The document discusses the history, formulation, manufacturing process, and quality control of shampoo. Shampoo was originally an Indian head massage but now refers to hair cleaning products. Modern shampoos contain water, surfactants like SLS, thickeners, conditioning agents, and preservatives. The manufacturing process involves dissolving ingredients in water with heating and mixing. Quality control tests evaluate properties like foam, cleansing ability, toxicity, and pH to ensure safety and consistent performance.

1. Presented by
MANISH KUMAR SINGH

2. CONTENTS
 Introduction
 History
 Need of Shampoo
 Ideal Properties
 Raw Materials
 Formulation
 Cleansing Action
 Composition of some shampoos
 Manufacturing Process
 Quality Control Tests

3. Introduction
A shampoo is a hair care product, typically in the form of viscous
liquid that is used for cleaning hair to remove dirt, dandruff ,
pollutants , and other contaminant particles that gradually
builds up in hair. The goal is to remove the unwanted build-up
without striping out so much as to make hair unmanageable.
Shampooing is frequently followed by conditioners which
increase the ease of combing and styling.

4. History
 Shampoo originally meant head massage in several North Indian
languages. Both the words and concept were introduced to Britain from
colonial India. The word is derived form hindi ‘champo’.
 Before the advent of shampoos, people typically used soap for personal
care. However, soap had the distinct disadvantages of being irritating to
the eyes and incompatible with hard water which made it leave dull-
looking film on the hair. In the 1930s the first synthetic detergent
shampoo was introduced, although it had some disadvantages. The 1960s
brought the detergent we are using today. Over the years, many
improvements have also been made to shampoo formulations.

5. Need of shampoo
The skin on our head produces a greasy fluid called Sebum. It is produced to protect
the hair, by coating itself all over the head. This gives the hair a healthy shine but
when secreted in large amount it makes the hair look dirty.

6. Ideal properties
 To make the hair smooth and shiny.
 Produce good amount of foam.
 Should not cause irritation to scalp, skin and eye.
 Should completely, effectively remove dirt.
 Impart pleasant fragrance to hair
 Good biodegradability
 Low toxicity
 Slightly acidic (Ph less than 7), since a basic environment weakens the
hair by breaking the disulphide bonds in hair keratin.

7. Raw Materials
 The basic ingredients in a shampoo formation are as
follows :
1. Water:
2. Surfactants: ammonium lauryl sulphate, sodium
lauryl sulphate and sodium laureth sulphate.
3. Foam Boosters: betaines or alkanolamides

8. 4. Thickeners: Carboxy methyl cellulose, NaCl
5. Conditioning agents: silicones such as
methicone and quarternary agents
6. Preservatives: DMDM Hydantoin and
methylparaben.
7.Antidandruff Agents: Selenium sulphide,
inc pyrithone, salicylic acid.

9. 8. pH buffers: citric acid
9. Aesthetic Additives:-
Colorants: glycerine distereate
UV absorbers: These are often benophenone
derivatives
Opacifiers: EDGS
Fragrance: Limonene, Ethyl isovalerate

11. FORMULATION
 New shampoos are initially created by cosmetic chemists in the
laboratory. First thing is to determine the characteristics the formula
will have. It must be decided on aesthetic features such as how thick it
should be, what colour it will be etc. Once the features of the shampoo
are identified, a formula is created in the laboratory. These initial
bathes are made in small beakers using various ingredients. In the
personal acre industry nearly all the ingredients that can be used are
classified by the Cosmetic, Toiletry and Fragrance Association (CTFA)
in the governmentally approved collection known as the International
Nomenclature Of Cosmetic Ingredients (INC).

12. CLEANSING ACTION
 The surfactant molecules present in shampoo has a hydrophilic ‘head’ and a
lipophylic ‘tail’. When we apply shampoo and water to the hair and generate
lather, the hydrophilic end is drawn towards water while the tail is drawn
towards grease and oil on the hair and scalp. The oil and grease contains
dirt and skin particles. At high concentration the surfactants form
miscelle. When shampooing , anionic surfactants containing hydrophobic
tail gets adsorbed to grease or dirt of hair. Thus, these dirt are removed
by further rinsing.

13. Structure of SLS

14. COMPOSITION OF SOME SHAMPOOS

18. MANUFACTURING PROCESS
Proportion of ingredients in 50g shampoo (used in
the lab):
INGREDIENTS WEIGHT
SLS 10.0g
Water 38.0 mL
CMC 0.5g
CPB 1.0g
Methicone 0.5g
Citric Acid A pinch
NaCl A pinch

19. PROCEDURE
In a beaker 0.5g of CMC was taken and it was
dissolved in 12 mL of distilled water. In another
beaker 10g of SLS was taken and 38 mL of distilled
water was added to it. It was then heated on water
bath for 20 mins. It was added to the beaker
containing CMC with constant stirring. Then 1g CPB
and 0.5g methicone was added to it. A pinch of citric
acid was added. Later a drop of colour and a drop
perfume were added. A pinch of NaCl was also added.

20. QUALITY CONTROL TESTS
After a shampoo formula is developed, it is tested to ensure that its qualities will
minimally change over time. And to ensure that the shampoo is safe for using. Some
of the tests are listed below:
 Foam and foam stability
 Detergency and cleansing action
 Eye irritation
 Oral toxicity
 pH test
 Skin irritation test
 Viscosity measurements