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- 1. American History Timeline: 1865- 1895 Costa Poulos
- 2. Andrew Carnegie: Born in Scotland in 1848, at age of 12. Carnegie single handedly related messages that unsnarled a tangle of freight trains. He was one of first industrial moguls to make his own fortune 1848 Sweat Shops: A workplace that has socially unacceptable working conditions. Work may be difficult and dangerous whie being underpaid. They originated in 1850s. Greenbacks: Paper currency issued by the United States during the American Civil War. They were in 2 forms, Demand notes: issued in 1861-1862 and United States notes: issued in 1862- 1865. 1850 1850s 1857 Bessemer Process: A cheap efficient process for making steel, developed around 1850. It was developed independently by British manufacturer Henry Bessemer. Technique involved injecting air into molten iron to remove the carbon and other impurities. 1861 Fredrick Law Olmsted: Landscape architect Fredrick Law Olmsted spearheaded the movement for urban parks. In 1857, he along with Calvert Vaux drew up a plan for “Greensward” which was selected to become Central Park.
- 3. Transcontienental Railroad: Known as the Pacific railroad was a 1907 mile railroad line constructed between 1863 and 1869 across the western United States. 1862 1863 215 Homestead Act: Congress passed a law in 1862 which offered 160 acres of land free to any citizen or intended citizen who was head of the household. The people who settled on this land were Homesteaders. Those who moved to the plains made free standing houses callled Soddy’s by stacking blocks of prairie turf John D. Rockefeller: Corporations such as the standard oil company were established by John D. Rockefeller around 1863. He took a different approach to mergers by joining with competing companies in trust agreements. Rockefeller used a trust or a relationship whereby property is held by one party for the benefit of another to gain control of the oil industry in America.
- 4. Sand Creek Massacre: Occurred in 1864, Cheyenne assumed they were under protection of the U.S. government, returned to Colorado’s Sand Creek Reserve for winter. S. R. Curtis sent a telegram to militia colonel John Chivington. The attack killed over 150 people mainly women and children Gilded Age: Is the late 19th century, from 1870 to about 1900. The Gilded Age was an era of rapid economic growth, especially in the north and the west. Tammany Hall: William M. Tweed became head of Tammany Hall, New York City’s powerful democratic political machine in 1868 1864 1867 1868 1870 Oliver Kelley: In 1867, Oliver Kelley started the patrons of husbandry, an organization for farmers that became popularly known as the grange . Its original purpose was to provide a social outlet and an educational forum for isolated farm families 1869 Tweed Ring: Between 1869 and 1871, Boss Tweed led the Tweed Ring, a group of corrupt politicians, in defrauding the city. This is an example text. Go ahead and replace it with your own text. It is meant to give you a feeling of how the designs looks including text.
- 5. Battle of Little Big Horn: An armed engagement between combined forces of the Lakota Northern Cheyenne, and Arapaho tribes, against 7th Cavalry Regiment of the U.S. Army. The battle occurred June 25-26 1876 near little Bighorn River. It was an overwhelming victory for the tribes. Thomas Edison: Became a pioneer on the new industrial frontier when he established the worlds first research lab in Menlo Park, New Jersey, in 1876. Edison perfected the incandescent light bulb in 1880 and later invented an entire system for producing and distributing electrical power. Credit Mobilier: The Credit Mobilier scandal of 1872-1873 damaged careers of several gilded age politicians. Major stockholders in the Union Pacific Railroad formed a company, the Credit Mobilier of America, and gave it contracts to build the railraod 1872 1874 1876 215 Alexander Graham Bell: In 1876 Alexander Graham Bell along with Thomas Watson unveiled the telephone. The Telephone was unveiled on March 10, 1876. The telephone opened the way for worldwide communication networks George Armsrtong Custer: Colonel Georg e A. Custer reported that the Black Hills had gold “from the grass roots down” in 1874, and a gold rush was on.
- 6. 1877 1879 1880s215 This is an example text. Go ahead an replace it with your own text. Nez Perce: Native American people living in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States.. In 1877 there was a war between the Nez Perce tribe and the U.S. Government. This is an example text. Go ahead an replace it with your own text. Chief Joseph: Chief Joseph succeeded his father as leader of the Wallowa band of Nez Perce. He led his band when they were forcibly removed from their lands by the federal government in 1877 Dumbbell Tenements: Tenements built in New York City after the tenement House Act of 1879. The 1879 law required that every inhabitable room have a window opening to plan air. This is an example text. Go ahead an replace it with your own text. National Farmers Alliance: Was an organized agrarian economic movement among American farmers that developed and flourished in the 1880s. One of the goals of the organization was to end the adverse effects of the crop-lien system on farmers following the American Civil War.
- 7. Mugwumps: Republican political activists who bolted from the united States Republican Party by supporting Democratic candidate Grover Cleveland in the United States presidential election of 1884 1881 1883 1884 1886 215 Colored Farmers Alliance: Was formed in 1886 in the American state of Texas. Both black and white farmers faced difficulties due to the risisng price of farming and the decreasing of profit. The Southern Farmer’s Alliance did not let black farmers join. A group of black farmers decided to organize their own alliance to fill their needs Booker T. Washingto n: A prominent African American educator, Booker T. Washington believed that racism would end once blacks acquired useful labor skills and proved their economic value to society. By 1881, he headed the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institution. Haymarket Affair: on May 4, 1886, a labor protest near Chicago’s Haymarket Sqaure turned into a riot after someone threw a bomb at police. At least 8 people died. 8 radical labor activists were convicted in connection with the bombing. Joseph Pulitzer: A Hungarian immigrant who had bought the New York World in 1883. He pioneered popular innovations, such as large Sunday edition, comics, sports coverage, and womens news. Samuel Gompers: Led the Cigar Makers’ International Union to join with other craft unions in 1886. The AFL with Gompers as its president, focused on collective bargaining.
- 8. Interstate Commerce Commission: A regulatory agency in the United States created by the interstate commerce Act of 1887. The agency’s original purpose was to regulate railroads to ensure fair rates, to eliminate rate discrimination, and to regulate other aspects of common carriers. 1887 1888 1890 215 George Eastman: Eastman developed a series of more convenient alternatives to heavy glass plates previously used to develop pictures. In 1888, Eastman introduced the Kodak camera which cost $25 and included a 100 picture roll of film. Sherman Antitrust Act: A law, enacted in 1890 that was intended to prevent the creation of monopolies by making it illegal to establish trusts that interfered with free trade. Sitting Bull: A Hunkpapa Lakota holy man who led his people as a tribal chief during years of resisitance to U.S. Government policices. He was killed on Standing Rock Indian Reservation during an attempt to arrest him on Dec. 15 1890. Wounded Knee: The seventh cavalry slaughtered as many as 300 mostly unarmed Native Americans on December 19, 1890, including several children. Soldiers left the corpses on the ground to freeze. The Battle of Wounded Knee brought the Indian Wars to a end. Dawes Act: In 1887, congress passed the Dawes Act aiming to “Americanize” the Native Americans. The Act broke up the reservations and gave some of the reservation land to individual Native Americans.
- 9. Populist: A member of a United States political party formed in 1891 primarily to represent agrarian interests and to advocate the free coinage of silver and government controls of monopolies. Scab: Steelworkers finally called a strike on June 29, 1892, after the company manager Henry Clay Frick, announced his plan to cut wages. Frick hired guards so he could hire scabs, or strikebreakers to keep operating. 1892 Omaha Platform: Was the party program adopted at the formative convention of the populist or people’s party held in Omaha, Nebraska on July 4, 1892. The Omaha Platform called for a wide range of social reforms. Ida B. Wells: She became an editor fro a newspaper. Radical justice was a persistent theme in her reporting. The events on March 9,1892 turned that theme into a crusade. Three friends of Wells were lynched – illegally executed without trial. 1891 215 Vanderbilt Family: Was an American family of Dutch origin that was prominent during the Gilded Age. Their success began with the shipping and railroad empires of Cornelius Vanderbilt. They also built the Biltmore House around 1892 Southern Alliance: The Southern Alliance was a short lived football league competition for teams in the South of New England. There were no southern teams in the football league. It was set up in 1892 and only ran for one season. Ellis Island: Immigrants had to pass inspection at immigration stations at Ellis Island. 20% of people were detained for a day or 2 and only about 2% were denied entry. From 1892- 1924 about 17 million people entered there.
- 10. Pullman Strike: Was a nationwide railroad strike in the United States in the summer of 1894. It pitted the American Railway Union against the Pullman Company. Strike shutdown most of the nations freight and passenger traffic. Began in Pullman, Chicago on May 11 when about 4000 factory employees of the Pullman Company started a wildcat strike due to reduced wages. Segregation: The separation of people on the basis of race. This separated blacks and whites in public and private facilities. These laws became known as the Jim Crow Laws. 1894 215 Eugene V. Debs: Labor leaders felt that unions should include all laborers in a specific industry. Concept captured the immigration of Eugene V. Debs who attempted to form such an industrial union (ARU). In 1894, the new union won a strike for higher wages. George Pullman: An American engineer and industrialist. He designed and manufactured the pullman sleeping car and founded a company town, Pullman. Struggling to maintain profitability during an 1894 downturn in manufacturing demand, he lowered wages and required workers to spend longer hours at the plant. 1895 William Randolph Hearst: Hearst had purchased the New York Morning Journal in 1895. Hearst who owned the San Francisco Examiner, sought to outdo Pulitzer by filling the journal with exaggerated tales of personal scandals, cruelty, hypnotism. W. E. B. Dubois: Was the first African-American to receive a doctorate from Harvard in 1895. He disagreed with Washington’s gradual approach.
- 11. Grandfather Clause: a provision that exempts certain people from a law on the basis of previously existing circumstances especially a clause formerly in some southern states constitutions that exempted whites from the strict voting requirements used to keep African Americans from the polls. “Cross of Gold Speech”: It was delivered by William Jennings Bryan at the Democratic National Convention in Chicago on July 9,1896. In the address he supported bimetallism which he believed would bring the nation prosperity. It is considered one of the greatest political speeches in American history. Mail-order Catalog: The United States Post office boosted mail-order businesses. In 1896 the post office introduced a rural free delivery system that brought packages directly to every home. Wright Brothers: Bicycle manufacturers from Dayton, Ohio, experimented with new engines powerful enough to keep “heavier-than- air” craft aloft. Their first successful flight was in December, 1903, at kitty Hawk, NC. It covered 120 feet and lasted 12 seconds. 1895 215 Literacy Test: Some states limited the vote to people who could read, and requires registration officials to administer a literacy test to test reading. Blacks trying to vote were asked harder questions than whites or given a test in another language. 1896 William Jennings Bryan: Democratic Nebraska congressman who delivered the “cross of gold speech in 1896. Bryan won the democratic nomination. Delegates liked Bryan and the democratic platform but they detested the democratic vice-president candidate. 1899 1903 Vaudeville: Performances that included song, dance, juggling, slap-stick comedy were characteristics of Vaudeville. In 1899, Edwin Milton Royle hailed Vaudeville as “an American invention” that Offered something to attract nearly everyone.
- 12. Angel Island: Immigrants arriving on the west coast gained admission at Angel island in San Francisco Bay. 50,000 Chinese immigrants entered here between 1910 and 1940. 1910 215 1911 George Westinghouse: An American entrepreneur and engineer who invented the railway air break and was a pioneer of the electrical industry. Westinghouse was one of Thomas Edison’s main rivals. In 1911, he received the AIEE’s Edison Medal.