The document describes an engineering project located in Mukim Datu Mengkebang, Derah Batu Mengkebang, Jajahan Kuala Kari, Negeri Kelantan Darul Naim with a total area of 42,834 square meters. It includes site clearance, earthworks, road works, drainage system, sewage system, and water supply system. The project involves construction of 82 double story houses, a surau, sport complex, water tank, roads, sidewalks, and drainage systems. Earthworks include cutting, filling, and slope stabilization. The road design consists of a main road and sub-roads made of various pavement layers.
This topic discusses in general about the repair, maintenance and their strategies to be followed. It is also discussed about the assessment procedures and investigations to be done while repairing any structures.
This document provides an overview of road safety audits in Malaysian practice. It defines road safety audits and their objectives, which include identifying potential safety hazards in new road projects and hazardous features of existing roads. It outlines the different stages of road safety audits, from the planning stage to the pre-opening stage to audits of existing roads. Common problems identified include issues for pedestrians, cyclists, motorcyclists and other road users. Safety principles and checklists are discussed. Examples of improvements from audits, such as improved intersections and alignments, sight distances, and delineation, are presented. The benefits of road safety audits are reducing accidents and ensuring all road users are considered in design.
Causes of deterioration of concrete structuresKarthi Kavya
The document discusses types of deterioration that can occur in concrete structures. It identifies three main types: distress in concrete, permeability of concrete, and aggressive deterioration agents. Distress can be physical, chemical, or mechanical due to issues like high water-cement ratio, inadequate curing, poor aggregates, overloading, or design deficiencies. Permeability is increased by porosity, microcracks, and dampness/seepage, allowing chemicals to enter. Major agents are chlorides, sulfates, and alkali-silica reaction, which can cause corrosion, cracking, or expansion through carbonation, sulfate attack, or silica gel formation.
The document provides information about demolition techniques and safety precautions for demolition. It discusses demolition methods such as manual demolition, demolition by machines, demolition by hydraulic crushers, demolition by wrecking ball, and demolition by explosives including implosion. It also outlines the typical demolition sequence and covers safety topics like protective equipment, temporary supports, training, equipment maintenance, and debris handling.
This document provides guidelines for road markings in India. It discusses the functions and types of road markings, including carriageway markings like center lines, edge lines, bus lanes, and bicycle lanes. It also covers transverse markings at intersections, such as stop lines and pedestrian crossings. Standard designs and specifications for various road markings are presented along with considerations for placement, materials, and maintenance. The guidelines aim to promote uniformity and standardization of road markings to minimize confusion and uncertainty for drivers and pedestrians.
Break or cause to break without a complete separation of the parts.
In generally defined as a complete or incomplete separation of either concrete or masonry into two or more parts.
The success of repair activity depends on the identification of the root cause of the deterioration of the concrete structures.
This describes about causes, effects, types of pavement failure.
Failures in flexible pavements can be due to failure of its component layers which undergo distress due to various causes. Types of failures in flexible pavements and repair techniques are discussed.
The document compares various demolition techniques and their environmental impacts. It begins with introducing demolition and describing common techniques like conventional, mechanical, electrical, microwave, sonic, advanced robotics, chemical, hydraulic jet, thermal lance, and stitch drilling methods. For each technique, it provides details on the process, required equipment, advantages and disadvantages. It emphasizes the importance of planning demolition works carefully considering health, safety, risk assessment and minimizing effects on the environment.
This topic discusses in general about the repair, maintenance and their strategies to be followed. It is also discussed about the assessment procedures and investigations to be done while repairing any structures.
This document provides an overview of road safety audits in Malaysian practice. It defines road safety audits and their objectives, which include identifying potential safety hazards in new road projects and hazardous features of existing roads. It outlines the different stages of road safety audits, from the planning stage to the pre-opening stage to audits of existing roads. Common problems identified include issues for pedestrians, cyclists, motorcyclists and other road users. Safety principles and checklists are discussed. Examples of improvements from audits, such as improved intersections and alignments, sight distances, and delineation, are presented. The benefits of road safety audits are reducing accidents and ensuring all road users are considered in design.
Causes of deterioration of concrete structuresKarthi Kavya
The document discusses types of deterioration that can occur in concrete structures. It identifies three main types: distress in concrete, permeability of concrete, and aggressive deterioration agents. Distress can be physical, chemical, or mechanical due to issues like high water-cement ratio, inadequate curing, poor aggregates, overloading, or design deficiencies. Permeability is increased by porosity, microcracks, and dampness/seepage, allowing chemicals to enter. Major agents are chlorides, sulfates, and alkali-silica reaction, which can cause corrosion, cracking, or expansion through carbonation, sulfate attack, or silica gel formation.
The document provides information about demolition techniques and safety precautions for demolition. It discusses demolition methods such as manual demolition, demolition by machines, demolition by hydraulic crushers, demolition by wrecking ball, and demolition by explosives including implosion. It also outlines the typical demolition sequence and covers safety topics like protective equipment, temporary supports, training, equipment maintenance, and debris handling.
This document provides guidelines for road markings in India. It discusses the functions and types of road markings, including carriageway markings like center lines, edge lines, bus lanes, and bicycle lanes. It also covers transverse markings at intersections, such as stop lines and pedestrian crossings. Standard designs and specifications for various road markings are presented along with considerations for placement, materials, and maintenance. The guidelines aim to promote uniformity and standardization of road markings to minimize confusion and uncertainty for drivers and pedestrians.
Break or cause to break without a complete separation of the parts.
In generally defined as a complete or incomplete separation of either concrete or masonry into two or more parts.
The success of repair activity depends on the identification of the root cause of the deterioration of the concrete structures.
This describes about causes, effects, types of pavement failure.
Failures in flexible pavements can be due to failure of its component layers which undergo distress due to various causes. Types of failures in flexible pavements and repair techniques are discussed.
The document compares various demolition techniques and their environmental impacts. It begins with introducing demolition and describing common techniques like conventional, mechanical, electrical, microwave, sonic, advanced robotics, chemical, hydraulic jet, thermal lance, and stitch drilling methods. For each technique, it provides details on the process, required equipment, advantages and disadvantages. It emphasizes the importance of planning demolition works carefully considering health, safety, risk assessment and minimizing effects on the environment.
This document discusses the demolition of structures. It outlines the objectives, planning steps, safety measures, and methods used for demolition. Surveys are conducted to identify hazardous materials and structural details. A demolition plan is then prepared outlining the sequence, equipment, and safety procedures. Common demolition methods include mechanical techniques like wrecking balls, hydraulic breakers, and dismantling, as well as explosives for implosions. Factors like the structure type and location influence the chosen method.
The document discusses the various elements that make up the cross section of a road, including:
- Right of way, traveled way/carriage way, road way, median, shoulder, curb/kerb, traffic barriers, bicycle and pedestrian facilities, drainage channels, and side slopes.
It provides details on the purpose and design standards for each element, such as recommended widths for different road types. For example, it recommends a minimum shoulder width of 2.5m and notes their purpose is to serve as an emergency lane.
The document also includes examples of typical cross section diagrams for a highway in Pakistan, showing how the various elements come together in road design.
This document provides information about earthquake engineering. It begins with definitions of key earthquake terminology. It then discusses the causes of earthquakes, challenges with earthquake forecasting, seismic zones in India, and factors that affect earthquake magnitude and intensity. The document outlines principles for planning earthquake-resistant buildings and describes seismic construction aspects, repair of damaged structures, and Indian building codes for earthquake design.
The document provides an overview of the construction of various buildings and structures at Muscat Airport. It includes 3-6 sentence descriptions of the construction process for airport terminal piers using tower cranes, the jack-up method for constructing the airport terminal building roof in 5 steps, constructing fuel storage tanks by lifting in chillers and pipe spools, and laying 132kV electricity cables by pulling 800m long cables from drums using a winch. It also details constructing a road bridge deck using post-tensioned concrete with void formers in 11 steps and includes diagrams.
Highway Failure & their Maintenance Final Project.pptxjohnjohn497573
This document discusses highway pavements and maintenance. It describes the main types of highway pavements as flexible like bituminous, and rigid like cement concrete. The major causes of highway failure are rutting, heavy loads, instability and cracking. Highway maintenance aims to preserve the road, provide safety and efficient travel, and includes activities like patching, sealing, resurfacing, drainage maintenance, snow removal, bridge upkeep and traffic services. Key materials used are concrete, bitumen, asphalt and gravel. Periodic maintenance is needed to prolong a highway's lifespan.
This document discusses different methods of constructing underground structures beneath existing surfaces without disrupting traffic, including box jacking, arched jacking, and thrust boring. Box jacking involves pushing pre-cast concrete boxes into the ground with hydraulic jacks to form the structure. Arched jacking and thrust boring use similar techniques to jack pipes through the ground. Freezing the soil is another method used to stabilize the ground and prevent issues like water seepage when constructing underground. Case studies demonstrate how these techniques have been applied to real projects.
The document discusses cracks in buildings, including the types, causes, effects, and methods for repairing cracks. It identifies two main types of cracks: structural cracks that could endanger safety, and non-structural cracks caused by factors like moisture, temperature changes, or chemical reactions. Left unaddressed, cracks can accelerate concrete deterioration and carbonation, compromise waterproofing, and affect building appearance and durability. The document outlines various techniques for repairing cracks, such as epoxy injection, routing and sealing, stitching, drilling and plugging, and gravity filling. It emphasizes the importance of both preventing cracks and properly repairing existing cracks to maintain building integrity.
Visit www.seminarlinks.blogspot.com to Download.
The intersection of railway track and the road at the same level is referred to as a level crossing. In the urban areas the level crossing is generally monitored by qualified railway personnel who monitor the train movement and close the level crossing gate to stop the interfering road traffic but such closing of gates leads to congestion in road traffic and also causes loss of time to road users. Road under bridge and road over the bridge are considered as solutions for avoiding level crossings of roads and railway track.
Objective and classification of highway maintenance works. Distresses and maintenance measures in flexible and rigid pavements. Concept of pavement evaluation: Functional and Structural
This document discusses various types of street furniture used for traffic control and safety. It describes roadway delineators that provide visual guidance, especially at night. Hazard markers define obstructions like guardrails. Object markers indicate hazards within the vehicle path, such as channelizing islands. Speed breakers and rumble strips are used to alert drivers to reduce speed. Guard rails guide pedestrians and prevent them from entering the carriageway. Safety barriers prevent vehicles from leaving the highway at locations like bridges. Barricades and channelizers control and divert traffic during construction. Litter bins collect waste thrown by road users.
This document discusses port planning and characteristics of good seaports. It outlines factors to consider like connectivity, depth, protection from waves, storage, and facilities. It also discusses dry ports, bulk cargo, transshipment ports, ports of call, necessary surveys, regional transportation development, forecasting cargo and passenger demand, and calculating a port's cargo handling capacity. Key aspects include considering infrastructure, operations, traffic potential, natural conditions, and matching supply and demand to utilize port resources effectively.
Epoxy crack injection for concrete (the basics)jbors
Epoxy injection offers a permanent repair for cracks (and delaminations) in concrete. The repair is structural, permanent and water-tight with the same lifespan as the surrounding concrete. It can be performed at temperatures as low 35°F, on cracks as narrow as 5 mils (5/1000”) and even underwater.
The cured epoxy restores the monolithic integrity of the concrete, protects the internal reinforcing steel from corrosion and is unaffected by water, chemicals and sunlight. University studies confirm that the repaired concrete matches the original strength of the uncracked concrete. A useful performance specification for the epoxy adhesive is ASTM C881, Type IV for load bearing (structural) applications. The cured high modulus epoxy generally exhibits more than 3 times the compressive strength and over 10 times the tensile strength of the surrounding concrete.
Typical structures repaired using epoxy injection include: parking decks, stadiums, concrete framed buildings, residential foundations, swimming pools, airport runways and taxiways, concrete bridge decks, floor cracking and delaminations in warehouses and manufacturing facilities, concrete pipe and tanks, concrete beams and piers and port facilities including docks, piers and pilings. Facilities where crack injection is often employed include water/sewage treatment plants, industrial sites, machinery foundations, and refrigerated and frozen food storage warehouses.
Specially trained contractors should be considered to properly perform crack repair using proper surface preparation procedures and positive displacement metering pumps to properly proportion and deliver the two component epoxy.
Benefits of Epoxy Injection
• Fast cure strength — up to 5,000 psi compressive yield in less than 5 hours,
• Vibration tolerant during cure — repairs can be made while structure is open,
• Unique concrete crack injection solutions for underwater, corrosive, large void (low exotherm) and other extreme exposures,
• O VOC concrete crack repair adhesives and seals,
• Can be used in temperatures as low as 35°F,
• Restores cracked concrete and structural members including beams and columns to original monolithic strength,
• Stops water leakage through foundations,
• Prevents corrosion of embedded reinforcing steel,
• Useful in secondary containment areas to prevent leaks and
• Unlike urethane chemical grouts, the epoxy crack repair is structural and permanent.
This document discusses the construction and maintenance of bituminous roads. It describes the different types of pavements including flexible and rigid pavements. For bituminous construction, it explains the procedures for subgrade preparation, application of tack coats and prime coats, and construction of different layers using techniques like penetration macadam, bituminous macadam, and seal coating. It also discusses the use of hot mix and cold mix methods using emulsions and cutbacks for construction and maintenance of bituminous roads.
The document describes the layers of a concrete road, including:
1) A filling or cutting layer for leveling the ground
2) A 300mm thick subgrade murrum layer underneath
3) A granular sub-base layer made of crushed stone 0-40mm aggregate
4) A dry lean concrete layer used as a base with a higher aggregate to cement ratio
5) A top pavement quality concrete layer made with 32mm aggregate designed for heavy traffic.
Building crack,types,causes & its repairingGAUTAMSWALA
The document discusses different types of cracks in concrete structures, their causes, and repair methods. It describes structural cracks as wider than 3mm and caused by poor construction practices or overloading. Non-structural cracks are thinner and caused by moisture, thermal movement, or vegetation. Various crack repair techniques are outlined, including epoxy injection to fill hairline cracks, routing and sealing, stitching with metal anchors, grouting, and applying an overlay. The conclusion states it is impossible to completely prevent cracks but their development can be minimized by considering construction materials and techniques.
Construction quality process, inspection, quality control and quality assurance,cost of quality, ISO standards. Introduction to concept of Total Quality Management.
Introduction to concepts of HSE as applicable to Construction. Importanceof safety in construction , Safety measures to be taken during Excavation ,Explosives , drilling and blasting , hot bituminous works , scaffolds / platforms /ladder , form work and equipment operation. Storage of materials. Safety through legislation, safety campaign. Insurances.
This document provides details for a proposed project to construct a 1 corner unit terrace house for a national housing scheme in Brunei. It includes information on the project coordinator, architects, engineers and quantity surveyor leading the project. It also includes the project title, address of the quantity surveyor firm, organizational chart, type of tender, site restrictions, plans, specifications, schedules, sums, insurances and timeline. The project aims to construct a 2-storey corner terrace house with a total gross floor area of 127.78 square meters and an estimated price of 153,336 Malaysian Ringgit over an 8 month construction period.
1) The tender document is for the construction of a double-story semi-detached corner house.
2) The completion period for the project is 25 weeks.
3) The parties involved include the client, architect, engineers, quantity surveyor.
This document discusses the demolition of structures. It outlines the objectives, planning steps, safety measures, and methods used for demolition. Surveys are conducted to identify hazardous materials and structural details. A demolition plan is then prepared outlining the sequence, equipment, and safety procedures. Common demolition methods include mechanical techniques like wrecking balls, hydraulic breakers, and dismantling, as well as explosives for implosions. Factors like the structure type and location influence the chosen method.
The document discusses the various elements that make up the cross section of a road, including:
- Right of way, traveled way/carriage way, road way, median, shoulder, curb/kerb, traffic barriers, bicycle and pedestrian facilities, drainage channels, and side slopes.
It provides details on the purpose and design standards for each element, such as recommended widths for different road types. For example, it recommends a minimum shoulder width of 2.5m and notes their purpose is to serve as an emergency lane.
The document also includes examples of typical cross section diagrams for a highway in Pakistan, showing how the various elements come together in road design.
This document provides information about earthquake engineering. It begins with definitions of key earthquake terminology. It then discusses the causes of earthquakes, challenges with earthquake forecasting, seismic zones in India, and factors that affect earthquake magnitude and intensity. The document outlines principles for planning earthquake-resistant buildings and describes seismic construction aspects, repair of damaged structures, and Indian building codes for earthquake design.
The document provides an overview of the construction of various buildings and structures at Muscat Airport. It includes 3-6 sentence descriptions of the construction process for airport terminal piers using tower cranes, the jack-up method for constructing the airport terminal building roof in 5 steps, constructing fuel storage tanks by lifting in chillers and pipe spools, and laying 132kV electricity cables by pulling 800m long cables from drums using a winch. It also details constructing a road bridge deck using post-tensioned concrete with void formers in 11 steps and includes diagrams.
Highway Failure & their Maintenance Final Project.pptxjohnjohn497573
This document discusses highway pavements and maintenance. It describes the main types of highway pavements as flexible like bituminous, and rigid like cement concrete. The major causes of highway failure are rutting, heavy loads, instability and cracking. Highway maintenance aims to preserve the road, provide safety and efficient travel, and includes activities like patching, sealing, resurfacing, drainage maintenance, snow removal, bridge upkeep and traffic services. Key materials used are concrete, bitumen, asphalt and gravel. Periodic maintenance is needed to prolong a highway's lifespan.
This document discusses different methods of constructing underground structures beneath existing surfaces without disrupting traffic, including box jacking, arched jacking, and thrust boring. Box jacking involves pushing pre-cast concrete boxes into the ground with hydraulic jacks to form the structure. Arched jacking and thrust boring use similar techniques to jack pipes through the ground. Freezing the soil is another method used to stabilize the ground and prevent issues like water seepage when constructing underground. Case studies demonstrate how these techniques have been applied to real projects.
The document discusses cracks in buildings, including the types, causes, effects, and methods for repairing cracks. It identifies two main types of cracks: structural cracks that could endanger safety, and non-structural cracks caused by factors like moisture, temperature changes, or chemical reactions. Left unaddressed, cracks can accelerate concrete deterioration and carbonation, compromise waterproofing, and affect building appearance and durability. The document outlines various techniques for repairing cracks, such as epoxy injection, routing and sealing, stitching, drilling and plugging, and gravity filling. It emphasizes the importance of both preventing cracks and properly repairing existing cracks to maintain building integrity.
Visit www.seminarlinks.blogspot.com to Download.
The intersection of railway track and the road at the same level is referred to as a level crossing. In the urban areas the level crossing is generally monitored by qualified railway personnel who monitor the train movement and close the level crossing gate to stop the interfering road traffic but such closing of gates leads to congestion in road traffic and also causes loss of time to road users. Road under bridge and road over the bridge are considered as solutions for avoiding level crossings of roads and railway track.
Objective and classification of highway maintenance works. Distresses and maintenance measures in flexible and rigid pavements. Concept of pavement evaluation: Functional and Structural
This document discusses various types of street furniture used for traffic control and safety. It describes roadway delineators that provide visual guidance, especially at night. Hazard markers define obstructions like guardrails. Object markers indicate hazards within the vehicle path, such as channelizing islands. Speed breakers and rumble strips are used to alert drivers to reduce speed. Guard rails guide pedestrians and prevent them from entering the carriageway. Safety barriers prevent vehicles from leaving the highway at locations like bridges. Barricades and channelizers control and divert traffic during construction. Litter bins collect waste thrown by road users.
This document discusses port planning and characteristics of good seaports. It outlines factors to consider like connectivity, depth, protection from waves, storage, and facilities. It also discusses dry ports, bulk cargo, transshipment ports, ports of call, necessary surveys, regional transportation development, forecasting cargo and passenger demand, and calculating a port's cargo handling capacity. Key aspects include considering infrastructure, operations, traffic potential, natural conditions, and matching supply and demand to utilize port resources effectively.
Epoxy crack injection for concrete (the basics)jbors
Epoxy injection offers a permanent repair for cracks (and delaminations) in concrete. The repair is structural, permanent and water-tight with the same lifespan as the surrounding concrete. It can be performed at temperatures as low 35°F, on cracks as narrow as 5 mils (5/1000”) and even underwater.
The cured epoxy restores the monolithic integrity of the concrete, protects the internal reinforcing steel from corrosion and is unaffected by water, chemicals and sunlight. University studies confirm that the repaired concrete matches the original strength of the uncracked concrete. A useful performance specification for the epoxy adhesive is ASTM C881, Type IV for load bearing (structural) applications. The cured high modulus epoxy generally exhibits more than 3 times the compressive strength and over 10 times the tensile strength of the surrounding concrete.
Typical structures repaired using epoxy injection include: parking decks, stadiums, concrete framed buildings, residential foundations, swimming pools, airport runways and taxiways, concrete bridge decks, floor cracking and delaminations in warehouses and manufacturing facilities, concrete pipe and tanks, concrete beams and piers and port facilities including docks, piers and pilings. Facilities where crack injection is often employed include water/sewage treatment plants, industrial sites, machinery foundations, and refrigerated and frozen food storage warehouses.
Specially trained contractors should be considered to properly perform crack repair using proper surface preparation procedures and positive displacement metering pumps to properly proportion and deliver the two component epoxy.
Benefits of Epoxy Injection
• Fast cure strength — up to 5,000 psi compressive yield in less than 5 hours,
• Vibration tolerant during cure — repairs can be made while structure is open,
• Unique concrete crack injection solutions for underwater, corrosive, large void (low exotherm) and other extreme exposures,
• O VOC concrete crack repair adhesives and seals,
• Can be used in temperatures as low as 35°F,
• Restores cracked concrete and structural members including beams and columns to original monolithic strength,
• Stops water leakage through foundations,
• Prevents corrosion of embedded reinforcing steel,
• Useful in secondary containment areas to prevent leaks and
• Unlike urethane chemical grouts, the epoxy crack repair is structural and permanent.
This document discusses the construction and maintenance of bituminous roads. It describes the different types of pavements including flexible and rigid pavements. For bituminous construction, it explains the procedures for subgrade preparation, application of tack coats and prime coats, and construction of different layers using techniques like penetration macadam, bituminous macadam, and seal coating. It also discusses the use of hot mix and cold mix methods using emulsions and cutbacks for construction and maintenance of bituminous roads.
The document describes the layers of a concrete road, including:
1) A filling or cutting layer for leveling the ground
2) A 300mm thick subgrade murrum layer underneath
3) A granular sub-base layer made of crushed stone 0-40mm aggregate
4) A dry lean concrete layer used as a base with a higher aggregate to cement ratio
5) A top pavement quality concrete layer made with 32mm aggregate designed for heavy traffic.
Building crack,types,causes & its repairingGAUTAMSWALA
The document discusses different types of cracks in concrete structures, their causes, and repair methods. It describes structural cracks as wider than 3mm and caused by poor construction practices or overloading. Non-structural cracks are thinner and caused by moisture, thermal movement, or vegetation. Various crack repair techniques are outlined, including epoxy injection to fill hairline cracks, routing and sealing, stitching with metal anchors, grouting, and applying an overlay. The conclusion states it is impossible to completely prevent cracks but their development can be minimized by considering construction materials and techniques.
Construction quality process, inspection, quality control and quality assurance,cost of quality, ISO standards. Introduction to concept of Total Quality Management.
Introduction to concepts of HSE as applicable to Construction. Importanceof safety in construction , Safety measures to be taken during Excavation ,Explosives , drilling and blasting , hot bituminous works , scaffolds / platforms /ladder , form work and equipment operation. Storage of materials. Safety through legislation, safety campaign. Insurances.
This document provides details for a proposed project to construct a 1 corner unit terrace house for a national housing scheme in Brunei. It includes information on the project coordinator, architects, engineers and quantity surveyor leading the project. It also includes the project title, address of the quantity surveyor firm, organizational chart, type of tender, site restrictions, plans, specifications, schedules, sums, insurances and timeline. The project aims to construct a 2-storey corner terrace house with a total gross floor area of 127.78 square meters and an estimated price of 153,336 Malaysian Ringgit over an 8 month construction period.
1) The tender document is for the construction of a double-story semi-detached corner house.
2) The completion period for the project is 25 weeks.
3) The parties involved include the client, architect, engineers, quantity surveyor.
The document discusses various aspects of road design and construction including:
1. Road categories and hierarchy such as expressways, federal roads, state roads, and urban/rural area roads.
2. Factors that govern road alignment including obligatory points, geometric design, precautions at river/railway crossings, and topographical considerations.
3. Elements of geometric design for roads including sight distance, horizontal and vertical alignment, pavement design, and intersection design.
4. Components of a flexible pavement cross-section and the functions of the different layers.
5. Importance of drainage in road construction and different drainage system components.
6. Typical stages of road construction including earthworks, pavement/drain
The document discusses the major river systems of India, dividing them into the Himalayan rivers and peninsular rivers. It focuses on describing the three main Himalayan rivers: the Indus, Ganges, and Brahmaputra. It provides details on the origins and courses of these rivers, as well as important tributaries. It also discusses the roles of rivers in Indian history, culture, and economy.
The document provides details on measuring quantities for the construction of a guard house for Panicsonic Sdn Bhd. It includes assumptions on the total land area and outlines 13 construction methods. It then provides specific examples and calculations for measuring quantities for site clearance, various foundation elements like piling and pile caps, and column stumps below the lowest floor finish. Diagrams and notes are included to clarify the measurement of quantities.
Cross drainage works are structures constructed where canals cross natural drainages like rivers or streams. There are several types of cross drainage works depending on the relative bed levels of the canal and drainage. The document discusses determining the maximum flood discharge of a drainage using various empirical formulas and methods. It also covers topics like fluming of canals, which involves contracting the canal width to reduce the size of cross drainage structures.
The document discusses road classification in Malaysia. It outlines 5 categories of roads: 1) Highways which connect state capitals, airports and ports and are supervised by the Malaysia Highway Board and funded/constructed by the federal government. 2) Federal roads which connect towns and cities within a state and are funded by state or federal government. 3) State roads which are constructed and maintained by state public works departments. 4) Local roads which are constructed and maintained by local authorities and partially funded by federal government. 5) Rural roads which are constructed and maintained by district offices and funded by state government.
This document summarizes the classification of roads and elements of road cross-sections. It discusses the different types of urban and rural roads based on location, carriageway, surface, and season. The key components of a road cross-section are also outlined, including the carriageway, shoulders, side slopes, and kerbs. Camber or cross slope is defined as the transverse slope provided to a road surface to drain water, and can take parabolic, straight, or combined forms.
This document summarizes the construction of a 6.5 km private road located in Ranipur, Haridwar, India. It describes the various layers that make up the roadway, including earthwork, granular sub-base, wet mix macadam, bituminous macadam, bituminous concrete, and finishing touches like kerbs and shoulders. The layers are constructed in sequential order, with careful compaction and mixing of aggregates and binders at each stage to support vehicular traffic on the carriageway. Proper camber is built into the road surface to allow for water drainage off the sides of the paved area.
Canal falls are structures constructed across canals to lower the bed level to maintain the designed slope when there is a change in ground level. The main types of canal falls are ogee falls, stepped falls, vertical falls, rapid falls, and straight glacis falls. Canal escapes are side channels that remove surplus water from canals into natural drains. The main types are surplus escapes, tail escapes, and scouring escapes. Cross drainage works include structures like aqueducts and siphon aqueducts to allow canals to pass over drainages when their bed levels differ.
Highway Construction and Equipment: Methods of constructing different types of roads viz. Earth roads, Stabilized roads, WBM, WMM roads, earthen embankments, DLC, and embankments with fly ash. Bituminous roads and Concrete roads. Berms and Shoulders, Features of rural roads including those in PMGSY. Hot mix plant for Bituminous roads-components, layout, control panel, quality assurance. Highway construction of rigid and flexible pavements including types of road rollers, specifications of compaction of different layers of bituminous roads, modern pavers for CC roads. Roller compacted concrete road construction
This document discusses the key elements of highway geometric design including cross-section elements, sight distance considerations, horizontal and vertical alignment details, and intersection elements. It covers factors that affect highway geometric design such as design speed, topography, traffic, capacity, and environmental factors. It provides details on cross-section components, sight distance requirements, horizontal and vertical curves, and overtaking sight distance calculations. The objective of highway geometric design is to provide efficient traffic operation with maximum safety at reasonable cost.
ROAD CONSTRUCTION (FLEXIBLE & RIGID) - SLIDES.pdfDanielWisman1
Main segments of road pavement
– Flexible pavement :Advantages & Disadvantages
– Rigid pavement: Advantages & Disadvantages
• Selected flexible road project
• Selected rigid road project
Flexible pavements are composed of a bituminous material surface course, underlying base and sub base course.
Rigid pavement is laid in slabs with steel reinforcement.
•The rigid characteristic of the pavement are associated with rigidity or flexural strength
This document provides details for the design of a 108km rural road passing through three districts in Badakhshan Province, Afghanistan. It includes typical road cross sections for different terrains, geometric design values, structural pavement design, drainage structures, retaining walls, and a list of centerline coordinates and elevations. The road requires excavation, embankment filling, asphalt and gravel surfacing, drainage features like culverts and drains, and retaining walls given the mountainous terrain with elevation changes up to 1350m along the route.
Project presentation on flexible pavement by Harshit Prakash Gargharshit315
The document provides details on the design of a 750 meter flexible pavement in India. It includes soil tests, layer designs, thickness calculations using CBR and traffic values, and a cost estimate. A drum mix plant overview is also included to mix asphalt for pavement construction. Key steps are conducting CBR, sieve analysis and density tests; designing layers per IRC codes; determining 635mm thickness from charts; and estimating a total cost of 13.06 lakhs rupees.
This document discusses the geometric design of rural roads. It defines geometric design and its basic principles, including that ultimate geometric requirements should be considered from the beginning. Design standards are minimum values that aim to balance safety and cost. The document outlines factors like terrain classification and their influence on design speed. It provides recommendations for elements of geometric design like road land width, carriageway width, shoulders, sight distances and more. Standards are provided to guide the geometric design of rural roads.
Design & Construction of B.I.T. Driveway (As per rural specification)IJERA Editor
The motive of undertaking this project of “Design & Construction of B.I.T. Driveway (As per rural
specification)” is to study and evaluate the performance in real design and working conditions of the rural road
flexible pavement with IRC:37-2001 and IRC:SP:20-2002. In this paper, the work is carried out to measure the
traffic volume on the top surface of the B.I.T. Driveway. Rural connectivity is taken as one of the major
component in increasing the agricultural output and earning capacity of the rural population. There is a marked
improvement in quality of life by way of better educational facilities, improved health services, improved
attendance by the school teachers as well as students.
Design of low volume road in dallo manna, ethiopiaeSAT Journals
Abstract
Transportation by the road is the most used mode of transport in Ethiopia, especially in rural areas. However large portion of the
rural residents are still isolated from the rest of the country due to lack of adequate road access. Only 37% of the sub districts
(Kebele) are accessible by all season roads. Communities are often left isolated and without access, particularly during periods of
rains. This excludes them from exposure to new ideas and influences. Most of rural population in Ethiopia still relies on pack
animals as means of transportation and carrying goods to market places. Thus improving existing road infrastructures and
construction of new roads will improve the living conditions of the citezens, especially the rural residents. Recently Ethiopia is
renowened as one of the fastest growing nation in the worled. In order to sustain nation’s economic growth and reduce citezens
poverty the government needs to address Ethiopia’s severe infrastructures constraints. Less road network is one of the
challenges of of nation’s economic growth. To overcome the challenge, Ethiopia is implementing the Universal Rural Road
Access Program (URRAP). It’s objective to free the rural residents from their access constraints and to connect all Kebele by allweather
roads. Low volume roads typically carry less than 300 vehicles per day and may extend up to the regional and
federal networks. The majority of the total road network of the country can be considered as low volume roads. Since
1993 such roads have been administered by Regional Roads Authorities and Weredas. This paper aims for design of 6km
long rural road in Bale district connecting Nanniga Dhera village to main roads. This paper discus about surveying and leveling
of proposed road, Traffic Data survey, Laboratory test of material of construction and designing of road based on Ethiopian Road
Authority (ERA) manual.
Keywords: ERA, CBR, Survey, Pavement Design, Geometric Design
This document provides a summary of a project on the design and analysis of a flexible pavement for a 750m road. It includes information on the project location, types of pavements, soil tests conducted, layers of the flexible pavement designed, and a cost estimation of Rs. 13,06,665. It also describes the drum mix plant that will be used to mix the materials for the bituminous concrete layers of the pavement. Key machines that will be used for road construction include a backhoe loader, vibratory roller, and bitumen sprayer.
widening of flexible pavement AND construction of drainage systemeakram akhtar
This document discusses the widening and drainage improvements for a 13.5 km road project. It provides details on the types of pavement and widening processes. The widening will increase the road width by 2.5m on both sides for better traffic flow. The steps discussed are clearance, excavation, preparing the sub-base and sub-grade, applying binder and stone chipping, and rolling. Different types of rollers are used in the rolling process. Reconnaissance surveys are conducted to gather data on the terrain and existing structures to inform the design. Drainage systems help remove water from the road surface and channels. Common drainage system elements are described along with problems that can occur if drainage is inadequate.
This document provides a summary of the six laning project of the Barwa-Adda-Panagarh section of National Highway 2 in Jharkhand and West Bengal. Some key details include:
- The project upgrades 122.88 km of the existing four lane highway to a six lane divided carriageway. It also includes construction of an 8.12 km bypass and 149.09 km of service roads.
- The work is being carried out by the National Highways Authority of India and multiple contractors through public-private partnerships.
- Engineering surveys such as topographic surveys and material testing were conducted to gather data for the project's design.
- The upgraded road will feature structures like bridges
This document provides a summary of the six laning project of the Barwa-Adda-Panagarh section of National Highway 2 in Jharkhand and West Bengal. Some key details include:
- The project upgrades 122.88 km of the existing four lane highway to a six lane divided carriageway. It also includes construction of an 8.12 km bypass and 149.09 km of service roads.
- The work is being carried out by the National Highways Authority of India and multiple contractors through a public-private partnership model.
- Engineering surveys such as topographic surveys and material testing were conducted to gather data for the project's design. The report further describes aspects of the highway construction
The document discusses the key considerations for designing hill road alignments. It covers definitions of hill roads, design issues specific to hill terrain like complex topography and weather. It outlines factors to consider like temperature variations, rainfall, geology in route selection and design. The document presents design standards for geometric elements like sight distance, curve radius, carriageway widths as per Indian codes. It also includes case studies of hill road projects in India.
The document provides an overview of public works departments and concrete road construction in India. It discusses that the Public Works Department in Uttar Pradesh pioneered construction and established agencies like the State Bridge Corporation. It also describes the types of pavements used in India, including flexible pavements made of bitumen and rigid concrete pavements. The document outlines the basic process of constructing concrete roads, from site preparation to mixing, placing, and curing concrete before opening the road to traffic.
The document discusses the key considerations for designing hill road alignments. It covers definitions of hill roads, design issues specific to hill terrain like complex topography and weather. It outlines factors to consider in route selection, data required for design, and geometric design standards for elements like design speed, sight distance, curve radii, and cross-sections. The case study of NH-21 alignment in India is presented to illustrate hill road design challenges and solutions.
Six week industrial training presentation BY GUPTA TARUNTarun2222
The document provides information on a rural road project under the Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) in Himachal Pradesh. It includes details of the proposed road from Jhanduri to Nabown such as traffic surveys conducted, material sources, pavement design, drainage structures, and a 3-tier quality control system for construction. Habitation data, transect walk findings, and geometric design considerations are also summarized.
The document summarizes the key elements of geometric design of highways. It discusses factors that influence design like design speed, traffic, and terrain. The core elements covered are cross-sectional components like pavement width and slope, sight distances for stopping and overtaking, and horizontal alignment features. Horizontal curves require super elevation to balance the centrifugal force on vehicles as they turn, in order to reduce skidding and risk of overturning. The document provides definitions and design considerations for various geometric aspects of highway engineering.
Improvement to Village Road Based on Traffic CharacteristicsIJERA Editor
The Improvement of Rural road network is of vital importance for bringing social aminities, education, and
health within reasonable reach of villagers for transportation of agricultural products produce from villages to near market centers. There are many habitations in the state of Andhra Pradesh , of which only few habitations
are connected by all weather roads. Pavements of roads connecting different villages were initially made up of
moorum or other locally available granular materials. Progressively, water bound macadam (WBM) and thin
bituminous surfacing were added, depending upon the traffic and availability of funding. The village roads were
thus built up stage by stage. No pavement design procedure was adopted for construction of such roads. With increased economic activity, the villages were connected with all-weather roads. And this report will address the improvement of such a village roads and then the development of the district takes place.
Road bridge & railway construction pdfSaqib Imran
The document is a collection of notes on road and railway construction written by Saqib Imran, a civil engineering student. It contains summaries of the basic steps for constructing a water bound macadam road, including preparation of the subgrade, sub-base, base, wearing course, and shoulders. It also discusses components of road drainage systems such as cross falls, side ditches, and outlet ditches.
2. uniselU N I V E R S I T Y S E L A N G O R
Engineered by:
1. Eng. Feroz Faizmand
2. Eng. Mustafa Jameel
3. Eng. Ahmad Habib
4. Eng. Sayed Asadullah
3. Table of Contents
Introduction to Project
Earthworks
Road Works
Drainage System
Sewage System
Water Supply System
Environmental and Management Planning
5. The Project
FAMA Consultant is pleased to introduce his new project with
the following descriptions.
---
Introduction
Address Total Area The Project
Mukim Datu
Mengkebang,
Derah Batu
Mengkebang,
Jajahan Kuala
Kari, Negeri
Kelantan Darul
Naim
42,834.00
m2
1. Site Clearance, Cut and Fill, Slopes and
Retaining walls
2. Drainage System
3. Sewage System
4. Water Supply System
5. Road, Shoulder and Road Curbs
6. The Project
---
Land Usages
Type Of Property Quantity Total Area Used m2 Total Area Used %
Double Story Houses 82 12,786.5 29.85
Green Area and STP 1 1,459.85 3.41
Surau 1 676.91 1.58
Sport Complex 1 1,069.68 2.50
Water Tank 1 649.49 1.52
Roads, Side walks and
Drainage
- 24,714.59 57.70
Double Story Shops 8 695.42 1.62
Slope and Retaining wall - 781.56 1.82
8. Earthworks are essential activity need to be done before
any construction activity starts.
Creating a levelled or sloppy plat forms.
It includes number of activities from site clearing, to
excavating for structures or pipes.
Earthwork is one of most risky phases in the construction
of a project because of the multitude of unknowns.
Earth Work
---
Introduction:
12. 1)Sites Clearing
Clearing of the area
Grubbing
Stripping Topsoil
Backfill of holes
Dumping
2)Excavation
Excavation in Soil
3)Filling
Fill the material
Compaction of Filling
Earth Work
---
Earth Work Stages:
13. An earthmoving operations in which material is
excavated and removed from one location and
is used as a fill material at another location.
Earth Work
---
Cut and Fill
14. Control Line Method
Cross Sectional Method
Grid method
Software
Earth Work
---
Calculation Method:
15. The grid system method involves; dividing the area into small equal
squares, purposing a level for the ground and calculating the volume of
the soil, (Either cut or Fill).
Earth Work
---
Grid Method:
16. For this project the cut and fill volume after calculation
using grid method are:
Cutting volume = 59,498.37 m³
Filling volume = 59,486.83 m3
Earth Work
---
Calculation Summary:
17. Item Work Description
Measured units Quantity Rate (RM) Amount (RM)
1 Cutting
1.1 common excavation in cuttings m^3 59,498.37 3.5 208,244.30
2 Fill
m^3 59,486.83 2.5 148,717.08
2.1
Suitable material from common excavation to form
embankment (Fill)
3 Retaining Wall
m^2 702 250 175,500.00
3.1
Supply and installation of wall component including
reinforcing 10 dons, anchor blocks, joint fillers cushion
pads, fasteners and inclusive of cast in situ wall panels
4 Slop works
m 1,415.25 62 87,745.50
4.1
Slope stabilization works horizontal drains, supply and
install 100 mm horizontal drains with 75 mm diameter
perforated PVC pipe wrapped with non woven Geotextile,
9 m long
5 TOTAL COST 620,206.88
Earth Work
---
Bill of Quantity:
18. The difference in cut and fill will be used to
make a hilly area.
Earthwork was designed using grid
method. From the calculation data, the
amount of cutting volume is 59,498.37 m³
and filling volume 59,486.83 m³.
Earth Work
---
Conclusion:
20. Road is an important aspect in development of certain area, it
provide linkage between area to another area and hence improve
the social growth to an area.
Road Work
---
Introduction:
21. The location of a road and its design are considerably influenced by the
topography, physical features, and land use of the area traversed. The
topography of the profile of a road can generally be divided into three groups,
namely flat, rolling and mountainous.
Road Work
---
Introduction:
Type Description
Flat terrain
The natural ground cross slopes in a flat terrain are
generally below 3%
Rolling terrain
The natural ground cross slopes in a rolling terrain are
generally between 3 – 25%
Mountainous
terrain
The natural ground slopes in a mountainous terrain are
generally above 25%
22. To propose the vertical and horizontal alignment of the
service road.
To design the flexible pavement thickness for each
layer of the pavement structure.
To propose safe and convenient route of road user by
complying with all technical Requirements.
Road Work
---
Objectives:
23. The critical point of any road pavement design is the
commercial vehicle which is considering the main
parameter of designing
In our area the volume of commercial vehicle per day is
too low, so that’s why we used the JKR new standard
for the low volume of commercial vehicle, thus
assuming that a the surrounding area will be developed
in the early future so we design the main road by
assuming a higher amount of commercial vehicle.
Road Work
---
Road Design:
26. Traffic signs or road signs are signs erected at the side of
or above roads to provide information to road users.
Road signs in Malaysia are standardized road signs
similar to those used in other nations but with certain
distinctions.
Malaysian traffic signs use Malay, the official and national
language in Malaysia. However, English is also used for
important public places as tourist attractions, airports,
railway stations and immigration checkpoint. Some
places, both of the language, Malay and English are used
in the road sign.
Road Work
---
Road Sign
27. Road signage is including the road marking
and also signage board. Most of the road
signage put at the T-junction. Hump used to
control the speed of vehicles to slow down the
speed of vehicles.
The proposed road marking and signage plan
is shown in the project plan.
Road Work
---
Road Design:
28. Item Work Description measuresd
units
Quantity Rate (RM)
Amount
(RM)
1 Main Road
1.1
Sub-Base
Sand blanket/blinding or approval equivalent material as sub-base
compacted to required gradients, cambers, falls and cross falls as
specified
250mm Thick, to receive crusher run
m^2 2,736.89 7.50 20,526.68
1.2
Road-base
Crusher run spread, levelled and compacted to required gradients,
cambers, falls and cross falls as specified
150mm Thick, to receive bitumen binder
m^2 2,736.89 13.91 38,070.14
1.3
Surfacing
Asphaltic concrete binder course as specified
100mm Thick, slopping not exceeding 15 degree from horizontal
m^2 2,736.89 24.50 67,053.81
Road Work
---
Bill of Quantity:
29. 2 Sub-Road
m^2 7,994.63 6.24 49,886.49
2.1
Sub-Base
Sand blanket/blinding or approval equivalent material as sub-base
compacted to required gradients, cambers, falls and cross falls as
specified
150mm Thick, to receive crusher run
2.2
Road-base
Crusher run spread, levelled and compacted to required gradients,
cambers, falls and cross falls as specified
200mm Thick, to receive bitumen binder
m^2 7,994.63 15.91 127,194.56
2.3
Surfacing
Asphaltic concrete binder course as specified
40mm Thick, slopping not exceeding 15 degree from horizontal
m^2 7,994.63 20.50 163,889.92
Road Work
---
Bill of Quantity:
30. 4
Road Kerb Cast-in-situ
concrete kerb including jointing, excavation, backfilling, bedding and disposal of
surplus materials. Type SM2
m 2,318.00 34.70 80,434.60
5
Road Marking Hot-applied
superimposed reflectorised thermoplastic road markings 3mm thick hot-applied
superimposed reflectorised thermoplastic road markings with 20% glassbead as
specified in BS 3262 and in the drawing.
ma) Continuity Line 869.15 2.70 2,346.71
c) Center Line/Lane Line 202.40 1.80 364.32
d) Edge Line 2,318.00 2.70 6,258.60
e) Stop Line 60.50 5.40 326.70
6
Signagen
No
a) Kilometre post: inclusive of all necessary works at location 6.00 140.00 840.00
b) Direction arrow 26.00 65.00 1,690.00
c) Stop Sign 26.00 65.00 1,690.00
7 TOTAL COST 560,572.5
Road Work---
Bill of Quantity:
31. Ministry of Works Malaysia, MOWs tried to provide a
better safety of road in Malaysia alongside with the
Government efforts to reduce traffic accident and to
achieve its targets.
Although studies shown that causes to most of the
accident is because of the drivers themselves
MOWs always make it positive effort in order to improve
traffic accident by giving further stress on engineering
aspect with proactive and reactive action during design,
construction and maintenance stage.
Road Work
---
Conclusion:
33. Drainage System
Water is the main contributor to the wear and damage of roads. The
water can be in the form of ground water, surface water (streams
and rivers) or rain and it can damage the road in several ways:
• By washing away the soil (erosion and scouring)
• By making the road body less resistant to traffic (i.e. weakening the load bearing
capacity)
• By depositing soils (silting) which may obstruct the passage of water, or
• By washing away entire sections of the road or its structures.
Typical problems caused by poor drainage include:
---
Introduction
• Rutting • Cracking
• Potholes • Erosion
• Washout • Heaving and Flooding
34. Drainage System
An efficient drainage system is essential to allow water to flow off and away from
the road as quickly as possible. This is achieved by a system consisting of the
following components:
Road surface drainage which enables the water to flow off the road surface,
Side drains which collect and lead the water away from the road,
Road embankments in flood prone terrain, lifting the road surface well above
the highest flood levels,
Catch-water drains which catch surface water before it reaches the road,
Scour checks, preventing erosion in the ditches by slowing down the flow of
the water,
Culverts which lead the water from the side drains under the road to the
other (lower) side,
Bridges and drifts which allows the road to cross rivers and streams in a
controlled manner throughout the seasons.
---
Objectives
35. Drainage System
The design of drainage system is based on:
Urban storm water management Manual for Malaysia (MASMA) published by department of
irrigation & drainage, Malaysia, 2000.
Polynomial approximation of IDF curves:
Polynomial expressions in the form of equation have been fitted to publish IDF curves for the 35
main cities/towns in Malaysia. From MASMA.
Ln ( r I t)= a + b ln (t) + c ( ln (t))2 + d (Ln (t))3 ……….. (1)
Where:
( r I t)= The average rainfall intensity (mm/hr) for ARI and duration t
r= Average return interval (years)
t= Duration (minutes)
a,b,c,d are Fitting constants dependent on ARI
---
Design Rainfall Intensity
36. Drainage System
Description:
---
Design Rainfall Intensity
Average return interval (ARI) a b c d
50 years 5.3578 0.5094 -0.2056 0.0131
100 years 5.0646 0.7917 -0.2583 0.0161
The value of a,b,c, &d obtained from Table 13.A MASMA Manual Coefficients
for the IDF Equations for the Different Major Cities and Towns in Malaysia (30≤
t ≤ 1000 min) selected t= 12 hrs = 720 min
Summary of design rainfall intensity: total design rainfall using rational method
Design Intensity for 50 years= 50 I 720 = 34.37 mm/hr Q100= CIA
Design intensity for 100 years= 100 I 720= 39.65 mm/hr Main channel Q100= 0.61 m3/s
Sub-channel Q100=0.024 m3/s
37. Drainage System
To design the channel we have to use the manning’s equation
Q= 1/n AR2/3 S1/2
Summary of channel design
Main channel design Q= 2.7 m3/s > 0.61 m3/s ok!
v= 2.18 m/s < 4.00 m/s ok!
Sub-channel design Q= 0.4 m3/s > 0.024 m3/s ok!
v= 1.36 m/s < 4.00 m/s ok!
---
Channel Design
39. Drainage System
A culvert is a device used to channel water.
There are three primary materials that culverts are made out of steel,
precast concrete and polymer (plastic). They can also be built as a
hybrid between steel and concrete.
For this project, we have decided to use 1500x1500mm precast box
culvert proposed as the culvert for road crossing the drain.
---
Culvert Provided
Type: Precast culvert
Size : 1500x1500mm
40. Drainage System
---
Bill of Quantity
Item Work Description measuresd
units
Quantity Rate (RM) Amount (RM)
1 Main Drain
1.1
SURFACE DRAINAGE
DRAINAGE
Excavation
Excavating trenches starting from formation level;
earthwork support, part return, fill in and ram and
remainder deposit, spread and level within site
To receive drain pipes not exceeding 200mm
nominal
size, not exceeding 2.00m average 1.00m deep
m 119.18 11.33 1,350.31
1.2
Main drain
Supply, lay and joint precast U‐drain size
1200x900 with dry weather flow and
without lid
119.18 410.00 48,863.80
41. Drainage System
---
Bill of Quantity
2 Sub Drain
m 3,258.26 11.33 36,916.09
2.1
SURFACE DRAINAGE
DRAINAGE
Excavation
Excavating trenches starting from formation level;
earthwork support, part return, fill in and ram and
remainder deposit, spread and level within site
To receive drain pipes not exceeding 200mm nominal
size, not exceeding 2.00m average 1.00m deep
2.2
sub drain
Supply, lay and joint precast U‐drain size
600x450 with dry weather flow and
without lid
m 3,258.26 140.00 456,156.40
3 cover
m 3258.26 105 342117.3
3.1
Precast reinforced concrete drain cover
size 1000mm x 600mm x 225mm thick
4 culvert
m 78.44 900 70596
4.1
Construct and complete box culvert
including all necessary works; size
1500mm x 1500mm
5 TOTAL 905,785.79
42. Drainage System
The 1.2 m width x 0.9 m depth main drains have proposed, and for
sub drains the 0.6 m width x 0.45m depth channel is proposed. To
drain out the storm water. Culvert 1500x1500mm have been
proposed at the road which crossing the drain. Overall theses
proposed channels and culverts can carry the amount of rainfall for
this area. The overall cost for the drainage system is RM905785.79
---
Summary
44. Sewage System
Sewerage system is essential for any commercial,
residential and industrial buildings.
Sewerage system is a network of pipes, pumps, and force
mains for the collection of wastewater or sewage, from a
community to ensure their hygiene and health.
Modern sewerage systems fall under two categories:
domestic and industrial sewers and storm sewers.
Sometimes a combined system provides only one network
of pipes, mains, and outfall sewers for all types of sewage
---
Introduction
45. This part is to study and plan for the overall
sewage generation and collection based on the
present layout plan.
Sewage System
---
Objectives
46. Proposed sewer lines will collect the sewage
generated from the new residence buildings,
commercial buildings, surau, sport complex and
will transfer them using the proposed pipes and
manholes to the sewerage treatment plan within the
project site.
The proposed reticulation system will consist of
HDPE pipe and precast clay manholes.
Sewage System
---
Proposed Sewage Design
47. The design of the sewer pipes and manholes of
this project are based on the following standards:
“ M.S 1228: 1991, code of practice of design and
installation of sewerage systems” by the standard and
industrial research institute Malaysia ( SIRIM).
“Malaysia sewerage industry guidelines (volume I –
V)” by national water services commission or
suruhanjaya perkhidamtan Air Negara (SPAN)
Sewage System
---
Design Standards
48. Sewage System
---
Summary of Calculation and Design
Defention Main Pipe Sub Pipe
Q Produced m3/s 4.85x10^-3 1.0*10^-3
material HDPE HDPE
n value 0.0120 0.0120
Diameter mm 250.0000 100.0000
angle 93.0400 93.0400
AREA mm^2 49062.5000 7850.0000
hydraulic radius R 0.1575 0.0855
slope 0.0025 0.0025
Q pipe m^3/s 0.1550 0.0590
Discharge Checking 0.155 > 4.85x10^-3 0.059 > 1.0x10^-3
Result OK! OK!
Velocity Produced 0.9 0.85
Velocity Checking m/s 0.8<0.9<4 0.8<0.85<4
Result OK! OK!
Length m 153.20 764.22
49. Sewage System
---
Bill of Quantity
Item Work Description
Measuresd
units
Quantity
Rate
(RM)
Amount
(RM)
1
Main Pipe
Excavation and filling with Pipe size 200mm (HDPE) m 153.20 86.50 13,251.80
2
Sub Pipe
Excavation and filling with Pipe size 100 mm (HDPE) m 764.22 67.50 51,584.85
3
Manholes
Type: Clay Material
Cover: Steel
Size: 1200*1200*1000
With Installation
Unit 14.00 300.00 4,200.00
4 TOTAL 69,036.65
51. The water supply industry is important not only to
maintain the health of the community, but for the
sustainability of industry, business and agriculture.
Without adequate water supplies our present
society would never have evolved, and our lives
today would be unrecognizable.
Like the other service providers, electricity,
telephone and gas, the water utilities deliver their
product to the home, which requires a network of
distribution pipes to service each household.
Water Supply
---
Introduction:
52. To comply with design manual published
by Syarikat Air Terengganu (SATU) and
Malaysian Standard (MS) 1395 :
Specification For Pillar Hydrant
To provide sufficient water supply
requirement for the development area
based on domestic demand and external
fire hydrant system
Water Supply
---
Objectives:
54. In our stage we
are going to
design the
distribution
system
Which contain
the Reservoir
(storage tank),
Main pipes, Sup-
pipes, Fire
hydrant.
Water Supply
55. In order to design the water distribution system
we need to know the water demand for our area
Water demand is based on population served,
per capita consummation, and service factor,
industrial and other special demand.
In estimating water demand, various factors
should be taken into account directly or indirectly.
Water Supply
---
Water Demands:
56. Water demand in our area is basically contain
1. 82 units with 5 person each house + Fire hydrant
2. Surau 150 person
3. Complex centre 200 person
4. 8 Shopes
Summary of water demand
175380+1200+11000+3000= 190580 L/day
= 190580 L/day X 2.5 (factor)
= 476.45 m3/day
Water required for 3 days
= 476.45 m3/day x 3 = 1429.35 m3/day
Water Supply
---
Water Demands:
57. TANK DESIGN
The design of tank is based on 3 days water demand.
Tank shape; circular
Diameter = 23 m
Height = 3.5 m
Total volume of tank = (π (11.5)2) x 3.5= 1454.16 m3 > 1429.35 m3 ok!
Tank material is Fibber Reinforced plastic
PIPE DESIGN
Four types of pipes have been used
1. Main pipe
2. Fire hydrant pipe
3. Pipe in one raw of the houses
4. Pipe for one house
Water Supply
---
Tank and Pipe Design:
58. 1- Main pipe
Q demand = 0.004 m3/s
Pipe provided : steel pipe of 150mm diameter
Q design = 0.009 m3/s > 0.004 m3/s
2- Fire hydrant pipe
Q demand = 0.001 m3/s
Pipe provided : steel pipe of 120mm diameter
Q design = 0.004 m3/s > 0.001 m3/s
3- Pipe in one raw
Q demand = 0.0003 m3/s
Pipe provided : PVC pipe of 50 mm diameter
Q design = 0.0057 m3/s > 0.0003 m3/s
4- Pipe for one house
Q demand = 0.00003 m3/s
Pipe provided : PVC pipe of 20 mm diameter
Q design = 0.00053 m3/s > 0.00003 m3/s
Water Supply
---
Tank and Pipe Design:
59. Item Work Description Measured Units Quantity
Rate
(RM)
Amount
(RM)
1 Main Pipe
1.1 Excavation and Installation m 480.00 21.25 10,200.00
1.2 Pipe: Steel, 150mm m 480.00 133.30 63,984.00
1.3
Pipe Fittings:
Unit
T- Shape 10 23.20 232.00
90- Degree 7 30.40 212.80
45- Degree 4 15.60 62.40
Water Supply
---
Bill of Quantity:
60. 2 Sub Pipe
2.1 Excavation and Installation m 641.53 20.00
12,830.6
0
2.2 Pipe: PVC, 50mm m 641.53 2.20 1,411.37
2.3
Pipe Fittings:
Unit
T- Shape 81 20.50 1,660.50
90- Degree 108 30.40 3,283.20
45- Degree 8 15.20 121.60
3 Water Meter
3.1 Water Meter Unit 92 37.00 3,404.00
Water Supply
---
Bill of Quantity:
61. 4 Fire Hydrant
4.1 Fire Hydrant Unit 9
1,945.0
0
17,505.00
4.2
Pipe: Steel, 150mm m 400 10.60 4,240.00
Pipe Fittings:
Unit
T- Shape 6 31.50 189.00
90- Degree 10 50.40 504.00
45- Degree 4 18.90 75.60
5 Water Tank
5.1
water tank together with tank
tower and instullation
Unit 1
500,000
.00
500,000.00
6 TOTAL COST 619,916.07
Water Supply
---
Bill of Quantity:
62. VPC pipes are no longer use in Malaysia because it’s easy to break.
Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic (FRP) Tank is proposed as a elevated
storage water tank. Because it is easily to be assembled by bolting
them together, The designed meet highest standard of sanitary
storage and Have high strength to weight ratio and it is lighter than
steel panel.
Water Supply
---
Conclusion:
64. E.M.P
EMP is a process which ensures that all environmental matters are taken
into account quite early in the project at planning process itself.
It takes into consideration not only technical and economic considerations
but also, traditional aspects like impact on local people, biodiversity etc.
Purpose of EMP
• EMP was formulated to protect the environment and provide a
guide for an overall environmental management
• It also forms the basis for reporting on an environmental
management performance during the implementation of various
activities during construction and operations of the proposed
project
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What is EMP?
65. E.M.P
Identification of key potential environmental impacts and proposing an action plan
for mitigation during pre-construction, construction & operational stages
Establishing appropriate standards and procedures for mitigation and monitoring
the environmental impacts
Benefits & Advantages of EMP
Lower project costs in the long-term
Increased project acceptance
Improved project design
Informed decision making
Environmentally sensitive decisions
Increased accountability and transparency
Reduced environmental damage
Improved integration of projects into their environmental and social settings
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Objectives
66. E.M.P
Agriculture
Construction (Road networks, Malls, Townships, Dam etc)
Industries
Electrical projects
Waste disposal
Any developmental projects around Protected Areas / Nature Preserves
Clean Development Mechanism CDM project
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Which type of projects under go EMP?
67. E.M.P
The proposed development has been studied from all angles
This report has recommended various measures to control and
manage the environment and hence reduce the environmental
impact to its minimum level
The proposed development is expected to improve the living
standard of the surrounding residents and community
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Summary
68. N
O
DESCRIPTION COST (RM)
1 EARTH WORK 620,206.88
2 ROAD WORK 560,572.50
3 DRAINAGE 905,785.79
4 SEWAGE 69,036.65
5 WATER SUPPLY 619,916.07
6 TOTAL 2,775,517.89
TOTAL COST OF THE
PROJECT