A DC machine is an electromechanical energy alteration device. The working principle of a DC machine is when electric current flows through a coil within a magnetic field, and then the magnetic force generates a torque that rotates the dc motor.
Relay is an electromagnetic two way switch with NC and NO which following the conditions of circuit joined to the common terminal of he relay and makes a smart system. This presentation basically related with the low voltage relay and introduces the pin configuration and further is implemented to give the forward and reverse rotation to a dc motor with single power source.
A Project made for my School in the 10th Grade explaining the differences and working of AC and DC Generators.
Contents:
-Introduction
-Electromagnetic induction
-EMF- Electromotive Force
-Fleming’s Right Hand Rule
-Components of a Generator
*Rotor
*Armature
*Coil
*Stator
*Field electromagnets
*Brushes
-A.C. generators
-Commercial A.C generators
-DC generators
-Principle
-Working
-Differences between AC and DC
Relay is an electromagnetic two way switch with NC and NO which following the conditions of circuit joined to the common terminal of he relay and makes a smart system. This presentation basically related with the low voltage relay and introduces the pin configuration and further is implemented to give the forward and reverse rotation to a dc motor with single power source.
A Project made for my School in the 10th Grade explaining the differences and working of AC and DC Generators.
Contents:
-Introduction
-Electromagnetic induction
-EMF- Electromotive Force
-Fleming’s Right Hand Rule
-Components of a Generator
*Rotor
*Armature
*Coil
*Stator
*Field electromagnets
*Brushes
-A.C. generators
-Commercial A.C generators
-DC generators
-Principle
-Working
-Differences between AC and DC
Arduino (/ɑːrˈdwiːnoʊ/) is an open-source hardware and software company, project and user community that designs and manufactures single-board microcontrollers and microcontroller kits for building digital devices. Its hardware products are licensed under a CC-BY-SA license, while software is licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL) or the GNU General Public License (GPL),[1] permitting the manufacture of Arduino boards and software distribution by anyone. Arduino boards are available commercially from the official website or through authorized distributors.
An embedded system is an electronic system that has a software and is embedded in computer hardware. It is programmable or non- programmable depending on the application. An Embedded system is defined as a way of working, organizing, performing single or multiple tasks according to a set of rules.In an embedded system, all the units assemble and work together according to the program. Examples of embedded systems include numerous products such as microwave ovens, washing machine, printers, automobiles, cameras, etc. These systems use microprocessors, microcontrollers as well as processors like DSPs. This article gives an overview of what is an embedded system and types of embedded system.
The important characteristics of an embedded systems are speed, size, power, reliability, accuracy, adaptability. Therefore, when the embedded system performs the operations at high speed, then it can be used for real -time applications. The Size of the system and power consumption should be very low, then the system can be easily adaptable for different situations.
The Arduino family of boards use processors developed by the Atmel Corporation of San Jose, California. Most of the Arduino designs utilize the 8-bit AVR series of microcontrollers, with the Due being the primary exception with its ARM Cortex-M3 32-bit processor.
Functions allow structuring the programs in segments of code to perform individual tasks. The typical case for creating a function is when one needs to perform the same action multiple times in a program.
Standardizing code fragments into functions has several advantages −
Functions help the programmer stay organized. Often this helps to conceptualize the program.
Functions codify one action in one place so that the function only has to be thought about and debugged once.
This also reduces chances for errors in modification, if the code needs to be changed.
Functions make the whole sketch smaller and more compact because sections of code are reused many times.
They make it easier to reuse code in other programs by making it modular, and using functions often makes the code more readable.
The Arduino Integrated Development Environment (IDE) is a cross-platform application (for Windows, macOS, Linux) that is written in functions from C and C++. It is used to write and upload programs to Arduino compatible boards, but also, with the help of third-party cores, other vendor development boards.
Challenges faced during embedded system design:
The challenges in design of embedded systems have always been in the same limiting requirements for decades: Small form factor; Low energy; Long-term stable performance without maintenance.
An embedded system combines mechanical, electrical, and chemical components along with a computer, hidden inside, to perform a single dedicated purpose. ... Therefore the world needs a trained workforce to develop and manage products based on embedded microcontrollers.
he PIC16F877A features 256 bytes of EEPROM data memory, self programming, an ICD, 2 Comparators, 8 channels of 10-bit Analog-to-Digital (A/D) converter, 2 capture/compare/PWM functions, the synchronous serial port can be configured as either 3-wire Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI™) or the 2-wire Inter-Integrated ...
Introduction of memory Segmentation
Segmentation is the process in which the main memory of the computer is logically divided into different segments and each segment has its own base address.
Memory segmentation is the methods where whole memory is divided into the smaller parts called segments of various sizes.
A segment is just an area in memory.
The process of dividing memory this way is called segmentation.
In information technology (IT), a neural network is a system of hardware and/or software patterned after the operation of neurons in the human brain. Neural networks -- also called artificial neural networks -- are a variety of deep learning technology, which also falls under the umbrella of artificial intelligence, or AI.
INTRODUCTION
We know that a microprocessor is the CPU of a computer. A microprocessor can perform some operation on a data and give the output. But to perform the operation we need an input to enter the data and an output to display the results of the operation. So we are using a keyboard and monitor as Input and output along with the processor. Microprocessors engineering involves a lot of other concepts and we also interface memory elements like ROM, EPROM to access the memory.
Types of Interfacing
There are two types of interfacing in context of the 8085 processor.
Memory Interfacing.
I/O Interfacing.
Memory Interfacing:
While executing an instruction, there is a necessity for the microprocessor to access memory frequently for reading various instruction codes and data stored in the memory. The interfacing circuit aids in accessing the memory.
Memory requires some signals to read from and write to registers. Similarly the microprocessor transmits some signals for reading or writing a data.
But what is the purpose of interfacing circuit here?
The interfacing process involves matching the memory requirements with the microprocessor signals. The interfacing circuit therefore should be designed in such a way that it matches the memory signal requirements with the signals of the microprocessor. For example for carrying out a READ process, the microprocessor should initiate a read signal which the memory requires to read a data. In simple words, the primary function of a memory interfacing circuit is to aid the microprocessor in reading and writing a data to the given register of a memory chip.
The interfacing process involves matching the memory requirements with the microprocessor signals. The interfacing circuit therefore should be designed in such a way that it matches the memory signal requirements with the signals of the microprocessor. For example for carrying out a READ process, the microprocessor should initiate a read signal which the memory requires to read a data. In simple words, the primary function of a memory interfacing circuit is to aid the microprocessor in reading and writing a data to the given register of a memory chip.
I/O Interfacing:
We know that keyboard and Displays are used as communication channel with outside world. So it is necessary that we interface keyboard and displays with the microprocessor. This is called I/O interfacing. In this type of interfacing we use latches and buffers for interfacing the keyboards and displays with the microprocessor.
But the main disadvantage with this interfacing is that the microprocessor can perform only one function. It functions as an input device if it is connected to buffer and as an output device if it is connected to latch. Thus the capability is very limited in this type of interfacing.
Introduction to VLSI Design:
VLSI is an acronym and when expanded, this actually means Very Large Scale Integration or Very Large Scale Integrated Circuits.
Moore’s Law:
In 1965, Godon Moore, an industry pioneer predicted that the number of transistors on a chip doubles every 18 to 24 months.
He also predicted that semiconductor technology will double its effectivess every 18months and many other factors grow exponentionally
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)
Dc machines
1. UNIT II - DC Machines
G. Mahalakshmi Malini, AP/ECE
Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher
Education for Women, School of Engineering
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
7. DC Machines Yoke
• The yoke of machines is also
known as the frame, the main
working of this part is to
provide protection to the
internal circuitry of a machine
from the outer environment,
temperature, moisture, and
some other factors.
8. DC Machines Pole Core
• At stator of the dc machines,
the poles are of an
electromagnet the windings on
these poles are known as the
field windings.
• The input provided at the stator
connected with the field
windings generate flux at the
stator and make poles
electromagnet.
9. DC Machines Field Windings
• These windings are wound at the sating part of machines on the
poles at the stator.
• These windings are constructed with copper.
• The current provided at these windings generates flux and
makes poles electromagnet.
10. DC Machines Armature Core
• The core of armature consists
of a large no of slots and
armature windings are located
in these slots.
• It has less reluctance path for
the interaction of stator flux
with the armature windings,
this core is constructed with
the less reluctance material
like cast iron.
• And there are laminations of
different substance is used to
reduce the eddy current losses.
11. DC machines Armature Windings
• The windings wound on the rotor if the dc
machine is known as the armature
windings. When the rotor rotates due to
flux linking of stator the voltage induced in
this part of machines.
• These windings are constructed with
copper like the stator windings.
12. DC Machines Commutator
• The commutator is slip rings
mounted at the shaft of the
machines the main purpose of
these commutators is to
transmit current from the
armature windings to the load.
• These commutators also
convert ac power generated by
the machine into the dc power,
we will discuss this
phenomenon how ac converts
into dc by these commutators
in coming tutorials.
13. Carbon Brushes
• These brushes are connected
with the commutators and get
current from the commutator
and provides to the load.
• These are constructed with the
carbon and their main function
is to reduce the sparking at
load and machine connection
points.
14. Working Principle of DC Machines
• Any types of electrical machine either AC or DC works
on the phenomena of Faraday’s law of electromagnetic
induction.
• This law states that if any conductor through which
current is passing is placed in the magnetic field a force
act on this conductor due that it rotates in the field.
• The direction of rotation of this conductor in the field can
be found by using the very famous Left Hand Rule of
Fleming.
• The Faraday’s law also states that if we put any
conductive loop in the field the voltage will induce in that
conductive device the direction of induced voltage can
be fined by the right-hand rule.
• EMF= dø/dt
