This document discusses the history and components of road development and transportation planning. It covers: - The evolution of roads from Roman and French origins and the typical cross-section layers of a modern road (sub-base, base course, etc.). - The importance of transportation planning for sustainable development and accessibility. - Classification of roads by function (e.g. national highways), structure (flexible vs. rigid pavement), and surface type (paved, gravel). - Key considerations in highway design like alignment factors, engineering surveys, and geometry elements such as sight distance and vertical/horizontal curves. - India's road development history including major committees and plans from the 1920s to 1980s that targeted increasing total

1. TRANSPORTATION

2. ROAD DEVELOPMENT AND
PLANNING

3. HISTORY OF ROAD DEVELOPMENT
• ROMAN ROADS
• FRENCH ROAD
BRITSH ROAD

4. CROSS SECTION OF ROAD
• Composed of the following components
• Sub Base
• Base Course
• Sub Grade
• Surface/Wearing Course

5. • Sub Bases
• Layer of granular material provided above subgrade.
• Enables traffic stresses to be reduced to acceptable levels in subgrade .
• Acts as a working plate form for the construction of upper pavement layers.
• Acts as a drainage layer.
• Intercept upward movement of water by capillary action.
• Acts as a separating layer b/w subgrade and road base.
• Base Course
• layer immediately under the wearing surface.
• It is subjected to severe loading.

6. • Types of base coarse
• Granular Base Course
• Macadam Base
• In-water bound Macadam
• Treated Bases
• Surface/Wearing Course
• top layers of pavement which is in direct contact with the wheel
• Usually constructed of material in which bitumen is used as binder materials
• Bituminous Pavement:

7. Necessity of transportation planning
• Ensuring Safe, rapid, comfortable, convenient, economical, and
environmentally compatible movement of people and goods.
• Transport planning is crucial in planning sustainable developments
and ensuring accessibility for all individuals.
• In the design phase of all major public amenities require significant
transportation planning.
• Justify funding
• Obtain planning permission
• Environmental considerations

8. Classification of Roads
Based on Function:
National Highways
 State Highways
Major District Roads
Other District Roads
Village Roads
Expressways
Based on Structural
behavior:
Flexible pavement
Rigid Pavement
 Based on Pavement
Surface:
 Earth Roads
 Gravel Roads
Water bound Macadam
Road
 Paved Roads (bitumin or
concrete)

9. Based on Function
National highway (NH):
oThese are main roads running length and width of
the country
oConnects the National and State Capitals, major
ports and rail junctions and link up with border
roads and foreign highways
oMost are maintained by the Government of India,
others are operated under a public-private
partnership by the private sector

10. State Highways
oThe arterial roads of the state connects National highways
of nearby states, state capitals, district head quarters and
important cities within the state .
oThe geometric design specification and design speed are
more or less to National highways
Major District Roads:
oThese are important roads of the districts
o connects areas of production, markets, near by main
highways and also connects each other
o Geometric specification and speed are lower than NH or
SH

11. Other District Roads:
oThese roads connects rural areas of production, outlets to
market centre, taluk head quarters block development
centres and to other district roads.
oDesign specifications are lower than Major District Roads
Village Roads:
oThese roads serve as the feeder roads of the other
highways as well as the roads for inter village
movements.
oThey pass through rural area connecting the villages to
one another and to the nearest District Roads, State
Highways, National Highways, Railway Roads

12. Expressway:
• These are divided highways with high geometric
standards.
• They join major points of traffic generation and
connect residential, industrial and commercial areas.
• In these roads Traffic moves at high speed with high
intensity.

13. Based on structural behavior
Flexible Pavement:
o Has low flexural strength. External load in this pavement is largely transmitted to
the sub-grade by lateral distribution with increase in depth
o The thickness of the pavement is so designed that stresses in the sub-grade soil are
kept within its bearing capacity
o Design is based on load distributing characteristics of the component layers
o Have low completion cost but repairing cost is high
o No thermal stresses are induced
Rigid pavement:
o Rigid pavements with stand more flexural stress
o Stress developed are not transmitted to the layers
o These type of pavements does not get deformed under wheel load
o Have low repairing cost but completion cost is high

15. ROAD PATTERNS
• Rectangular/Block/Grid Pattern
• where the streets and roads are in the form of grids
• blocks running perpendicularly into each other
• normally considered weak from the road safety point of view as the vehicles meet at
opposite directions at intersections
• easier to construct and maintain
• Radial Pattern
• is in the form of circles emanating from the center of the area
• Radial and Block Pattern
• Radial and Grid Pattern
• Hexagonal Pattern
• Linear Pattern

16. Development of Roads in India
Jayakar Committee
• 1927 Jayakar committee for Indian road development was appointed
• Central government should take the proper charge considering it as a
matter of national interest
• Emphasis on long term plan of 20 years.
• Recommendations of periodic road conferences to discuss about road
construction and development. Lead to formation of IRC.
• Imposition of additional taxation on motor transport. Includes duty on
motor spirit, vehicle taxation, license fees for vehicles plying for hire. Lead
to development of CENTRAL ROAD FUND.
• Research organisation to be made for research work and development
• Led to formation of Central Road Research Institute (CRRI) in 1950

17. Nagpur road congress 1943:
A twenty year development program for the period (1943-
1963) was finalized.
It was the first attempt to prepare road development
program in a planned manner.
The roads were divided into four classes: National
Highways, State Highways, District Roads and village
Roads
The committee planned to construct 2 lakh kms of road
across the country within 20 years.
One of the objective was that the road length should be
increased so as to give a road density of 16 kms per 100
sq.km
Introduction of star and grid pattern.

18. Bombay road congress 1961:
It was the second 20 year road plan (1961-1981)
The total road length targeted to construct was
about 10 lakh kms
Rural roads were given specific attention. Scientific
methods of construction was proposed for the rural
roads.
They suggested that the length of the road should
be increased so as to give a road density of
32kms/100 sq.km
The construction of 1600 km of Expressways was
also then included in the plan.

19. Lucknow road congress 1984:
This was the third 20 year road plan (1981-2001).
It aimed at constructing a road length of 12 lakh kms by
the year 1981 resulting in a road density of 82kms/100
sq.km
It aims at improving the transportation facilities in villages,
towns etc. such that no part of country is farther than 50
km from NH.
One of the goals contained in the plan was that
expressways should be constructed on major traffic
corridors to provide speedy travel.
Energy conservation, environmental quality of roads and
road safety measures were also given due importance in
this plan.

20. HIGHWAY LOCATION AND
ALLIGNMENT

21. POINTS TO BE COVERED
• Basic Requirements of an Ideal Allignment.
• Factors Controlling the Allignment.
• Engineering Surveys for Highway Location.
• Drawings and Reports.

22. Requirements of an Ideal Allignment
Def?
-Easiness.
-Economics.
-Safety.
-Shortness.

23. Factors Controlling the Allignment
• Availability of Road Building Materials.
• Crossings.
• Geological Features.
• Land Acquisition.
• Easy Grades and Curves.
• Obligatory Points.
• Proper Drainage.
• Traffic.
• Miscellaneous.

24. ENGINEERING SURVEYS
• Reconnaissance Survey.
• Preliminary Survey.
• Location Survey.

25. RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY
• Object.
• Importance.
• Information Collected.
• Instruments.

26. PRELIMINARY SURVEY
• Objects.
• Importance.
• Work.
• Instruments.

27. LOCATION SURVEY
• Object.
• Importance.
• Work.
• Instruments.

28. DRAWINGS and REPORTS
• DETAILS TO BE INCLUDED IN PROJECT REPORT.
1)Introduction of the Project, its necessity and importance,
geographical features of the area,etc;
2)The factors considered while deciding the finally proposed
allignment.
3)Details of width, gradients, levels of controlling points, etc;

29. Cont……
4)Details of bridges, culverts, railway crossings, etc;
5)Details of rainfall, floods and other climatic conditions.
6)Specifications and other details of constructional standards.

30. Cont…..
7)Description of proposed alternative routes.
8)Conclusion giving reasons why the proposed route was finally
recommended.

31. MAPS AND DRAWINGS REQUIRED
• DETAILED DRAWING- contours, sections, c/s, design of structures.
• INDEX MAP- topography of area symbolically.
• KEY MAP-proposed and existing roads, places to be connected.
• LAND PLANS- land acquisition details, quarries.
• PRELIMINARY SURVEY PLANS- alternative allignments for future growth.

32. HIGHWAY GEOMETRY
DESIGN

33. Highway Cross section
Element

34. SIGHT DISTANCE
• The distance along road surface at which a driver has visibility of
objects stationary or moving at a specified height above the
carriageway.
• Criteria consider to design Highway:
• Stopping sight Distance
• Overtaking sight Distance

35. Stopping sight Distance
• The Distance travelled before application of breaks:
• d1= 0.695V
• Distance travelled after application of break
• d2=

36. Horizontal Alignment
Formula for calculation of super elevation:
μ=Coefficient of lateral friction,0.15 recommended
by IRC.
Value of super elevation (e) by IRC:
0.10 for area affected by snow.
0.07 for all other area unaffected by snow.

37. Vertical Alignment
• Summit curve
• for sight distance less than length of curve
• L=
• for sight distance less than length of curve
• L=2S-
• Sag curve
• L=

38. Transition curve
• Need of transition curve.
• The spiral curve

40. Design of Highway
Pavements

41. • TYPES OF PAVEMENT
• FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT
• RIGID PAVEMENT

42. Factors affecting design of pavement
• Climate
• Environment
• Geometry
• Pavement material
• Subgrade soil
• Traffic

43. Design of flexible pavements
• The most commonly adopted design methods are
1] Group index (G.I.) method
2] California bearing ratio (C.B.R.) method

44. Group index (G.I.) method
Group index= 0.2a + 0.005ac + 0.01bd
a=portion of % of subgrade soil passing 75 micron sieve greater than
35 not exceeding 75, expressed in +ve 0 to 40
b=portion of subgrade soil passing 75 micron sieve greater than 15 and
less than 55, expressed in +ve 0 to 40
c=portion of numerical liquid limit,greater than 40 less than 60,
expressed in +ve 0 to 20
d=portion of numerical plasticity index,greater than 10 and less than
30, expressed in +ve 0 to 20

45. Design chart of G.I method

46. C.B.R. method
• C.B.R. of a soil gives an idea about quality of subgrade material
compared to the excellent base material of crushed rock and gravel.

47. C.B.R design chart

48. Design of Rigid pavements
• Plain concrete
• Reinforced concrete
• Continuously reinforced concrete
• Prestressed concrete
• Factors governing design:
Traffic parameters
Environmental parameters
Foundation strength
Characteristics of concrete

49. Design of slab thickness:
1) Critical stress conditions
a) Interior loading
b) Edge loading
c) Corner loading
2) Temperature stresses
a)Wraping stresses
b)Fractional stresses
3)Combination of stresses

50. CONSTRUCTION OF
ROADS

51. Types of Roads
• Earth Roads
• Gravel Roads
• Water Bound macadam roads.
• Bituminous pavement
• Cement concrete pavement

52. Earth Roads: low cost or cheapest type of road made of
locally available natural soil

53. Gravel Road:
oThese roads are superior to earth roads.
oGravel roads does not become slippery when wetted by rain.
oThe material used is crushed gravel of specified gradation and
soil

54. Water Bound Macadam Road: broken aggregates that
are interlocked mechanically by rolling and voids filled
with screening and binding materials with the help of
water

55. Bituminous Road: Construction is similar to WBM road.
Surface layer is formed with the bitumen material

56. Cement concrete roads

57. Concrete pavements joints

58. END