The document discusses the various elements that make up the cross section of a road, including:
- Right of way, traveled way/carriage way, road way, median, shoulder, curb/kerb, traffic barriers, bicycle and pedestrian facilities, drainage channels, and side slopes.
It provides details on the purpose and design standards for each element, such as recommended widths for different road types. For example, it recommends a minimum shoulder width of 2.5m and notes their purpose is to serve as an emergency lane.
The document also includes examples of typical cross section diagrams for a highway in Pakistan, showing how the various elements come together in road design.
Friction Considerations : The friction of skid resistance between vehicle tyre and pavement surface is one of the factors determining the operating speed and the minimum distance requires for stopping of vehicles.
Unevenness : The longitudinal profile of the road pavement has to be even' in order to provide a good riding comfort to fast moving vehicles
Light Reflecting Characteristics : Night visibility depends upon the colour and light reflecting characteristics of the pavement surface. The glare caused by the reflection of head lights is considerably high on wet pavement surface than on the dry pavement.
Drainage of Surface Water
Permanent Way of Railway & Components ?(part -1,2,3,4,5)RAMPRASAD KUMAWAT
Permanent Way Components: , Selection of Alignment, Ideal Permanent Ways and Cross-sections in different conditions, Salient Features and types of Components viz.
Rails, Sleepers, Ballast, Rail Fastenings.
Types and Selection of Gauges
Friction Considerations : The friction of skid resistance between vehicle tyre and pavement surface is one of the factors determining the operating speed and the minimum distance requires for stopping of vehicles.
Unevenness : The longitudinal profile of the road pavement has to be even' in order to provide a good riding comfort to fast moving vehicles
Light Reflecting Characteristics : Night visibility depends upon the colour and light reflecting characteristics of the pavement surface. The glare caused by the reflection of head lights is considerably high on wet pavement surface than on the dry pavement.
Drainage of Surface Water
Permanent Way of Railway & Components ?(part -1,2,3,4,5)RAMPRASAD KUMAWAT
Permanent Way Components: , Selection of Alignment, Ideal Permanent Ways and Cross-sections in different conditions, Salient Features and types of Components viz.
Rails, Sleepers, Ballast, Rail Fastenings.
Types and Selection of Gauges
Brief Introduction of
* Purposes of railway station
* Site selection for railway station
* Requirements of railway station
* Classification of stations
* Classification of Yards
Brief Introduction of
* Purposes of railway station
* Site selection for railway station
* Requirements of railway station
* Classification of stations
* Classification of Yards
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
2. CROSS SECTION-ELEMENTS
• Right of way
• Traveled way/Carriage way
• Road way
• Median
• Shoulder
• Curb/Kerb
• Traffic Barriers
• Bicycle and Pedestrian facilities
• Drainage channels
• Side slopes
• Camber or Cross-slope
2
6. 6
RIGHT-OF-WAY?
• Right-of-Way is the term used to describe the right to pass over another’s land.
• When the government acquires land for Highway Purposes it is actually
obtaining “Right-of-Way” over land on which a public road ultimately will be
built.
• It is a Constitutional right of the government to acquire land for public
purposes
• The every Department of Transportation will execute this right only when it
will benefit the public.
7. • Right ofWay. (page num 754 of garber &hoel)
The right of way is the total land area acquired for the construction of a highway.
The width should be sufficient to accommodate all the elements of the highway
cross section, any planned widening of the highway, and public-utility facilities that
will be installed along the highway.
In some cases, the side slopes may be located outside the right of way on easement
areas.The right of way for two-lane urban collector streets should be between 40
and 60 ft, whereas the desirable minimum for two-lane arterials is 84 ft. Right-of-way
widths for undivided four-lane arterials vary from 64 to 108 ft, whereas for divided
arterials, they range from about 120 to 300 ft, depending on the numbers of lanes
and whether frontage roads are included.
The minimum right-of-way widths for freeways depend on the number of lanes and
the existence of a frontage road.
7
8. RIGHT OF WAY (ROW)
Requirements of area for right of way are as follows:
• For Single lane = 50-100 ft width of area
• For 2 lane road = 150 ft width of area
• For 4 lane road = 250 ft width of area
• For 8 lane road = 300 ft width of area
8
9. TRAVELED WAY OR CARRIAGE WAY
• The portion of the roadway
provided for the movement of
vehicles,excluding the width of
shoulders.
• Number of lanes on a traveled
way are decided on the basis of
expected traffic volumes and
appropriate level of service
required for the facility.
9
11. A = Roadway
B = Carriage way
C = Lane
D = Shoulder
11
12. TRAVELED WAY OR CARRIAGE WAY
• Lane width strongly influences traffic safety and comfort
• Lane width ranges from 8-12 ft as 12 ft lane predominant on
high-type highways
• Two-lane two-way highways with the 12 ft (3.6 m) lane provide
safe clearance between large commercial vehicles.
12
13. SHOULDER
• Shoulders are the strips provided on both sides of the carriage way.
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND
13
14. FUNCTION OF SHOULDER
• It is provided along the road edge to serve as an emergency lane for
vehicle.
• It act as a service lane for vehicles that have broken down.
• IRC recommended the minimum shoulder width is 2.5 m
• It should have sufficient load bearing capacity even in wet weather.
• The surface of the shoulder be rougher than the traffic lanes so that
vehicles are discouraged to use the shoulder as a regular traffic.
• The colour should be different from that of the pavement so as to be
distinct.
14
15. WIDTH OF SHOULDER
• Low-type roads -- minimum 0.6 m, recommended 1.8-2.4 m
• Shoulder provided for bicycles -- minimum 1.2 m wide
• High-type roads -- minimum 3.0 m, recommended 3.6 m
• Shoulders should be continuous.
• Shoulders on bridges should have the same width as on the
approach sections.
15
16. ROAD WAY
• The portion of a highway provided for vehicular use.
• It includes both carriageway and shoulders.
A = Roadway
B = Carriage way
C = Lane
D = Shoulder
16
17. MEDIAN OR SEPARATOR
• It is the physical or painted separation provided on
divided highways between two adjacent roadways.
• Medians can also be used to isolate slow and fast
moving traffic in the same direction.
• Width of medians ranges from
1.2 to 24 m.
17
20. FUNCTION OF MEDIAN
• Separate opposing traffic
• Used for Plantation
• Recovery area for out-of-control vehicles
• Stopping area
• Minimize headlight glare
• Provision for future lanes
20
22. FUNCTION OF CURB
• Drainage control
• Delineation of pedestrian walkways
• Reduction in maintenance operation
• Assistance in roadside development
22
23. TYPES OF CURB
Vertical curbs -- discourage vehicles from leaving the roadway,
not desirable on high-speed highways, desirable on urban
roads, and along long walls, tunnels to protect safety walks.
Sloping curbs -- vehicle can cross them readily when required,
used at median edges, to outline channelizing islands, at the
outer edge of the shoulder.
23
25. FOOT PATH OR SIDE WALK
• Foot paths are provided in Urban roads
• These are raised strips constructed along both the
edges of roads.
• Their minimum recommended width is 1.3 m.
25
28. FUNCTIONS OF TRAFFIC BARRIER
A longitudinal barrier, including bridge rail, or an impact
attenuator used to
• To prevent median crossovers
• To prevent errant vehicles from going over the side of a bridge
structure
• To protect workers (occasionally)
• To protect pedestrians, or bicyclists from vehicular traffic
28
29. BICYCLE AND PARKING LANE
• BICYCLE LANE: is a portion of the roadway designated by
striping, signing, and/or pavement markings for preferential or
exclusive use by bicycles and/or other non-motorized vehicles.
• PARKING LANE: is an additional lane provided on Urban
roads and streets for on-street parking.
29
31. DRAINAGE CHANNELS
• Drainage channels are provided along the length of road by
side slopes for storm water drainage etc.
31
32. DRAINAGE CHANNEL
Drainage channels should:
• Have adequate capacity for the design runoff,
• Minimize damage to the highway caused by unusual storm
water,
• Minimize risk for motorists,
• Re resistant to the high speed water flows where expected,
• Prevent sedimentation of the particles carried by water.
32
33. SIDE SLOPES
• The Slope of earthwork in filling or in cutting is called Side
Slope.
Side slopes should
• Insure the stability of the roadway
• Provide opportunity for recovery of an out-of-control vehicle.
33
35. SIDE SLOPES
• Slopes steeper than 1:3 can be used only where justified by
local conditions
• Side slopes of 1:5 or 1:6 are recommended in the flat areas to
reduce snow drifts
• Retaining walls should be considered where slopes would be
steeper than 1:2
35