An embedded system combines mechanical, electrical, and chemical components along with a computer, hidden inside, to perform a single dedicated purpose. ... Therefore the world needs a trained workforce to develop and manage products based on embedded microcontrollers.
Challenges faced during embedded system design:
The challenges in design of embedded systems have always been in the same limiting requirements for decades: Small form factor; Low energy; Long-term stable performance without maintenance.
This presentation gives a brief over view of Embedded Systems. It describes the common characteristics of Embedded systems, the design metrics, processor technologies and also summarizes differences between Microcontrollers and Microprocessors.
PRESENTATION GIVES U BASIC IDEA ABOUT EMBEDDED SYSTEM
ABOUT ME-I'M A STUDENT OF ELECTRONIC AND COMMUNICATION IN VIVEKANAND COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT ALIGARH
Challenges faced during embedded system design:
The challenges in design of embedded systems have always been in the same limiting requirements for decades: Small form factor; Low energy; Long-term stable performance without maintenance.
This presentation gives a brief over view of Embedded Systems. It describes the common characteristics of Embedded systems, the design metrics, processor technologies and also summarizes differences between Microcontrollers and Microprocessors.
PRESENTATION GIVES U BASIC IDEA ABOUT EMBEDDED SYSTEM
ABOUT ME-I'M A STUDENT OF ELECTRONIC AND COMMUNICATION IN VIVEKANAND COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT ALIGARH
EC8791-Embedded and Real Time Systems #7th Sem ECE #Embedded System Introduction # Embedded System Real Time Examples #Career opportunity in Embedded System Filed #Growth of Embedded System
Embedded application is a software application, basically written to control the devices or machines. DT offers a range of embedded software development services in the domain of embedded product.
EC8791-Embedded and Real Time Systems #7th Sem ECE #Embedded System Introduction # Embedded System Real Time Examples #Career opportunity in Embedded System Filed #Growth of Embedded System
Embedded application is a software application, basically written to control the devices or machines. DT offers a range of embedded software development services in the domain of embedded product.
Arduino (/ɑːrˈdwiːnoʊ/) is an open-source hardware and software company, project and user community that designs and manufactures single-board microcontrollers and microcontroller kits for building digital devices. Its hardware products are licensed under a CC-BY-SA license, while software is licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL) or the GNU General Public License (GPL),[1] permitting the manufacture of Arduino boards and software distribution by anyone. Arduino boards are available commercially from the official website or through authorized distributors.
Introduction to embedded systems using the msp430 6. 1 Enumerate the.pdfaienterpresses
Introduction to embedded systems using the msp430 6. 1 Enumerate the elements of a basic
microcontroller interface and indicate two major criteria for the selection of each. 6.4 Assume
the system described in Problem 6.1 is lo be fed from a 4.0V. 2A00 mAh lithium battery.
Estimate the expected battery life, assuming LEDs are driven dynamically at 30% duty cycle.
What would be the regulator efficiency?? Determine the MCU thermal dissipation for the given
loading conditions and verify if it is operating within a safe temperature range.
Solution
An interface is either Input device, or output device, or a storage device, or processing device.
Input devices are used to provide some data to the microcontroller.
e.g. Switch, 4x4 Keypad Matrix, Infrared sensor, Temperature sensor, Light Sensor etc. These
devices provide some input to the microcontroller, and this input is called as data.
Output devices are used to present the processed data to user or other equipment.
e.g. LED, LCD, Buzzer, Relay driver, DC Motor Driver, Stepper Motor driver, 7-Segment
Display etc. These devices convert the processed data to such a format, which is understandable
by human or other equipment.
Storage Devices are used to store the data, normally it is expected to store the data even if the
power is switched off. Some of the storage devices are SD/MMC card, EEPROM, DataFlash,
Real Time Clock, etc. These interfaces are used retain the data and this data can be used as and
when required by the microcontroller for further processing
Processing Devices are those interfaces most important as they reduce product development time
and provides out of box solution. E.g. Ethernet Controller interface, USB to TTL interface, SPI
to SD/MMC interface, Digital to analog module, etc. These interface circuits are flexible to
connect with any microcontroller which can talk in their language (sequence of commands).
A simple LED normally requires 0 or 5V to on / off. This is called as digital signal.
A buzzer beep similar to LED but can be beeped even with intermediate voltage levels between 0
to 5V. This variable voltage input is called as analog signal.
A temperature sensor LM35 generates analog voltage in proportion to the temperature. This
analog voltage needs to be connected to Analog Port pin of a microcontroller for processing
temperature data.
Ethernet controller module requires SPI data format to interface with any microcontroller. SPI is
a complex digital communication format.
Thus every interface is unique in its interfacing standards, but they are same at par with all
microcontrollers..
Introduction to embedded systems using the msp430 6.1 Enumerate the .pdfaienterpresses
Introduction to embedded systems using the msp430 6.1 Enumerate the elements of a basic
microcontroller interface and indicate two major criteria for the selection of each.
Solution
Microcontroller is a single chip micro computer made through VLSI fabrication. A
microcontroller also called an embedded controller because the microcontroller and its support
circuits are often built into, or embedded in, the devices they control. A microcontroller is
available in different word lengths like microprocessors (4bit,8bit,16bit,32bit,64bit and 128 bit
microcontrollers are available today).
Microcontroller Chip
You can find microcontrollers in all kinds of electronic devices these days. Any device that
measures, stores, controls, calculates, or displays information must have a microcontroller chip
inside. The largest single use for microcontrollers is in automobile industry (microcontrollers
widely used for controlling engines and power controls in automobiles). You can also find
microcontrollers inside keyboards, mouse, modems, printers, and other peripherals. In test
equipments, microcontrollers make it easy to add features such as the ability to store
measurements, to create and store user routines, and to display messages and waveforms.
Consumer products that use microcontrollers include digital camcorders, optical players,
LCD/LED display units, etc. And these are just a few examples.
1) A microcontroller basically contains one or more following components:
2) A microcontroller internally consists of all features required for a computing system and
functions as a computer without adding any external digital parts in it.
3) Most of the pins in the microcontroller chip can be made programmable by the user.
4) A microcontroller has many bit handling instructions that can be easily understood by the
programmer.
5) A microcontroller is capable of handling Boolean functions.
6) Higher speed and performance.
7) On-chip ROM structure in a microcontroller provides better firmware security.
8 ) Easy to design with low cost and small size.
Microcontroller structure
The basic structure and block diagram of a microcontroller is shown in the fig (1.1).
Microcontroller Structure
Image Taken From
CPU is the brain of a microcontroller .CPU is responsible for fetching the instruction, decodes it,
then finally executed. CPU connects every part of a microcontroller into a single system. The
primary function of CPU is fetching and decoding instructions. Instruction fetched from program
memory must be decoded by the CPU.
The function of memory in a microcontroller is same as microprocessor. It is used to store data
and program. A microcontroller usually has a certain amount of RAM and ROM (EEPROM,
EPROM, etc) or flash memories for storing program source codes.
Parallel input/output ports are mainly used to drive/interface various devices such as LCD’S,
LED’S, printers, memories, etc to a microcontroller.
Serial ports provide various serial interfaces between microcont.
An embedded system is an electronic system that has a software and is embedded in computer hardware. It is programmable or non- programmable depending on the application. An Embedded system is defined as a way of working, organizing, performing single or multiple tasks according to a set of rules.In an embedded system, all the units assemble and work together according to the program. Examples of embedded systems include numerous products such as microwave ovens, washing machine, printers, automobiles, cameras, etc. These systems use microprocessors, microcontrollers as well as processors like DSPs. This article gives an overview of what is an embedded system and types of embedded system.
The important characteristics of an embedded systems are speed, size, power, reliability, accuracy, adaptability. Therefore, when the embedded system performs the operations at high speed, then it can be used for real -time applications. The Size of the system and power consumption should be very low, then the system can be easily adaptable for different situations.
The Arduino family of boards use processors developed by the Atmel Corporation of San Jose, California. Most of the Arduino designs utilize the 8-bit AVR series of microcontrollers, with the Due being the primary exception with its ARM Cortex-M3 32-bit processor.
Functions allow structuring the programs in segments of code to perform individual tasks. The typical case for creating a function is when one needs to perform the same action multiple times in a program.
Standardizing code fragments into functions has several advantages −
Functions help the programmer stay organized. Often this helps to conceptualize the program.
Functions codify one action in one place so that the function only has to be thought about and debugged once.
This also reduces chances for errors in modification, if the code needs to be changed.
Functions make the whole sketch smaller and more compact because sections of code are reused many times.
They make it easier to reuse code in other programs by making it modular, and using functions often makes the code more readable.
The Arduino Integrated Development Environment (IDE) is a cross-platform application (for Windows, macOS, Linux) that is written in functions from C and C++. It is used to write and upload programs to Arduino compatible boards, but also, with the help of third-party cores, other vendor development boards.
A DC machine is an electromechanical energy alteration device. The working principle of a DC machine is when electric current flows through a coil within a magnetic field, and then the magnetic force generates a torque that rotates the dc motor.
he PIC16F877A features 256 bytes of EEPROM data memory, self programming, an ICD, 2 Comparators, 8 channels of 10-bit Analog-to-Digital (A/D) converter, 2 capture/compare/PWM functions, the synchronous serial port can be configured as either 3-wire Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI™) or the 2-wire Inter-Integrated ...
Introduction of memory Segmentation
Segmentation is the process in which the main memory of the computer is logically divided into different segments and each segment has its own base address.
Memory segmentation is the methods where whole memory is divided into the smaller parts called segments of various sizes.
A segment is just an area in memory.
The process of dividing memory this way is called segmentation.
In information technology (IT), a neural network is a system of hardware and/or software patterned after the operation of neurons in the human brain. Neural networks -- also called artificial neural networks -- are a variety of deep learning technology, which also falls under the umbrella of artificial intelligence, or AI.
INTRODUCTION
We know that a microprocessor is the CPU of a computer. A microprocessor can perform some operation on a data and give the output. But to perform the operation we need an input to enter the data and an output to display the results of the operation. So we are using a keyboard and monitor as Input and output along with the processor. Microprocessors engineering involves a lot of other concepts and we also interface memory elements like ROM, EPROM to access the memory.
Types of Interfacing
There are two types of interfacing in context of the 8085 processor.
Memory Interfacing.
I/O Interfacing.
Memory Interfacing:
While executing an instruction, there is a necessity for the microprocessor to access memory frequently for reading various instruction codes and data stored in the memory. The interfacing circuit aids in accessing the memory.
Memory requires some signals to read from and write to registers. Similarly the microprocessor transmits some signals for reading or writing a data.
But what is the purpose of interfacing circuit here?
The interfacing process involves matching the memory requirements with the microprocessor signals. The interfacing circuit therefore should be designed in such a way that it matches the memory signal requirements with the signals of the microprocessor. For example for carrying out a READ process, the microprocessor should initiate a read signal which the memory requires to read a data. In simple words, the primary function of a memory interfacing circuit is to aid the microprocessor in reading and writing a data to the given register of a memory chip.
The interfacing process involves matching the memory requirements with the microprocessor signals. The interfacing circuit therefore should be designed in such a way that it matches the memory signal requirements with the signals of the microprocessor. For example for carrying out a READ process, the microprocessor should initiate a read signal which the memory requires to read a data. In simple words, the primary function of a memory interfacing circuit is to aid the microprocessor in reading and writing a data to the given register of a memory chip.
I/O Interfacing:
We know that keyboard and Displays are used as communication channel with outside world. So it is necessary that we interface keyboard and displays with the microprocessor. This is called I/O interfacing. In this type of interfacing we use latches and buffers for interfacing the keyboards and displays with the microprocessor.
But the main disadvantage with this interfacing is that the microprocessor can perform only one function. It functions as an input device if it is connected to buffer and as an output device if it is connected to latch. Thus the capability is very limited in this type of interfacing.
Introduction to VLSI Design:
VLSI is an acronym and when expanded, this actually means Very Large Scale Integration or Very Large Scale Integrated Circuits.
Moore’s Law:
In 1965, Godon Moore, an industry pioneer predicted that the number of transistors on a chip doubles every 18 to 24 months.
He also predicted that semiconductor technology will double its effectivess every 18months and many other factors grow exponentionally
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Design and Analysis of Algorithms-DP,Backtracking,Graphs,B&B
Presentation1
1. 18BELC16 Embedded Systems
G. Mahalakshmi Malini, AP/ECE
Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher
Education for Women, School of Engineering
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
III ECE
1/19/2021
1
2. Objective:
• To provide an overview of Design Principles of
Embedded System.
• To learn the architecture and programming of
ARM and PIC microcontroller.
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3. Course Outcomes:
At the end of the course, the students will be able to
CO1: Explain the design challenges of an embedded system.
CO2: Write simple assembly language programs for a PIC
microcontroller.
CO3: Explain the architecture and instruction sets of an ARM
microcontroller.
CO4: Write embedded C programs for simple applications.
CO5: Explain the necessity for RTOS in a real time situation.1/19/2021
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4. Topics to be Discussed
• System
• Embedded System
• Embedded system vs General computing system
• Computer Components
• Components of Embedded Systems
• Classification of Embedded Systems
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5. System
• A system is an arrangement in which all its unit assemble and work
together according to a set of rules.
• It can also be defined as a way of working, organizing or doing one
or many tasks according to a fixed plan.
• For example, a watch is a time displaying system. Its components
follow a set of rules to show time.
• If one of its parts fails, the watch will stop working. So we can say,
in a system, all its subcomponents depend on each other.
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6. SYSTEM EXAMPLES
WATCH
It is a time display SYSTEM.
Parts: Hardware, Needles, Battery, Dial, Chassis and
Strap.
Rules
1.All needles move clockwise only
2.A thin needle rotates every second
3.A long needle rotates every minute
4.A short needle rotates every hour
5.All needles return to the original position after 12 hours
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7. SYSTEM EXAMPLES
WASHING MACHINE
It is an automatic clothes washing SYSTEM Parts: Status display panel,
Switches & Dials, Motor, Power supply & control unit, Inner water
level sensor and solenoid valve.
Rules
1.Wash by spinning
2.Rinse
3.Drying
4.Wash over by blinking
5.Each step display the process stage
6.In case interruption, execute only the remaining
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8. EMBEDDED SYSTEM
• Definition: An Embedded System is one that has computer hardware with software
embedded in it as one of its important components.
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9. Embedded System vs General Computing
Systems
• A computer is an
example of general-
purpose computing
system.
• A computer is a
system that has the
following or more
components.
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11. Computer Components (General Computing
System)
1) Microprocessor
2) A set of special purpose processor, for example graphic, input-output and
network processors
3) Large memory
4) I/O units, for example keyboard, mouse, digitizer, scanner, etc.
5) Output units, for example touch, LCD screen, video monitor and printer.
6) Networking units, for example Ethernet card, front-end processor-based
server, bus drivers, etc.
7) An operating system (OS)
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12. Memory consist of the following parts
1) Caches in the processor.
2) Primary memory (semiconductor memory – RAM, ROM).
3) Secondary memory (magnetic memory located in hard
disks)
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13. General-purpose computing system
characteristics
• Program first loads in the RAM and then runs general-purpose
programs, programs of multiple users and multiple tasks.
• Requires an operating system (OS)
• Runs complex algorithms fast, and
• Provides a complex set of graphic or touch-screen user interfaces
(GUIs).
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15. COMPONENTS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM
• It has Hardware
Processor, Timers, Interrupt controller, I/O Devices, Memories, Ports, etc.
• It has main Application Software
Which may perform concurrently the series of tasks or multiple tasks.
• It has Real Time Operating System (RTOS)
RTOS defines the way the system work. Which supervise the application
software. It sets the rules during the execution of the application program. A
small scale embedded system may not need an RTOS.
So we can define an embedded system as a Microcontroller based, software
driven, reliable, real-time control system.
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16. Embedded System Characteristics
1. Dedicated functions
2. Dedicated complex algorithms
3. Dedicated (GUIs) and other user interfaces for the application
4. Real time operations— Defines the ways in which the system
works.
5. Multi-rate operations — Different operations may take place at
distinct rates. For example, the audio, video, network data or
stream and events have the different rates and time constraints
to finish associated processes.
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18. EMBEDDED SYSTEM CONSTRAINTS
• An embedded system is designed to keep in view three constraints:
– Available system memory
– Available processor speed
– The need to limit the power dissipation
When running the system continuously in cycles of wait for events, run,
stop and wakeup.
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19. PROCESSOR
• A Processor is the heart of the Embedded System.
• For an embedded system designer knowledge of microprocessor
and microcontroller is a must.
• Two Essential Units: Control Unit (CU), Execution Unit (EU)
• Operations: Fetch, Execute
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20. VARIOUS PROCESSOR
1. General Purpose processor (GPP)
Microprocessor
Microcontroller
Embedded Processor
Digital signal Processor
2. Application Specific System Processor (ASSP)
3. Multi Processor System using GPPs
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21. MICROPROCESSOR
• A microprocessor is a single chip semi conductor device also which is a
computer on chip, but not a complete computer.
• Its CPU contains an ALU, a program counter, a stack pointer, some working
register, a clock timing circuit and interrupt circuit on a single chip.
• To make complete micro computer, one must add memory usually ROM and
RAM, memory decoder, an oscillator and a number of serial and parallel ports.
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22. MICROCONTROLLER
• A microcontroller is a functional computer system-on-a-chip. It contains a
processor, memory, and programmable input/output peripherals.
• Microcontrollers include an integrated CPU, memory (a small amount of RAM,
program memory, or both) and peripherals capable of input and output.
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24. EMBEDDED PROCESSOR
• Special microprocessors & microcontrollers often called,
Embedded processors.
• An embedded processor is used when fast processing fast
context-switching & atomic ALU operations are needed.
• Examples : ARM 7, INTEL i960, AMD 29050.
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25. DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSOR
• DSP as a GPP is a single chip VLSI unit.
• It includes the computational capabilities of microprocessor and multiply &
accumulate units (MAC).
• DSP has large number of applications such as image processing, audio, video
& telecommunication processing systems.
• It is used when signal processing functions are to be processed fast.
• Examples : TMS320Cxx, SHARC, Motorola 5600xx 1/19/2021
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26. APPLICATION SPECIFIC SYSTEM PROCESSOR
(ASSP)
• ASSP is dedicated to specific tasks and provides a faster solution.
• An ASSP is used as an additional processing unit for running the
application in place of using embedded software.
• Examples : IIM7100, W3100A
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27. MULTI PROCESSOR SYSTEM USING GPPs
• Multiple processors are used when a single processor does not meet the
needs of different task.
• The operations of all the processors are synchronized to obtain an optimum
performance.
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28. Introduction to Embedded System Design
Steps in the Embedded System
Design Process.
Embedded system design process
consist of the following steps:
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29. • Abstraction
In this stage the problem related to the system is abstracted.
Hardware – Software Architecture
Proper knowledge of hardware and software to be known before starting any
design process.
Extra Functional Properties
Extra functions to be implemented are to be understood completely from the
main design.
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30. • System Related Family of Design
When designing a system, one should refer to a previous system-related family
of design.
Modular Design
Separate module designs must be made so that they can be used later on
when required.
• Mapping
Based on software mapping is done. For example, data flow and program flow
are mapped into one.
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31. User Interface Design
In user interface design it depends on user requirements, environment
analysis and function of the system. For example, on a mobile phone if we
want to reduce the power consumption of mobile phones we take care of
other parameters, so that power consumption can be reduced.
• Refinement
Every component and module must be refined appropriately so that the
software team can understand.
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32. Design Process and Design Examples
• Automatic Chocolate vending machine
• Let us consider an automatic chocolate vending machine.
• Understand several concepts of programming an embedded system as a
multitasking system.
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