Hitler began rearming Germany in violation of the Treaty of Versailles, and the European democracies pursued a policy of appeasement by allowing Germany to remilitarize and annex Austria and the Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia without resistance in hopes of avoiding war. The Munich Agreement of 1938 saw Britain and France agree to Hitler's demands for the Sudetenland despite Czechoslovakia being a democratic ally, setting the stage for Germany's further expansion.

1. A WORLD IN FLAMES
Chapter 13
1931-1941

2. Total Government Control by Any
Other Name
 Dictatorship
 Despotism
 Tyranny
 Totalitarianism
 Absolutism
 Authoritarianism
MaoTse-tung
China
60-80 million killed
Josef Stalin
USSR
25-50 million killed
Adolf Hitler
Germany
13 Million killed
Pol Pot
Cambodia
1-2 million killed
Saddam Hussein
Iraq
1-1.5 million killed
FidelCastro
Cuba
1-1.5 million killed
Benito Mussolini
Italy
100,000+ killed
IdiAmin Dada
Uganda
500,000+ killed

3. Fascism
Fascism was an authoritarian political movement that developed in Italy
and other European countries after 1919 as another form of socialism to
the political and social changes brought about by World War I and the
spread of revolutionary socialism and communism. Its name was derived
from the fasces, an ancient Roman symbol of authority consisting of a
bundle of rods and an ax.
Fascist ideology, largely the work of the neo-idealist philosopher Giovanni
Gentile, emphasized the subordination of the individual to a “totalitarian”
state that was to control all aspects of national life. Violence as a creative
force was an important aspect of the Fascist philosophy. A special feature
of Italian fascism was the attempt to eliminate the class struggle from
history through nationalism and the corporate state.
Italian fascism was founded in Milan on 23 Mar 1919, by Benito Mussolini, a
former revolutionary socialist leader. His followers, mostly war veterans,
were organized along paramilitary lines and wore black shirts as uniforms.
The early Fascist program was a left wing group of ideas that emphasized
intense nationalism, productivism, antisocialism, elitism, and the need for
a strong leader.
Milizia Volontaria
per la Sicurezza
Nazionale, or
MVSN (Black
Shirts)

4. Fascist and Nazi Symbols

5. Hitler’s Rise to Power in Germany
Background
Germany’s defeat in World War I left the German people demoralized and without a strong
government.
Contributing Factors
Political problems
 TheWeimar Republic government was seen as weak and ineffective.
In 1919, Communist uprisings broke out in several German cities.
 Nazi critics feared that the Social Democrats would take over industry and break up large estates.
 Nationalists and militarists wanted to rebuild Germany’s army, which theTreaty ofVersailles forbade.
Economic crisis
 In 1923, hyperinflation drove Germany to near economic collapse. During the worldwide economic
depression that began in 1929, banks and businesses failed and unemployment soared in Germany.
Anti-Semitic policy
 Hitler and the Nazi Party blamed Germany’s problems on the Jews and claimed that the Germans were a
superior people—Aryan race. These racist ideas led to extreme nationalism.
Major Events
1923 Nazis fail in attempt to overthrow the Bavarian government. Hitler is jailed and writes Mein Kampf.
1924 Hitler becomes German chancellor. Third Reich is created, and Hitler transforms Germany into a
totalitarian state.

7. Sturmabteilung (SA)
(Brown Shirts)
Mein Kampf
One of the most important political tracts of the 20th century, Mein Kampf (My Battle or
Struggle, 1924 and 1926; Eng. Trans., 1939) is considered the bible of
Nationalsozialismus—Nazism. Written by Adolf Hitler while he served a sentence in
Landsberg Prison, the book presents Hitler’s major ideas on anti-Semitism, anti-
Communism, superiority of the Aryan race, German nationalism, the state’s superiority
over the individual, and Hitler’s feelings of hostility for freedom and miscegenation. The
importance of the book, which calls for German domination of Europe is derived from
the notoriety of its author rather than from his logical presentation of National Socialist
ideas.

8. The Stalin Years
Lenin died in 1924, and a struggle for leadership began between Joseph Stalin and Leon
Trotsky. As secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist party, Stalin stripped
Trotsky of power and exiled him in 1928.
Stalin continued Lenin’s New Economic Plan (NEP) until 1928. Fearing the entrenchment
of a capitalist class in agriculture, however, he initiated the First Five-Year Plan. The plan
called for rapid growth in heavy industry and collectivization of agriculture.
Rapid and forced collectivization of agriculture resulted in great inefficiencies, the
deportation of millions of the wealthier peasants, and confiscation of grain. Rather than
yield their livestock to the new collectives, many farmers slaughtered them. A man-made
famine resulted. In 1932, about 3 million people died of starvation in the Ukraine alone.
Nevertheless, when the First Five-Year Plan ended in 1932, the government announced
that great progress had been made. Peasant resistance had been smashed, and the
country was on the road to industrialization.
Stalin meanwhile tightened his grip on the government and the Red Army by means of a
series of purges. In 1935 and 1936, nearly 500,000 people were executed, imprisoned, or
forced into labor camps (gulags). He further consolidated his position through the Great
Purge trials of 1936-39. Through this system, Stalin eliminated his rivals. He
systematically employed the services of the secret police Komitet gosudarstvennoy
bezopasnosti (later known as the KGB) to root out “political criminals.”
The KGB
(Committee of
State Security)
Sword-and-Shield
emblem

9.  Author- George Orwell
 Pen name for Eric Arthur Blair
 Born in India
 Parents were in the Indian Civil Service
 Other books
 1984
Animal Farm Summary
Character Russia Germany
Old Major V.I. Lenin/Karl Marx Paul von Hindenberg
Snowball LeonTrotsky/Political enemies Jews
Squealer Propaganda minister Josef Göbbels
Napoléon Josef Stalin Adolf Hitler
Boxer Trusting, naïve working class of people Trusting, naïve working class of people
Molly Conceited, uninformed mass of people Conceited, uninformed mass of people
The People Czar and Royal Family, Fellow totalitarian
nations
Allies andTreaty ofVersailles, Appeasing nations
Pincher, dogs, pups Bolsheviks, KGB Sturmabteilung (SA), Schutzstaffel (SS), Gestapo
Jesse The conscience of the moral people The conscience of the moral people
Renaming of the farm Russian Empire to Union of Soviet Socialist
Republics
Weimar Republic toThird Reich
Slaughterhouse Gulags Todeslager
The Hens Farmers revolt over collectivization of farms Nazi resistance movement
Commandments Propaganda- Unity, Equality,Classless, Elitism,
Productivism
Propaganda- Unity, Equality,Classless, Elitism,
Productivism
Pigs Group Forming of political parties (communists,
Nazis): Changing of Propaganda; Privileges
Milk, apples, alcohol, clothes, no work; Statue
Victory over the People invasion October Revolution of 1917 Death of Paul von Hindenberg
TheWindmill The personification of the glory of the state over the individual
The return to the farm The fall of communism in 1991 The fall of the Drittes (Third) Reich in 1945

10. Prelude to Dictatorship Venn Diagram
Benito
Mussolini-
Fascism
Josef Stalin-
Communism
Adolf
Hitler-
Nazism

11. Prelude to Dictatorship Quiz
1. Name a dictator and the amount of people
executed during their reign of terror.
2. Who was the founder of fascism and who
implemented Italian fascism?
3. Name one of the contributing factors that
led to Adolf Hitler’s rise to power.
4. What was the book that was considered
Hitler’s bible for Nazism?
5. What did Josef Stalin do to consolidate
power in government and the Red Army?

12. Why do wars occur?
 Countries are wronged by another
nation.
 Nations compete over natural
resources.
 Individuals demand greater political
and economic freedom.

13. We will study 3 aspects of WWII
 The war in Europe against
Germany and Italy
 The war in Asia with Japan
 The home front

14. What caused WWII in Europe?
 Germany wanted
back what she lost
fromWWI, and
revenge
 Appeasement –
Great Britain and
France gave Hitler
land w/o fighting for
it.
 Hitler was
racist/Anti-Semitic;
one reason he
invaded countries
was simply to kill the
Jews living there.

15. Treaty of Versailles – end of WWI
 The main points of
the Treaty [BRAT]
 1. Germany had
to accept the
Blame for
starting the war
 2. Germany paid
extremely high
Reparations for
the damage done
during the war.

16. Versailles (cont’d)
 3. Germany was
forbidden to have
submarines or an
air force. She
could have a navy
100,000 tons
displacement
(only six
battleships), and
an Army of just
100,000 men.

17. Versailles
 4. Germany
lost Territory
(land) in
Europe (see
map).
Germany’s
colonies were
given to
Britain and
France.

18. Depression in 1920s Europe
 Economy was bad in Europe
 WWI killed a lot of workers and
customers
 After years of humiliation and
starvation, Germans looked for a
strong leader.

19. NAZIs elected to power!
 Nazis promised to
build up their army
and get revenge for
WWI
 This is Adolf Hitler in
1933 with the
Sturmabteilung (SA).
His thugs to convince
the people his way
was right!!

20. Totalitarianism
Mussolini (Italy) Hitler (Germany)

21. Germany late 1930s
 Germany
escaped the
Depression
by
militarizing.
 This is Berlin
1936

22. Appeasement – Hitler wanted
land, Britain and France let
him have it without war

23. WWII started when Hitler
invaded Poland 1939.

24. British Monarchs
Reign End Ruler
WETTIN (Saxony)
1901 Jan 22 -1910 EdwardVII
WINDSOR
1910 May 6 -1936 GeorgeV
1936 Jan 20 - Dec 10 abdicated EdwardVIII
1936 Dec 10 -1952 GeorgeVI
1952 Feb 6 - present Elizabeth II

25. Prelude to World War II Concept
Map
Progressivism
WorldWar II
America
Treaty ofVersailles
Hitler’s Solution toTreaty
Great Depression,Totalitarianism, Foreign Policy
Causes

26. Prelude to World War II Quiz
1. Name a reason countries go to war.
2. Name a cause of war in Europe.
3. What were the terms of theVersaillesTreaty
concerning the size of Germany’s military?
4. What was the name of Hitler’s paramilitary
thugs?
5. How did Germany escape the Great
Depression?

27. ADOLF HITLER

29. He was born in Braunau am Inn, a small town in
upperAustria

31. As a young child, Hitler was reportedly a good student in
primary school.
In his first year of high school, he failed completely and had
to repeat the grade.
His teachers reported that he had “no desire to
work.”

32. On 21 Dec 1907, his mother Klara died a
painful death from breast cancer at the age of
47.
Hitler was 18 years old.
He grew up without his father. The rumor that Adolf
Hitler has Jewish ancestors is not proven.

34. He was rejected twice by the Academy of Fine Arts
Vienna. This rejection was a blow because Hitler
loved to paint.

36. By 1909, he sought refuge in a homeless shelter, and by the
beginning of 1910 had settled permanently into a house for
the poor. At this time, he was influenced by the Catholic
church and had desires to become a priest.

37. It was inVienna that Hitler first became an active
Anti-Semite. This was a common stance among
Austrians at the time, mixing religious prejudice with
recent racist theories of eugenics.

41. Hitler was considered a “correct” soldier, but
was reportedly unpopular with his comrades
because of an uncritical attitude toward officers.
“Respect the superior, don’t contradict
anybody, obey blindly,” he said. Later
he would expect the same.

45. After the München Bierhalle Putsch
(revolt) on 1 Apr 1924, Hitler was
sentenced to five years imprisonment at
Landsberg Prison for the crime of
conspiracy to commit treason.

46. While at Landsberg, he dictated his political
book Mein Kampf to his deputy Rudolf Hess,
the propaganda minister.

48. From 1923-1930, Germany experienced great extensive
financial struggles under the Weimar Republic. Inflation was
in the 1000’s% range called hyperinflation. The Deutsche
Reichsmark was worthless. People needed a wheelbarrow
full of money to buy a loaf of bread. Others just used it for
fuel to keep warm.

50. The unemployment rate was so high, that
parents were unable to feed their children.

56. Because of the Reichstag Fire, Hitler declared a state of
emergency and encouraged aging President Paul von
Hindenburg to sign the Reichstag Fire Decree suspending the
basic rights provisions of theWeimar constitution.

57. Communist members were arrested, put to
flight, or murdered.

58. President Paul von Hindenburg died on 2 Aug 1934.
Germany was no longer a republic, it had become a
dictatorship.

59. 1935, The Nürnberg Laws prevented marriage
between any Jew and non-Jew and stripped
all Jews of German citizenship

61. A sign over the gate of a university in Germany
says that Jews are not welcome here.

62. In 1938, members of the Schutzstoffel (SS) prevent Jewish students from entering the
University ofVienna. Jewish children were banned from attending normal schools.

63. Many scholars date the beginning of the Holocaust itself to
the anti-Jewish riots of the Night of Broken Glass
(Kristallnacht) of 9 Nov 1938.

64. In 1941, every Jew was forced to wear the
“Star of David” on their upper arm or
chest.

68. In 1942 during the WannseeConference, several Nazi
leaders discussed the details of the “Final Solution of
the JewishQuestion.”

69. After intense combat when Soviet troops were spotted
within a block or two of the Reich Chancellory in the city
centre, Hitler committed suicide in the Führerbunker on
30 Apr 1945.

70. Adolf Hitler Semantic Map
Adolf Hitler
Background Anti-Semitism
Political Career Policies

71. Adolf Hitler Quiz
1. What was one of Hitler’s desires for a job before politics.
2. What was the book written by Adolf Hitler in Landsberg Prison
and considered the bible of Nazism?
3. Name one of the measures taken against the Jews?
4. What measure did the Nazis use against the communists?
5. Where and when did Hitler commit suicide?

72. THE EUROPEAN WORLD WAR II
From Appeasement to Pearl Harbor

73. Hitler Rearms Germany and
European Appeasement
German chancellor Adolf Hitler abandoned the efforts of his predecessors to ease the
provisions of the Versailles Treaty through a policy of reconciliation with the World War I
victors. Instead, he unilaterally tore up the treaty. Hitler took Germany out of the League
of Nations in 1933 and began a massive program to build up the German army, navy, and
air force. In March 1935, he restored universal military service. The democracies did not
react, and Britain even concluded a naval agreement with Germany in 1935 that permitted
greater German naval strength than that allowed by the Versailles Treaty. In 1936, Hitler
sent troops into the demilitarized zone. Later, Austria capitulated without firing a shot.
Hitler determined that the German people needed Lebensraum—living room.
Almost immediately afterward, the Nazi regime began agitating on behalf of the Sudeten
Germans—who lived in pockets of western Czechoslovakia known as the Sudetenland—
claiming that they were a persecuted minority. The Czech government made numerous
concessions to the Sudeten Germans, but in September 1938, Hitler demanded the
immediate cession of the Sudetenland to Germany. On 29-30 Sep, Britain and France
(Czechoslovakia’s ally) agreed at the Munich Conference to yield to Hitler, who promised to
make no further territorial demands in Europe. Czechoslovakia was excluded from
participation at Munich. Unlike Austria, Czechoslovakia was democratic, and its president,
Eduard Benes, was prepared to resist Hitler, but the two western European democracies
insisted on submission.

74. Hitler Rearms Germany and
Europe Appeases (cont’d)
British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain hailed the Munich agreement as bringing
“peace in our time.” His words would come back to haunt him and Chamberlain would
become the poster boy for appeasement. In March 1939, however, Hitler destroyed what
remained of Czechoslovakia by occupying Bohemia-Moravia and making Slovakia a
German protectorate. He also took Memel from Lithuania and began threatening the
Polish Corridor, a narrow strip of land that separated East Prussia from the rest of Germany.
In the meantime, Italy occupied and annexed (April 1939) Albania.

75. World War II
(Overview)
World War II commenced as a localized conflict in eastern Europe and expanded until it
merged with a confrontation in the Far East to form a global war of immense
proportions. The war began in Europe on 1 Sep 1939, when Germany attacked Poland,
and ended on 2 Sep 1945, with the formal surrender of Japan aboard the U.S. battleship
USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay. Involving most of the world’s major powers as belligerents, it
also included many smaller states and had a great impact on neutral nations. The
victorious Allies included Great Britain and the Commonwealth, France, the United
States, the USSR, and China. The losing side comprised Germany, Italy, and Japan, as
well as smaller nations. The opponents clashed in two major areas: Europe, including
the coast of North Africa and the North Atlantic; and Asia, including the Central and
Southwest Pacific, China, Burma, and Japan. The belligerents fought over the central
issue of Axis expansion, which was halted at the cost of many millions of military and
civilian casualties.

76. World War II
(Overview)
Action Eastern Europe Pearl Harbor
Attacker Germany Japan
Invaded Poland U.S. territory-
Hawaiian Islands
Means Blitzkrieg- land
warfare
Naval-air
Results Beginning ofWorld
War II
U.S. entry into
WorldWar II

78. German Attack on Poland
On 1 Sep, 1939, the German military machine struck decisively at Poland, in what was
known as a blitzkrieg (lightning war). High-speed panzer (tank) units pushed across the
borders, blasting holes in the Polish lines. From the skies, Luftwaffe (air force) bombers
destroyed the Polish air force, damaged communications lines, and prevented the Poles
from moving reinforcements, supplies, and ammunition to the front lines. Then German
foot soldiers moved forward to hold the conquered ground. Meanwhile, Britain and
France declared war on Germany on 3 Sep.

79. USA’s contribution was
production, not blood.

80. Lend Lease Act
 FDR sent war
materials to
Britain and the
USSR.
 This is a
Sherman tank

81. Lend-Lease
The U.S. Congress passed the Lend-Lease Act, at President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s
request, in March 1941. Designed to allow Britain and China to draw on the industrial
resources of the then-nonbelligerent United States in World War II, the measure
authorized the president to transfer, lease, or lend “any defense article” to “the
government of any country whose defense the President deems vital to the defense of
the United States.” The bill was opposed by isolationists, such as Sen. Burton K.
Wheeler of Montana, who termed it “the New Deal’s triple A foreign policy; it will plow
under every fourth American boy.” Still it passed the House by a vote of 260 to 5 and
the Senate, by 60 to 31. By 21 Aug 1945, when the program was terminated, almost $50
billion in Lend-Lease aid had been shipped to Britain, the USSR, China, and other Allied
nations. From September 1942, the United States received “reverse lend-lease” from
the British Commonwealth and the Free French in the form of $8 billion worth of goods
and services provided to U.S. forces overseas. Financial settlements were made after
the war, until 1972.

83. Atlantikwall: Fortress
Europa
 In no time,
Germany
conquered
most of
Europe
with tanks,
planes,
railroads.

84. Hitler in Paris

85. Battle of BritainBattle of Britain

86. Tough cold winters killed
many NAZI troops in USSR.
Russian people
are tough!
Stalin executed
the military
leaders causing
21 million
dead, yet no
surrender!

87. Tank!

88. Anti-tank weaponry

89. English
Channel
protected
England
 Britain
resisted
German
air force

90. MEANWHILE, IN ASIA. . .

91. Japan wanted China and the USSR
 Japan is an island, and
not a big one.
 They wanted more
living space and
natural resources for
their “superior”
people.

92. Japan wanted oil reserves
Japan wanted more
oil to invade
China.
 America
embargoed their
oil in Indonesia
 Japan considered
this an act of war.

93. Japan joins Axis Powers
 Germany was sick
of the U.S. helping
Britain with its
lend lease
program. Japan
agreed to attack
Pearl Harbor and
distract the U.S.
from the
European war.

94. MEANWHILE, IN THE USA. . .

95. US Isolationism
 Americans wanted
to stay out of
Europe’s wars.
 FDR wanted to
help Britain
anyway

96. USA had 2 oceans to protect
them (sort of).

97. WWII Quiz (European Involvement)
Venn Diagram
German Actions European/U.S. Actions

98. WWII Quiz (European Involvement)
1. Name the 2 countries that Germany invaded beforeWWII
started.
2. What was the lightning warfare that Germany developed?
3. What is the diplomatic term for “giving in?”
4. What is the U.S. policy to give European allies the
necessary armaments?
5. After Hitler conquered continental Europe, what defense
complex did he create?