Arduino (/ɑːrˈdwiːnoʊ/) is an open-source hardware and software company, project and user community that designs and manufactures single-board microcontrollers and microcontroller kits for building digital devices. Its hardware products are licensed under a CC-BY-SA license, while software is licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL) or the GNU General Public License (GPL),[1] permitting the manufacture of Arduino boards and software distribution by anyone. Arduino boards are available commercially from the official website or through authorized distributors.

1. CONCEPTS OF PROGRAMMING WITH
ARDUINO
G. Mahalakshmi Malini, AP/ECE
Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women, School of
Engineering
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

2. Objective:
◦To understand the features, architecture
and programming of Arduino.

3. Outcomes:
◦At the end of the course, the student will be able
to
◦CO1: Understand Programming concepts of
Arduino Microcontroller with various interfaces
like memory & I/O devices.
◦CO2: Design real time problems using Arduino

4. Topics to be Discussed
◦Microprocessor
◦Microcontroller
◦System
◦Embedded System
◦Embedded system vs General computing system

5. what is the role of microprocessor in
embedded system?
◦ An embedded microprocessor is a computer chip used inside several devices and
equipments to provide added functionality. ...
◦ The functions of the microprocessor include fetching, decoding and processing the data.

6. Is microprocessor embedded system?
◦ Processor is the heart of an embedded system.
◦ It is the basic unit that takes inputs and produces an output after processing the data.
◦ For an embedded system designer, it is necessary to have the knowledge of
both microprocessors and microcontrollers.

7. What is the role of microcontroller in
embedded system?
◦ A microcontroller can be considered a self-contained system with a processor, memory and
peripherals and can be used as an embedded system.
◦ The majority of microcontrollers in use today are embedded in other machinery, such as
automobiles, telephones, appliances, and peripherals for computer systems.

8. System
◦ A system is an arrangement in which all its unit assemble and work
together according to a set of rules.
◦ It can also be defined as a way of working, organizing or doing one
or many tasks according to a fixed plan.
◦ For example, a watch is a time displaying system. Its components
follow a set of rules to show time.
◦ If one of its parts fails, the watch will stop working. So we can say,
in a system, all its subcomponents depend on each other.

9. SYSTEM EXAMPLES
WATCH
It is a time display SYSTEM.
Parts: Hardware, Needles, Battery, Dial, Chassis and Strap.
Rules
1.All needles move clockwise only
2.A thin needle rotates every second
3.A long needle rotates every minute
4.A short needle rotates every hour
5.All needles return to the original position after 12 hours

10. SYSTEM EXAMPLES
WASHING MACHINE
It is an automatic clothes washing SYSTEM Parts: Status display panel,
Switches & Dials, Motor, Power supply & control unit, Inner water level sensor
and solenoid valve.
Rules
1.Wash by spinning
2.Rinse
3.Drying
4.Wash over by blinking
5.Each step display the process stage
6.In case interruption, execute only the remaining

11. EMBEDDED SYSTEM
As its name suggests, Embedded means something that is attached to
another thing.
An embedded system can be thought of as a computer hardware system
having software embedded in it.
An embedded system can be an independent system or it can be a part of a
large system.
An embedded system is a microcontroller or microprocessor based system
which is designed to perform a specific task.

12. Embedded System vs General
Computing Systems
◦ A computer is an example of
general-purpose computing
system.
◦ A computer is a system that has
the following or more
components.

14. Computer Components (General
Computing System)
1) Microprocessor
2) A set of special purpose processor, for example graphic, input-output and network
processors
3) Large memory
4) I/O units, for example keyboard, mouse, digitizer, scanner, etc.
5) Output units, for example touch, LCD screen, video monitor and printer.
6) Networking units, for example Ethernet card, front-end processor-based server, bus drivers,
etc.
7) An operating system (OS)

15. Memory consist of the following parts
1) Caches in the processor.
2) Primary memory (semiconductor memory – RAM, ROM).
3) Secondary memory (magnetic memory located in hard disks)

16. General-purpose computing system
characteristics
◦ Program first loads in the RAM and then runs general-purpose programs,
programs of multiple users and multiple tasks.
◦ Requires an operating system (OS)
◦ Runs complex algorithms fast, and
◦ Provides a complex set of graphic or touch-screen user interfaces (GUIs).

17. General-purpose computing system
Constraints
◦ The system has little constraints of memory and no time deadlines to finish the
execution of the tasks of a program.

18. COMPONENTS OF EMBEDDED
SYSTEM
◦ It has Hardware
Processor, Timers, Interrupt controller, I/O Devices, Memories, Ports, etc.
◦ It has main Application Software
Which may perform concurrently the series of tasks or multiple tasks.
◦ It has Real Time Operating System (RTOS)
RTOS defines the way the system work. Which supervise the application software. It
sets the rules during the execution of the application program. A small scale embedded system
may not need an RTOS.
So we can define an embedded system as a Microcontroller based, software driven,
reliable, real-time control system.

19. Embedded System Characteristics
1. Dedicated functions
2. Dedicated complex algorithms
3. Dedicated (GUIs) and other user interfaces for the application
4. Real time operations— Defines the ways in which the system works.
5. Multi-rate operations — Different operations may take place at distinct rates.
For example, the audio, video, network data or stream and events have the
different rates and time constraints to finish associated processes.

20. EMBEDDED SYSTEM
CONSTRAINTS
◦ An embedded system is designed to keep in view three constraints:
– Available system memory
– Available processor speed
– The need to limit the power dissipation
When running the system continuously in cycles of wait for events, run, stop and
wakeup.

21. Introduction to Embedded System
Design
Steps in the Embedded System
Design Process.
Embedded system design process
consist of the following steps:

22. ◦ Abstraction
In this stage the problem related to the system is abstracted.
Hardware – Software Architecture
Proper knowledge of hardware and software to be known before starting any
design process.
Extra Functional Properties
Extra functions to be implemented are to be understood completely from the
main design.

23. ◦ System Related Family of Design
When designing a system, one should refer to a previous system-related family
of design.
Modular Design
Separate module designs must be made so that they can be used later on when
required.
◦ Mapping
Based on software mapping is done. For example, data flow and program flow
are mapped into one.

24. User Interface Design
In user interface design it depends on user requirements, environment
analysis and function of the system. For example, on a mobile phone if
we want to reduce the power consumption of mobile phones we take
care of other parameters, so that power consumption can be reduced.
◦ Refinement
Every component and module must be refined appropriately so that the
software team can understand.

25. Design Process and Design Examples
◦ Automatic Chocolate vending machine
◦ Let us consider an automatic chocolate vending machine.
◦ Understand several concepts of programming an embedded system as a
multitasking system.

26. ACVM