of urban life in
the slums.
• Famous book: How the Other Half Lives

21. The Jungle
• written by Upton Sinclair in
1906
• portrayed the disgusting
conditions of the Chicago
meatpacking industry
• led the passage of the 1906
Meat Inspection Act

22. Jane Addams’ Hull House, 1889
• worked to improve the lives of the working class
• the first private social welfare agency in the U.S.
• assisted the poor, combat juvenile delinquency and
help immigrants learn to speak English.

23. Frank Norris – The Octopus
• Farmers needed the railroads to
ship the products
• Railroads charged farmers high
prices because they had no
other choice
• Frank Norris wrote about this
abuse

24. Ida Tarbell
• wrote for McClure’s Magazine
• wrote article that exposed corruption and cut-throat
business practices of John D. Rockefeller and his
Standard Oil Company.

25. Thomas Nast
• Newspaper cartoonist
• produced satirical cartoons
• he invented "Uncle Sam“
• came up with the elephant and
the donkey for the political
parties
• His cartoons were important in
exposing Boss Tweed.

26. Social Gospel
• 19th-century reform movement
• Christians have a responsibility to
help improve working conditions
and alleviate (help those in)
poverty
• by following Bible teachings about
charity and justice, people could
make society “the Kingdom of
God”.

27. Social Darwinism
• Applied Darwin's theory of
natural selection and "survival of
the fittest" to human society:
• the poor are poor because they
are not as fit to survive
• Used as an argument against social
reforms to help the poor.

28. Triangle Shirtwaist Fire, 1911
• A fire in New York's Triangle
Shirtwaist Company killed 146
people, mostly women
• The doors were locked and the
windows were too high for them to
get to the ground
• Highlighted the poor working
conditions
• led to federal regulations to protect
workers.

29. Booker T. Washington
• believed that African Americans had to achieve
economic independence before civil rights
• In 1881, he founded the first formal school for blacks,
the Tuskegee Institute.

30. W.E.B. DuBois
• DuBois believed that black Americans
had to demand their social and civil
rights or else become permanent
victims of racism
• Helped found the NAACP
• He disagreed with Booker T.
Washington's theories

31. Progressives
Government must get involved in making sure that everybody gets a
chance at equal opportunities
• Limit the power and influence of big business

32. Progressive Presidents
Theodore “Teddy” Roosevelt (26)
• Square Deal
• Trust Buster
• Meat Inspection
• Food & Drug Act

33. Progressive Presidents
William Howard Taft (27)
• Dollar Diplomacy (the US can
use trade to influence other
nations)

34. Progressive Presidents
Woodrow Wilson (28)
• New Freedom (reduce tariffs,
Federal Trade Commission,
Federal Reserve System)
• Fought “Triple Wall of Privilege”
• World War I

35. Triple Wall of Privilege
• all-out-war on what Wilson
named the “Triple Wall of
Privilege” — the tariff, the
banks, and the trusts.

36. Federal Reserve Act, 1913
• Regulated banking to help
small banks stay in business.
• A move away from laissez-
faire policies

37. Prohibition
• The banning of manufacture, sale, and possession of
alcoholic beverages

38. Women’s Christian Temperance Union
• Founded in Chicago in 1873
• it promoted the goal of prohibition
• Members advanced their cause by
entering saloons singing, praying,
and encouraging saloon-keepers to
quit selling alcohol

39. 18th Amendment
• This addition to the U.S. Constitution, known as
“Prohibition”, banned the making, selling, or
transporting of alcoholic beverages in the U.S.

40. Labor Unions
• an association of workers who join
together to promote and protect the
welfare, interest, and rights of its
members by a process called Collective
Bargaining.
• Collective Bargaining: laborers working
together against business owners to
negotiate wages and better working
conditions

41. Examples of Labor Unions
• Knights of Labor
• An American labor union
• established as a secret fraternal
order
• the first union of all workers
• founded in 1869.
• American Federation of Labor
• a federation of different unions
• Began in 1886 with about
140,000 members; by 1917 it
had 2.5 million members

42. Labor Practices
• Strike – refusing to work as a form of protest
• Boycott – refusing to buy a product as a form of protest
• Collective Bargaining - Discussions held between workers and their
employers over wages, hours, and conditions.

43. Business Practices
• Lockout - owners of the factory lock the workers out of the factory
building until the workers give in or compromise with the factory
owners demands.
• Blacklist – making sure individual people are blocked from working by
giving names to other business owners

44. Haymarket Riot 1886
• Begins as a peaceful protest for
better wages and hours
• A bomb was thrown at police
who had killed protesting
workers the day before
• 7 police, 4 civilians die
• Some blamed the Red Scare
(spread of Communism)
• Others blamed the government
for starting the violence

45. Homestead Strike 1892
• Homestead, Pennsylvania
• Strike between Carnegie Steel
Co. and Amalgamated
Association of Iron and Steel
Workers (union)
• Carnegie locked out workers
• 8,000 militia arrive to end the
lockout
• Government sides with the
workers

46. Pullman Strike 1894
• Workers of the Pullman rail car
company went on strike over wage
cuts & layoffs
• The strike grew violent
• 12,000 federal troops were called in
to end the strike.
• Factory owners used the federal
courts to limit the power of the
unions
• Led to a decrease in union
membership.