American history timeline (1865 1895)

American History Timeline
(1865-1895)
Christine Mirabal
Third Period

1800’s 1825-1835 1830’s-1850’s
The Great Plains are the vast
grasslands that extend through
the central portion of North
American (from Texas,
northward to Canada, east of
the Rock Mountains). Some
Native American tribes used to
live on these plains until the
whites began to move
westward, causing them to
leave.
Homes built out of blocks of
turf and sod are nicknamed
Soddy Homes. They were
very insulated, providing
warmth in the winter, and
cool air during the summer.
They were dirty and dark
and had very little
ventilation.
A workplace that has socially
unacceptable working
conditions is called a Sweat
Shop. Employees typically had
to deal with dirty and unsafe
conditions, long hours, harsh
conditions, and a low pay.

1850 1859 1862
The Bessemer Process was
developed by Henry Bessemer
and William Kelly. It involves
injecting air into molten iron
to remove the carbon and
other impurities. It was a
cheap and efficient process for
making steel.
Social Darwinism is an
economic and social
philosophy based on the
biologist, Charles Darwin’s
theory of evolution by
natural selection (survival of
the fittest).
In 1862, Congress passed the
Homestead Act, which
provided 160 acres in the west
to any citizen or intended
citizen who was the head of
the household and would
cultivate the land for five
years. From 1862 up to 1900,
up to 600,000 families took
advantage of the government’s
offer.

1862 1863 Nov. 29th, 1864
A Homesteader was a name
given to settlers on free land.
These were the people who
were taking part in the
Homestead Act.
A “Melting Pot” is a mixture
of people of different
cultures and races who
blend together by
abandoning their native
languages and customs. The
term was first coined in
1863.
In a series of
miscommunication by the
Cheyenne tribe and the U.S.
Government, Colonel John
Chivington and his troops
attacked the tribe for returning
to Colorado’s Sand Creek
Reserve. The attack killed
nearly 150 Cheyenne , mostly
woman and children, and it
was later name the Sand Creek
Massacre.

1864 1865-1877 1865-Late 1800’s
A construction company by the
name of Credit Mobilier was
formed in 1864 by the owners
of the Union Pacific Railroad.
They used it to fraudulently
skim off railroad profits for
themselves.
To reinstate white voters
who may have failed the
literacy test or could not pay
the poll tax, several southern
states added the
Grandfather Clause to their
constitutions. The clause
stated that even if a man
failed the literacy test or
could not afford the poll tax,
he was still entitled to vote if
he, his father, or his…
When immigrants were being
evaluated on whether or not
they could enter the country,
they had to take a Literacy Test
to see if they were
“applicable” to enter. Also,
when people started to vote,
government officials gave
Literacy Tests to eliminate the
amount of black voters.
Grandfather had been
eligible to vote before
January 1st, 1867. The date
is important because before
that time, freed slaves did
not have the right to vote.
The Grandfather Clause
therefore did not allow as
many blacks to vote.

Sept. 21st, 1866 1867 1867
Buffalo Soldiers is the
nickname given to the
Congress formed, all black
army, made up of men who
were originally members of
the 10th cavalry regiment.
They fought Native American
tribes.
Oliver Hudson Kelly started
the Patrons of Husbandry in
1867. It was an organization
for farmers that became
popularly known as the
grange.
The “Grange”, is another
name for the Patrons of
Husbandry which was a social
and educational organization
through which farmers
attempted to fight the power
of the railroads in the late 19th
century. It taught members
how to set up cooperatives
and how to sponsor state
legislations to regulate
railroads.

Sept. 28th, 1869 1860’s-1870’s 1860’s-1870’s
George Westinghouse was an
American entrepreneur and
engineer who invented the
railway air brake and was a
pioneer of the electrical
industry. He was one of
Thomas Edison’s main rivals in
the early implementation of
the American electricity
system.
A “Graft” is the illegal use of
political influence for
personal gain.
A “Kickback” is a type of graft
where by helping a person find
work on a construction project
for the city, a political machine
could ask the worker to bill the
city for more than the actual
cost of materials and labor.
The worker then “kicked back”
a portion of the earnings to
the machine.

1871 1872/1886 1875-1885
Chief Joseph took over his
father’s Nez Perce tribe in
1871. They had always been
peaceful with the whites until
General Oliver Otis tried to
force them onto a reservation.
He declined at first, but then
reluctantly decided to move
when he was threatened with
attack.
Montgomery Ward’s Mail-
Order Catalog launched in
1872 and grew from a single
sheet, to an entire booklet in
a few short years. Sears
Roebuck started his
company and catalog in
1886. By 1910, about 10
million Americans shopped
by mail.
Civil Service is the non-military
branches of government
administration. It is a system
or method of appointing
government employees on the
basis of competitive
examinations, rather than by
political patronage.

1879 1870’s 1870’s-1880’s
An “Exoduster” is an African
American who migrated from
the south to Kansa in the Post-
Reconstruction years.
Immigration offices were
located on Ellis Island in the
New York Harbor. About 20
percent of the immigrants at
Ellis Island were detained for
a day or more before being
inspected. However, only
about 2 percent of those
who were detained, were
denied entry. The
processing ordeal takes
around 5+ hours.
A Political Machine is an
organized group that controls a
political party in a city and
offers services to voters and
businesses in exchange for
political and financial support.
In the decades after the civil
war, they gained control of
local government in big cities.

1870’s-1880’s 1870’s-1880’s 1870’s-1880’s
The National Farmers
Alliance, along with many
others, sympathized with the
farmers. They were a group
who sent lecturers from town
to town to educate people
about agricultural and rural
issues.
Robber Barons was a
derogatory term applied to
wealthy and powerful 19th
century businessmen. By
the late 1800’s, the term was
typically applied to
businessmen who used what
were considered to be
exploitative practices to
amass their wealth.
Trust agreements are when
companies join together and
turn their stocks over to
“trusties” who run the
separate companies as one
large corporation. In return,
the companies were entitled
to dividends on profits earned
by the whole.

1870’s-1880’s 1870’s-1880’s 1870’s-1880’s
A Monopoly, in terms of
business, is the owning of all
of one thing by one person. It
is like how William Vanderbilt
bought out all of the railroads
in order to have a complete
monopoly over everything.
The separation of people on
the basis of race in public or
private facilities is called
Segregation.
The “Jim Crow Laws” is a
nickname for the segregation
laws in the southern states.
Racial segregation was used in
schools, hospitals, parks, and
transportation systems.

1870’s-1890’s 1870’s-1900’s Late 1800’s
The Gilded Age was not only
the name of the time period in
the late 1800’s, but it was a
satirical novel written by Mark
Twain and Charles Dudley
Warner. In the book, the men
mock the greed and self-
indulgence of the characters in
the book.
The Vaudeville was a theater
where people preformed
songs, dances, juggling,
comedy, and sometimes
chorus lines.
Settlement Houses were
community centers in slum
neighborhoods that provided
assistance to people in the
area, especially immigrants.
They were established by
reformers trying to help the
“urban poor”.

1881 1883 1883
Booker T. Washington was a
prominent African American
educator who believed that
racism would end once blacks
acquired useful labor skills and
proved their economic value
to society. He was born a slave
but graduated from college.
By 1881, Booker was head of
the Tuskegee Normal and
Industrial Institute.
The Pendleton Act (The
Pendleton Civil Service Act)
was a law that established a
bipartisan civil service
commission, to make
appointments to give
government jobs by means
of the merit system.
Joseph Pulitzer was a
Hungarian immigrant who
bought the New York World
Newspaper in 1883. He
pioneered popular innovations
such as a large Sunday edition,
comics, sports coverage, and
women’s news. His paper
emphasized “sin, sex, and
sensation”.

1884 May 4th, 1886 1886
Republican political activists
who bolted from the United
States Republican party by
supporting Democratic
candidate, Grover Cleveland in
the United States Presidential
Election of 1884 were called
Mugwumps (aka Republican
dissidents).
The Haymarket Affair (aka
The Haymarket Square Riot)
was organized by labor
radicals to protest the
killings and wounding of
several workers by the
Chicago Police during a strike
help the day before at the
McCormick Reaper Works.
Socialism is a political and
economic theory of social
organization that advocates
that the means of production,
distribution, and exchange
should be owned or regulated
by the community as a whole.

1886 1886 1887
Samuel Gompers led the Cigar
Makers International Union to
join with other craft unions in
1886. He was also the
president of the American
Federation of Labor (AFL)
which focused on collective
bargaining, negotiations, and
written agreements on wages,
hours, and working conditions.
The Colored Farmers
Alliance was first organized
in Houston, Texas in 1886.
Just like the other farmer
support groups, they
promoted cooperative
buying and selling, however,
they had to work mostly in
secret to avoid racially
motivated violence at the
hands of angry landowners
and suppliers.
The Interstate Commerce
Commission (ICC) is a
regulatory agency in the
United States created by the
Interstate Commerce Act of
1887.

1887 1888 1889
The Dawes Act of 1887 was a
law passed by Congress
intended to “Americanize” the
Native Americans. It broke up
the reservations they were
living in and gave the pieces to
the head of a household.
The man who introduced the
Kodak camera in 1888 is
named George Eastman. He
also developed a series of
more convenient
alternatives to the heavy
glass plates previously used
in photography. The camera
costs 25 dollars and came
with one roll of film which
would hold 100 pictures that
could be developed.
Jane Addams believed that
settlement houses could be
effective because workers
could learn from “life itself”
while living there. She
cofounded Chicago’s null
house in 1889 and was a co-
winner of the Nobel Peace
Prize in 1931.

1880’s 1880’s 1880’s
A plan under which Native
Americans (or any minority)
would give up their beliefs and
way of life to become part of
the white culture/dominant
culture is called Assimilation.
The transport of cattle over
trials to a shipping center is
called a Long Drive. The
process is hard and usually
lasts about 3 months with 1
cowboy for every 250-300
cows.
Ragtime is a blend of African
American spirituals and
European musical forms. It
originated in the 1880’s in the
saloons of the south. Ragtime
led to Jazz, Rhythm and Blues,
and Rock and Roll.

1890 Dec. 28th-29th, 1890 1891
The government was
concerned that expanding
corporations would stifle free
competition so they created
the Sherman Anti-Trust Act
which made it illegal to form a
trust that interfered with free
trade between states or with
other countries.
The Seventh Calvary
rounded up 350 Sioux
Indians and took them to a
camp. The next day a shot
was fired and the soldiers
opened fire and killed nearly
all of them. They called it
Wounded Knee.
Collective Bargaining is a
process of negotiations
between employers and a
group of employees aimed at
reaching agreements to
regulate working conditions.
The interests of the employees
are commonly presented by
representatives of a trade
union to which the employees
belong.

1892 May 11th-Jul. 20th, 1894 1895
A Scab is a negative term for a
worker who is called in by an
employer to replace striking
laborers. Using scabs allows a
company to continue
operating and avoid having to
bargain with the Union.
The Pullman Strike was a
nationwide railroad strike
pitted against the Pullman
company by the American
Railway Union (ARU). It
lasted more than 2 months
and severely disrupted rail
traffic in the Midwest of the
United States.
The first African American to
ever receive a doctorate from
Harvard College was W.E.B. Du
Bois in the year 1895. In 1905,
he founded the Niagara
Movement which insisted that
blacks should seek a liberal
arts education so that the
African American community
would have well-educated
leaders.

1895 1896 1890’s
William Randolph Hearst
purchased the New York
Morning Journal and was
Joseph Pulitzer's newspaper
rival. William already owned
the San Francisco Examiner.
The supreme court ruled in
the Plessy vs. Ferguson case
that the separation of races
in public places was legal
and did not violate the 14th
amendment. The decision
established the doctrine of
“separate but equal” which
allowed states to maintain
segregated facilities for
blacks and whites as long as
they provided equal service.
Bimetallism was a monetary
system in which the
government would give
citizens either gold or silver in
exchange for paper currency
or checks. This way was
favored by the Populist Party.

19th Century 1902 December 17th, 1903
The growth of cities mostly in
the regions of the Northeast
and Midwest is Urbanization.
The technological boom in the
19th century contributed to the
growing industrial strength of
the U.S.
Debt Peonage is a system
that bounds laborers into
slavery in order to work off a
debt to the employer. It
wasn’t lifted until 1911
when the supreme court
declared it a violation of the
13th amendment.
Orville and Wilbur Wright
were bicycle manufacturer
brothers from Ohio who
accomplished the first
successful flight in Kitty Hawk,
North Carolina. It covered 120
feet and lasted 12 seconds.
They paved the way for all
future air crafts and by 1920,
the U.S. government had made
the first transcontinental
airmail service.

Jan. 1910 1958 1900’s
Angel Island was primarily the
immigration station for the
Chinese and Asian immigrants
arriving on the west coast.
Between 1910 and 1940,
about 50000 Chinese
immigrants entered the U.S.
through Angel Island.
Culture Shock is a phrase for
what happens when
someone or something gets
put in an unfamiliar
situation, environment, or
culture.
Dumbbell Tenements were a
new form of housing that was
in the shape of a dumbbell.
They were dangerous and
filled with garbage and
disease. The term “dumbbell”
later became a mean name to
call someone.

20th Century The End
The giving of government jobs
to people who had helped a
candidate get elected is called
Patronage. In Andrew
Jackson’s administration, this
policy was called the spoils
system.

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52F%252Fwww.onlineconcepts.com%252Fpulitzer%252Fintro.htm%3B378%3B463

American history timeline (1865 1895)

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