Presentation chap 11
•
1 like•371 views
This document summarizes two endocrine disorders: hypercalcemia and glycosuria. Hypercalcemia is excessive calcium in the blood which can be caused by overactive parathyroid glands, certain cancers like lung or breast cancer, medications, or diseases. It discusses the role of parathyroid and thyroid glands in regulating calcium levels. Glycosuria is the presence of excess sugar in the urine, which can be caused by hyperglycemia when blood sugar levels are too high or renal glycosuria due to a kidney defect. Diagnosis involves urine testing to detect glucose levels.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Anatomy and Physiology Module #1 Homeostasis
Calcium levels in the blood are regulated by the endocrine system through negative feedback loops. When calcium levels drop, the parathyroid gland releases parathyroid hormone which signals the bones to release more calcium and the kidneys to absorb more calcium from urine. When calcium levels rise, less parathyroid hormone is released and the thyroid secretes calcitonin to decrease bone calcium release. Bone growth is regulated by human growth hormone from the pituitary gland. Too little causes dwarfism while too much causes gigantism. Estrogen and testosterone also stimulate bone growth during puberty.
Chapter 11 Presentation: Endocrine System by Samantha Thompson
The document discusses hypercalcemia and its causes. Hypercalcemia is defined as an excessive level of calcium in the blood, which can be caused by overactive parathyroid glands secreting too much parathyroid hormone (PTH) and leading to excessive bone destruction and high blood calcium levels. Other potential causes mentioned include cancer, tuberculosis, immobility, certain medications, calcium supplements, heredity, and dehydration. Symptoms of hypercalcemia include issues with the kidneys, digestive system, bones and muscles, and brain. Treatment options center around medications to control PTH levels and calcium levels, as well as potential surgery to remove overactive parathyroid glands.
Hyperparathyroidism
The document discusses primary hyperparathyroidism, which is caused by adenomas, hyperplasia, or carcinoma of the parathyroid glands. It causes increased calcium absorption and bone resorption while promoting calcium and phosphate excretion in the kidneys. Symptoms include kidney stones, bone loss, fatigue, and abdominal pain. Diagnosis involves blood tests showing elevated calcium and PTH levels. Treatment is parathyroidectomy for severe cases.
Parathyroid hormone
The document summarizes the roles and mechanisms of parathyroid hormone and calcium regulation in the body. It discusses how parathyroid hormone regulates calcium levels through its effects on the kidneys, intestines, and negative feedback loops. It also covers causes of and treatments for conditions related to abnormal parathyroid hormone levels, including hypoparathyroidism, primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism, and the Chvostek sign seen in hypocalcemia.
Hyperparathyroidism
Hyperparathyroidism is a condition caused by excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone by the parathyroid glands, leading to high calcium levels and low phosphate levels in the blood. It causes symptoms like nausea, vomiting, fatigue, muscle weakness, and renal stones. Diagnosis involves medical history, physical exam, and monitoring calcium and phosphate levels in the blood. Treatment options include medications to manage calcium levels, and surgery to remove the parathyroid tumor for more severe cases.
Parathyroid disorders
The document discusses the parathyroid glands, which regulate calcium and phosphate levels and produce parathyroid hormone (PTH). It describes hyperparathyroidism and hypoparathyroidism, conditions caused by excessive or deficient PTH respectively, and their symptoms, causes, assessments, and treatment including diet modifications and medications. Surgical removal of the parathyroid glands may be required to treat hyperparathyroidism.
Disorders of Parathyroid Gland
This document provides information on disorders of the parathyroid gland. It discusses the anatomy and histology of the parathyroid glands. It describes how parathyroid hormone is synthesized and its role in calcium regulation. It covers different types of hyperparathyroidism including primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary hyperparathyroidism can be caused by adenomas, hyperplasia, or carcinoma. It discusses clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and differential diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism. It also covers hypercalcemia associated with other conditions like malignancy, immobilization, and familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia.
Parathyroid disorders
The document outlines a seminar on disorders of the parathyroid glands presented by Ms. Gautami S. Tirpude. It discusses the general and specific objectives of gaining knowledge about parathyroid gland disorders and their application in nursing practice. The seminar covers topics like hyperparathyroidism and hypoparathyroidism including their definition, etiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic studies, and medical and surgical management. It also discusses the nursing role in managing related complications through various nursing interventions.
Recommended
Anatomy and Physiology Module #1 Homeostasis
Calcium levels in the blood are regulated by the endocrine system through negative feedback loops. When calcium levels drop, the parathyroid gland releases parathyroid hormone which signals the bones to release more calcium and the kidneys to absorb more calcium from urine. When calcium levels rise, less parathyroid hormone is released and the thyroid secretes calcitonin to decrease bone calcium release. Bone growth is regulated by human growth hormone from the pituitary gland. Too little causes dwarfism while too much causes gigantism. Estrogen and testosterone also stimulate bone growth during puberty.
Chapter 11 Presentation: Endocrine System by Samantha Thompson
The document discusses hypercalcemia and its causes. Hypercalcemia is defined as an excessive level of calcium in the blood, which can be caused by overactive parathyroid glands secreting too much parathyroid hormone (PTH) and leading to excessive bone destruction and high blood calcium levels. Other potential causes mentioned include cancer, tuberculosis, immobility, certain medications, calcium supplements, heredity, and dehydration. Symptoms of hypercalcemia include issues with the kidneys, digestive system, bones and muscles, and brain. Treatment options center around medications to control PTH levels and calcium levels, as well as potential surgery to remove overactive parathyroid glands.
Hyperparathyroidism
The document discusses primary hyperparathyroidism, which is caused by adenomas, hyperplasia, or carcinoma of the parathyroid glands. It causes increased calcium absorption and bone resorption while promoting calcium and phosphate excretion in the kidneys. Symptoms include kidney stones, bone loss, fatigue, and abdominal pain. Diagnosis involves blood tests showing elevated calcium and PTH levels. Treatment is parathyroidectomy for severe cases.
Parathyroid hormone
The document summarizes the roles and mechanisms of parathyroid hormone and calcium regulation in the body. It discusses how parathyroid hormone regulates calcium levels through its effects on the kidneys, intestines, and negative feedback loops. It also covers causes of and treatments for conditions related to abnormal parathyroid hormone levels, including hypoparathyroidism, primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism, and the Chvostek sign seen in hypocalcemia.
Hyperparathyroidism
Hyperparathyroidism is a condition caused by excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone by the parathyroid glands, leading to high calcium levels and low phosphate levels in the blood. It causes symptoms like nausea, vomiting, fatigue, muscle weakness, and renal stones. Diagnosis involves medical history, physical exam, and monitoring calcium and phosphate levels in the blood. Treatment options include medications to manage calcium levels, and surgery to remove the parathyroid tumor for more severe cases.
Parathyroid disorders
The document discusses the parathyroid glands, which regulate calcium and phosphate levels and produce parathyroid hormone (PTH). It describes hyperparathyroidism and hypoparathyroidism, conditions caused by excessive or deficient PTH respectively, and their symptoms, causes, assessments, and treatment including diet modifications and medications. Surgical removal of the parathyroid glands may be required to treat hyperparathyroidism.
Disorders of Parathyroid Gland
This document provides information on disorders of the parathyroid gland. It discusses the anatomy and histology of the parathyroid glands. It describes how parathyroid hormone is synthesized and its role in calcium regulation. It covers different types of hyperparathyroidism including primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary hyperparathyroidism can be caused by adenomas, hyperplasia, or carcinoma. It discusses clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and differential diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism. It also covers hypercalcemia associated with other conditions like malignancy, immobilization, and familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia.
Parathyroid disorders
The document outlines a seminar on disorders of the parathyroid glands presented by Ms. Gautami S. Tirpude. It discusses the general and specific objectives of gaining knowledge about parathyroid gland disorders and their application in nursing practice. The seminar covers topics like hyperparathyroidism and hypoparathyroidism including their definition, etiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic studies, and medical and surgical management. It also discusses the nursing role in managing related complications through various nursing interventions.
Parathyroids
The parathyroid glands secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH) which regulates calcium levels. PTH increases bone resorption and calcium absorption from the gut while decreasing calcium excretion by the kidneys. Hyperparathyroidism is an increased secretion of PTH and can be primary, secondary, or tertiary. Primary hyperparathyroidism is usually caused by a single adenoma and presents with increased serum calcium levels and bone, kidney, or gastrointestinal problems. Imaging tests can locate enlarged parathyroid glands and surgery is the treatment of choice for removing adenomas or hyperplastic glands.
Hyerparathyroidism
This document summarizes parathyroid gland anatomy and physiology and various types of hyperparathyroidism. It discusses the role of parathyroid hormone in calcium homeostasis, causes of primary, secondary, and tertiary hyperparathyroidism, associated symptoms and complications, diagnostic testing, treatment options including medication and surgery, and other related conditions like familial benign hypercalcemia and hypercalcemia of malignancy.
Parathyroidppt
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
VITAMIN D AND HYPERPARATHYROIDISM
This document discusses vitamin D and hyperparathyroidism. It notes that vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that is converted to its active form in the kidney and regulates calcium levels. Hyperparathyroidism occurs when the parathyroid glands overproduce parathyroid hormone (PTH), which regulates calcium levels. There are three types: primary (excess PTH from parathyroid glands), secondary (increased PTH to compensate for hypocalcemia), and tertiary (PTH secretion becomes unregulated even after correcting the underlying cause). The document outlines the causes, clinical features, investigations, and treatments for each type of hyperparathyroidism.
Hypercalcaemia
Hypercalcemia is elevated calcium levels in the blood. Normal calcium levels are 2.12-2.65 mmol/L. It is uncommon, affecting 4 in 100,000 people per year, and more common in females ages 50-60. Signs and symptoms include bone pain, kidney stones, constipation, fatigue, and renal failure. Causes include primary hyperparathyroidism, malignancy, certain drugs, and granulomatous diseases. Diagnosis involves blood and imaging tests. Treatment consists of IV fluids, correcting electrolyte imbalances, diuretics, treating the underlying cause, bisphosphonates, steroids, and calcitonin. Untreated severe hypercalcemia can lead to osteop
Hpercalcemia & its Management
Malignant hypercalcemia is caused by excess calcium mobilization from bone that exceeds renal excretion thresholds. It is often seen in patients with bone metastases from breast, lung, kidney and multiple myeloma cancers. Treatment involves aggressive hydration, decreasing bone resorption with bisphosphonates, calcitonin, or corticosteroids, and in some cases antitumor therapy.
parathyroid disorder
This document provides information on disorders of the parathyroid glands. It discusses the anatomy and function of the parathyroid glands, including their role in calcium regulation and production of parathyroid hormone (PTH). It describes primary hyperparathyroidism, which results from excessive PTH production, and its clinical features. The document also covers hypoparathyroidism, which is a deficiency of PTH, and its signs, symptoms and treatment with calcium and vitamin D supplementation. In summary, the document outlines key endocrine disorders of the parathyroid glands, their effects on calcium levels, and management approaches for hyperparathyroidism and hypoparathyroidism.
Parathyroid gland (applied physiology)
This document summarizes information about the parathyroid gland and parathyroid disorders. It discusses hypo-parathyroidism (decreased PTH secretion), including causes and symptoms like hypocalcemia and hypocalcemic tetany. It also covers hyperparathyroidism (increased PTH secretion), describing primary, secondary, and tertiary hyperparathyroidism. Primary hyperparathyroidism is due to a parathyroid tumor, while secondary is a compensatory response to hypocalcemia. Hyperparathyroidism causes hypercalcemia and symptoms like depression and constipation. It also discusses tests used to evaluate hypo- and hyperparathyroidism and conditions like osteitis fibrosa cystica.
Parathyroid and Pituitary Glands
The document discusses the anatomy, physiology, and pathologies of the parathyroid glands. It describes the parathyroid glands as four small oval glands located on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland. The glands secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH) which regulates calcium levels. Hypoparathyroidism occurs when PTH levels are low, causing hypocalcemia and tetany. Hyperparathyroidism is caused by excessive PTH secretion leading to hypercalcemia. Surgical removal of overactive glands is used to treat hyperparathyroidism.
A Short Presentation on Hypercalcaemia
This document presents a case study of a 49-year-old male who presented with hypercalcemia. His investigations revealed a calcium level of 3.2 mmol/L. He had symptoms of abdominal discomfort, fatigue, and increased thirst. His examination and tests ruled out various potential causes of hypercalcemia. He was found to have elevated PTH, consistent with primary hyperparathyroidism. He was treated with IV fluids and bisphosphonates and will likely require parathyroidectomy surgery to address the underlying cause of his hypercalcemia.
Hypercalcemia final
This document discusses hypercalcemia, defined as a serum calcium level above 10.3 mg/dl. It lists the main causes as primary hyperparathyroidism, malignancy like multiple myeloma and breast cancer, and excess vitamin D. Symptoms involve the renal, musculoskeletal, gastrointestinal and neurological systems and include nephrolithiasis, bone pain, nausea and confusion. Emergency treatment involves rehydration with IV saline and bisphosphonates while medical management focuses on fluid intake, diet modification and exercise. Specific treatments address the underlying cause such as surgery for primary hyperparathyroidism or treating the malignancy.
Endocrine system
Glycosuria is the abnormal excretion of glucose in the urine, which can be caused by elevated blood glucose levels due to diabetes or a problem with kidney glucose reabsorption. Symptoms include excessive urination and dehydration. Tests include Benedict's test and urine glucose tests. Treatment depends on the underlying cause.
Hypercalcemia is an excess of calcium in the blood, which can disrupt many bodily functions. It may be caused by hyperparathyroidism, hyperthyroidism, kidney failure, diet, genetics, medications, or cancer. Symptoms include thirst, pain, digestive issues, weakness, and psychological changes. Blood and urine tests can identify hypercalcemia, while treatment targets the underlying condition and
Pathophysiology of parathyroid hormone 2018
The correct answer is a. Primary hyperparathyroidism. The key findings that point to this diagnosis are:
- Increased serum calcium
- Decreased serum phosphorus
- Increased PTH
- Normal PTHrP
- Hypercalciuria and microhematuria
These lab findings are classic for primary hyperparathyroidism which results from overproduction of PTH by the parathyroid glands.
Parathyroid Diseases and Management
This document provides information on parathyroid glands and parathyroid hormone (PTH). It discusses the anatomy and blood supply of the parathyroid glands. It describes PTH, its functions, and how it regulates calcium levels. It outlines primary hyperparathyroidism, including causes, clinical features, investigations, and treatment via parathyroidectomy. It also briefly discusses secondary and tertiary hyperparathyroidism, acute hyperparathyroidism, MEN syndrome, apudomas, and hypoparathyroidism.
Parathyroid gland
The document discusses diseases of the parathyroid gland. It describes the structure and regulation of parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion, including how calcium levels control PTH levels. It also discusses hyperparathyroidism, the most common form being primary hyperparathyroidism caused by a single adenoma or hyperplasia of the parathyroid glands leading to elevated PTH levels and hypercalcemia. Signs and symptoms include fatigue, weakness, kidney stones, and bone disease. The genetics and clinical manifestations of primary hyperparathyroidism are also summarized.
Disorders of parathyroid gland
The document discusses disorders of the parathyroid gland, including hyperparathyroidism and hypoparathyroidism. It describes the anatomy and location of the parathyroid glands, their blood supply, and innervation. It then examines the causes, symptoms, diagnostic tests and treatments for hyperparathyroidism and hypoparathyroidism. Surgical removal of overactive parathyroid glands is often used to treat hyperparathyroidism, while lifelong calcium and vitamin D supplements are generally required to manage hypoparathyroidism.
Hypercalcemia
This document presents a case study of a 41-year-old woman diagnosed with hypercalcemia caused by milk alkali syndrome. She was brought to the emergency department with nausea, vomiting, and altered mental status. Tests found her blood calcium level to be very high. Her history of consuming large amounts of antacids containing calcium and sodium bicarbonate led to the diagnosis of milk alkali syndrome. Milk alkali syndrome occurs when excessive oral intake of calcium and alkali impairs the kidney's ability to excrete calcium, resulting in hypercalcemia. The document then provides background information on calcium regulation and the various causes, symptoms, diagnostic evaluation, and treatment approaches for hypercalcemia.
roles of veterinary laborotary diagnostic with special reference to biochemistry
Clinical biochemistry refers to analyzing blood plasma and other body fluids to diagnose and monitor disease. A basic panel of tests includes total protein, albumin, globulin, urea, creatinine, ALT, and alkaline phosphatase. These provide information on conditions like dehydration, inflammation, liver and kidney disease. Additional tests can be added depending on symptoms, to recognize patterns characteristic of different diseases.
Hypercalcemia
Hypercalcemia was causing the patient's acute renal failure. Treatment for hypercalcemia included intravenous fluids, furosemide, steroids, bisphosphonates, and dialysis which lowered the calcium levels and improved renal function. The underlying cause of hypercalcemia could not be determined after extensive testing, but was likely a malignancy given the persistent pancytopenia. Hypercalcemia can directly damage the kidneys by decreasing medullary osmolality and inducing nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, nephrolithiasis, and renal tubular acidosis. It also causes vasoconstriction and activation of the calcium-sensing receptor which stimulates renin release and worsens volume
Hypercalcemia ,causes and treatment
This document discusses hypercalcemia, which is defined as a serum calcium level above 10.5 mg/dl. It outlines the causes of hypercalcemia including primary hyperparathyroidism, certain cancers, and excessive vitamin D or calcium supplementation. Signs and symptoms are noted such as abdominal pain, nausea, weakness and cardiac issues. Diagnostic testing including PTH, calcium, and phosphate levels as well as imaging are covered. Treatment focuses on rehydration, bisphosphonates, glucocorticoids, calcitonin, surgery if needed, and addressing the underlying cause. Complications of untreated hypercalcemia include osteoporosis, kidney stones, and kidney failure.
Module 10: Reproductive System
The document summarizes key aspects of the female reproductive system. It describes the endometrium as the inner lining of the uterus, noting it contains two layers and undergoes cyclic regeneration during the menstrual cycle. It also describes the uterine tubes, also known as fallopian tubes, which connect the ovaries to the uterus and help transport eggs and sperm. Finally, it defines a total abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy as the surgical removal of the uterus, cervix, ovaries, and fallopian tubes through an abdominal incision, and notes it is performed for various gynecological conditions.
Presentation10
The document discusses a total abdominal hysterectomy-bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (TAH-BSO) procedure. It involves removing the uterus, cervix, both fallopian tubes, and both ovaries through an abdominal incision. The fallopian tubes transport eggs between the ovaries and uterus, while the endometrium is the inner uterine lining that is shed during menstruation. A TAH-BSO may be performed to treat cancers of the female reproductive system, severe pelvic pain from conditions like endometriosis, or for gender reassignment in transgender men. Risks after the procedure include incontinence, cardiovascular issues, and osteoporosis due to the loss of estrogen
More Related Content
What's hot
Parathyroids
The parathyroid glands secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH) which regulates calcium levels. PTH increases bone resorption and calcium absorption from the gut while decreasing calcium excretion by the kidneys. Hyperparathyroidism is an increased secretion of PTH and can be primary, secondary, or tertiary. Primary hyperparathyroidism is usually caused by a single adenoma and presents with increased serum calcium levels and bone, kidney, or gastrointestinal problems. Imaging tests can locate enlarged parathyroid glands and surgery is the treatment of choice for removing adenomas or hyperplastic glands.
Hyerparathyroidism
This document summarizes parathyroid gland anatomy and physiology and various types of hyperparathyroidism. It discusses the role of parathyroid hormone in calcium homeostasis, causes of primary, secondary, and tertiary hyperparathyroidism, associated symptoms and complications, diagnostic testing, treatment options including medication and surgery, and other related conditions like familial benign hypercalcemia and hypercalcemia of malignancy.
Parathyroidppt
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
VITAMIN D AND HYPERPARATHYROIDISM
This document discusses vitamin D and hyperparathyroidism. It notes that vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that is converted to its active form in the kidney and regulates calcium levels. Hyperparathyroidism occurs when the parathyroid glands overproduce parathyroid hormone (PTH), which regulates calcium levels. There are three types: primary (excess PTH from parathyroid glands), secondary (increased PTH to compensate for hypocalcemia), and tertiary (PTH secretion becomes unregulated even after correcting the underlying cause). The document outlines the causes, clinical features, investigations, and treatments for each type of hyperparathyroidism.
Hypercalcaemia
Hypercalcemia is elevated calcium levels in the blood. Normal calcium levels are 2.12-2.65 mmol/L. It is uncommon, affecting 4 in 100,000 people per year, and more common in females ages 50-60. Signs and symptoms include bone pain, kidney stones, constipation, fatigue, and renal failure. Causes include primary hyperparathyroidism, malignancy, certain drugs, and granulomatous diseases. Diagnosis involves blood and imaging tests. Treatment consists of IV fluids, correcting electrolyte imbalances, diuretics, treating the underlying cause, bisphosphonates, steroids, and calcitonin. Untreated severe hypercalcemia can lead to osteop
Hpercalcemia & its Management
Malignant hypercalcemia is caused by excess calcium mobilization from bone that exceeds renal excretion thresholds. It is often seen in patients with bone metastases from breast, lung, kidney and multiple myeloma cancers. Treatment involves aggressive hydration, decreasing bone resorption with bisphosphonates, calcitonin, or corticosteroids, and in some cases antitumor therapy.
parathyroid disorder
This document provides information on disorders of the parathyroid glands. It discusses the anatomy and function of the parathyroid glands, including their role in calcium regulation and production of parathyroid hormone (PTH). It describes primary hyperparathyroidism, which results from excessive PTH production, and its clinical features. The document also covers hypoparathyroidism, which is a deficiency of PTH, and its signs, symptoms and treatment with calcium and vitamin D supplementation. In summary, the document outlines key endocrine disorders of the parathyroid glands, their effects on calcium levels, and management approaches for hyperparathyroidism and hypoparathyroidism.
Parathyroid gland (applied physiology)
This document summarizes information about the parathyroid gland and parathyroid disorders. It discusses hypo-parathyroidism (decreased PTH secretion), including causes and symptoms like hypocalcemia and hypocalcemic tetany. It also covers hyperparathyroidism (increased PTH secretion), describing primary, secondary, and tertiary hyperparathyroidism. Primary hyperparathyroidism is due to a parathyroid tumor, while secondary is a compensatory response to hypocalcemia. Hyperparathyroidism causes hypercalcemia and symptoms like depression and constipation. It also discusses tests used to evaluate hypo- and hyperparathyroidism and conditions like osteitis fibrosa cystica.
Parathyroid and Pituitary Glands
The document discusses the anatomy, physiology, and pathologies of the parathyroid glands. It describes the parathyroid glands as four small oval glands located on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland. The glands secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH) which regulates calcium levels. Hypoparathyroidism occurs when PTH levels are low, causing hypocalcemia and tetany. Hyperparathyroidism is caused by excessive PTH secretion leading to hypercalcemia. Surgical removal of overactive glands is used to treat hyperparathyroidism.
A Short Presentation on Hypercalcaemia
This document presents a case study of a 49-year-old male who presented with hypercalcemia. His investigations revealed a calcium level of 3.2 mmol/L. He had symptoms of abdominal discomfort, fatigue, and increased thirst. His examination and tests ruled out various potential causes of hypercalcemia. He was found to have elevated PTH, consistent with primary hyperparathyroidism. He was treated with IV fluids and bisphosphonates and will likely require parathyroidectomy surgery to address the underlying cause of his hypercalcemia.
Hypercalcemia final
This document discusses hypercalcemia, defined as a serum calcium level above 10.3 mg/dl. It lists the main causes as primary hyperparathyroidism, malignancy like multiple myeloma and breast cancer, and excess vitamin D. Symptoms involve the renal, musculoskeletal, gastrointestinal and neurological systems and include nephrolithiasis, bone pain, nausea and confusion. Emergency treatment involves rehydration with IV saline and bisphosphonates while medical management focuses on fluid intake, diet modification and exercise. Specific treatments address the underlying cause such as surgery for primary hyperparathyroidism or treating the malignancy.
Endocrine system
Glycosuria is the abnormal excretion of glucose in the urine, which can be caused by elevated blood glucose levels due to diabetes or a problem with kidney glucose reabsorption. Symptoms include excessive urination and dehydration. Tests include Benedict's test and urine glucose tests. Treatment depends on the underlying cause.
Hypercalcemia is an excess of calcium in the blood, which can disrupt many bodily functions. It may be caused by hyperparathyroidism, hyperthyroidism, kidney failure, diet, genetics, medications, or cancer. Symptoms include thirst, pain, digestive issues, weakness, and psychological changes. Blood and urine tests can identify hypercalcemia, while treatment targets the underlying condition and
Pathophysiology of parathyroid hormone 2018
The correct answer is a. Primary hyperparathyroidism. The key findings that point to this diagnosis are:
- Increased serum calcium
- Decreased serum phosphorus
- Increased PTH
- Normal PTHrP
- Hypercalciuria and microhematuria
These lab findings are classic for primary hyperparathyroidism which results from overproduction of PTH by the parathyroid glands.
Parathyroid Diseases and Management
This document provides information on parathyroid glands and parathyroid hormone (PTH). It discusses the anatomy and blood supply of the parathyroid glands. It describes PTH, its functions, and how it regulates calcium levels. It outlines primary hyperparathyroidism, including causes, clinical features, investigations, and treatment via parathyroidectomy. It also briefly discusses secondary and tertiary hyperparathyroidism, acute hyperparathyroidism, MEN syndrome, apudomas, and hypoparathyroidism.
Parathyroid gland
The document discusses diseases of the parathyroid gland. It describes the structure and regulation of parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion, including how calcium levels control PTH levels. It also discusses hyperparathyroidism, the most common form being primary hyperparathyroidism caused by a single adenoma or hyperplasia of the parathyroid glands leading to elevated PTH levels and hypercalcemia. Signs and symptoms include fatigue, weakness, kidney stones, and bone disease. The genetics and clinical manifestations of primary hyperparathyroidism are also summarized.
Disorders of parathyroid gland
The document discusses disorders of the parathyroid gland, including hyperparathyroidism and hypoparathyroidism. It describes the anatomy and location of the parathyroid glands, their blood supply, and innervation. It then examines the causes, symptoms, diagnostic tests and treatments for hyperparathyroidism and hypoparathyroidism. Surgical removal of overactive parathyroid glands is often used to treat hyperparathyroidism, while lifelong calcium and vitamin D supplements are generally required to manage hypoparathyroidism.
Hypercalcemia
This document presents a case study of a 41-year-old woman diagnosed with hypercalcemia caused by milk alkali syndrome. She was brought to the emergency department with nausea, vomiting, and altered mental status. Tests found her blood calcium level to be very high. Her history of consuming large amounts of antacids containing calcium and sodium bicarbonate led to the diagnosis of milk alkali syndrome. Milk alkali syndrome occurs when excessive oral intake of calcium and alkali impairs the kidney's ability to excrete calcium, resulting in hypercalcemia. The document then provides background information on calcium regulation and the various causes, symptoms, diagnostic evaluation, and treatment approaches for hypercalcemia.
roles of veterinary laborotary diagnostic with special reference to biochemistry
Clinical biochemistry refers to analyzing blood plasma and other body fluids to diagnose and monitor disease. A basic panel of tests includes total protein, albumin, globulin, urea, creatinine, ALT, and alkaline phosphatase. These provide information on conditions like dehydration, inflammation, liver and kidney disease. Additional tests can be added depending on symptoms, to recognize patterns characteristic of different diseases.
Hypercalcemia
Hypercalcemia was causing the patient's acute renal failure. Treatment for hypercalcemia included intravenous fluids, furosemide, steroids, bisphosphonates, and dialysis which lowered the calcium levels and improved renal function. The underlying cause of hypercalcemia could not be determined after extensive testing, but was likely a malignancy given the persistent pancytopenia. Hypercalcemia can directly damage the kidneys by decreasing medullary osmolality and inducing nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, nephrolithiasis, and renal tubular acidosis. It also causes vasoconstriction and activation of the calcium-sensing receptor which stimulates renin release and worsens volume
Hypercalcemia ,causes and treatment
This document discusses hypercalcemia, which is defined as a serum calcium level above 10.5 mg/dl. It outlines the causes of hypercalcemia including primary hyperparathyroidism, certain cancers, and excessive vitamin D or calcium supplementation. Signs and symptoms are noted such as abdominal pain, nausea, weakness and cardiac issues. Diagnostic testing including PTH, calcium, and phosphate levels as well as imaging are covered. Treatment focuses on rehydration, bisphosphonates, glucocorticoids, calcitonin, surgery if needed, and addressing the underlying cause. Complications of untreated hypercalcemia include osteoporosis, kidney stones, and kidney failure.
What's hot (20)
roles of veterinary laborotary diagnostic with special reference to biochemistry
roles of veterinary laborotary diagnostic with special reference to biochemistry
Viewers also liked
Module 10: Reproductive System
The document summarizes key aspects of the female reproductive system. It describes the endometrium as the inner lining of the uterus, noting it contains two layers and undergoes cyclic regeneration during the menstrual cycle. It also describes the uterine tubes, also known as fallopian tubes, which connect the ovaries to the uterus and help transport eggs and sperm. Finally, it defines a total abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy as the surgical removal of the uterus, cervix, ovaries, and fallopian tubes through an abdominal incision, and notes it is performed for various gynecological conditions.
Presentation10
The document discusses a total abdominal hysterectomy-bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (TAH-BSO) procedure. It involves removing the uterus, cervix, both fallopian tubes, and both ovaries through an abdominal incision. The fallopian tubes transport eggs between the ovaries and uterus, while the endometrium is the inner uterine lining that is shed during menstruation. A TAH-BSO may be performed to treat cancers of the female reproductive system, severe pelvic pain from conditions like endometriosis, or for gender reassignment in transgender men. Risks after the procedure include incontinence, cardiovascular issues, and osteoporosis due to the loss of estrogen
Vaginal Hysterectomy: Revival
This document discusses reviving the technique of vaginal hysterectomy and implementing it safely to avoid post-operative vaginal vault prolapse. The key steps of the technique include: 1) carefully opening the pouch of Douglas and applying the first clamp as close to the uterus as possible; 2) securing the first pedicle to the lateral vaginal angle for support; and 3) using a "step-ladder" approach to ligate and approximate all pedicles together before closing, which aids hemostasis and support of the vaginal vault. The author argues this technique minimizes risks compared to abdominal or laparoscopic hysterectomy and can lower costs while maintaining good postoperative outcomes when performed by trained surgeons on appropriately selected patients.
Hysterectomy
A hysterectomy is the second most common surgical procedure for women of reproductive age, after Cesarean sections. There are four main types of hysterectomy: simple, subtotal, total, and radical. Reasons for undergoing a hysterectomy include uterine fibroids, uterine prolapse, pelvic pain, and abnormal bleeding. When discussing the procedure with a doctor, important factors to consider include what organs will be removed, the surgical approach (abdominal, vaginal, or laparoscopic), potential risks and benefits, and effects on sexuality and hormone supplementation needs after the surgery.
Vaginal Hysterectomy
In this introductory remark at workshop on vaginal hysterectomy where Dr Shirish Seth was operating faculty.
I spoke “lets promote and propagate vaginal hysterectomy which is an indigenous surgery in line with PM Modi’s mission of MAKE IN INDIA.
Vaginal hysterectomy is like Aam admi surgery which is in the best interest of patients and has best scientific evidences in its favour."
Let us not be driven by glamour,gadgets and gimmicks."
Hysterectomy
A hysterectomy is a surgery to remove a woman's uterus. It is usually performed by a gynecologist to treat conditions like fibroids, endometriosis, or cancer. After a hysterectomy, a woman can no longer get pregnant and will no longer have periods. There are several types of hysterectomies that can be performed, including abdominal, vaginal, laparoscopic, and robotic hysterectomies, which differ in their incision sites and recovery times. Common risks include an earlier menopause and increased risks of osteoporosis, incontinence, and loss of libido.
Total abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy.
TAHBSO is a surgical procedure that involves removing the uterus, ovaries, and fallopian tubes through an abdominal incision. It is used to treat endometrial cancer and uterine sarcoma. An oophorectomy or salpingo-oophorectomy removes one or both ovaries and possibly the fallopian tubes to treat ovarian cancer, tumors, or complications. A hysterectomy can be performed abdominally, laparoscopically, or vaginally to remove the uterus. Complications may include infection, bleeding, pain, urinary issues, and blood clots, but are generally treatable.
Hysterectomy Powerpoint
A hysterectomy is a surgical procedure to remove a woman's uterus. It is the most common non-obstetrical surgery for women in the United States, with approximately 300 out of every 100,000 women undergoing the procedure. There are several types of hysterectomies, including total abdominal hysterectomy, vaginal hysterectomy, supracervical hysterectomy, laparoscopy-assisted vaginal hysterectomy, and laparoscopic supracervical hysterectomy. A total abdominal hysterectomy involves removing the uterus through an abdominal incision, while a vaginal hysterectomy removes the uterus through the vagina. A laparoscopy-assisted vaginal hysterectomy adds the use of a laparoscope to the vaginal
Hysterectomy
1. Hysterectomy is a surgical procedure to remove the uterus and sometimes other reproductive organs. It can be performed abdominally through an incision in the abdomen, vaginally through the vagina, or laparoscopically through small incisions using specialized instruments.
2. Over 600,000 hysterectomies are performed annually in the US, most commonly to treat benign conditions like fibroids, endometriosis, or uterine prolapse. The preferred method is vaginal hysterectomy when possible due to faster recovery.
3. Risks of hysterectomy include earlier menopause, increased risks of cardiovascular disease and osteoporosis, as well as potential short-term risks like infection,
Viewers also liked (9)
Total abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy.
Total abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy.
Similar to Presentation chap 11
Team Holy Spirit - C.Pathology.pptx11111
1. Dr. Joseph Sesay will lecture on calcium metabolism, hypercalcemia, hypocalcemia, and metabolic bone disease.
2. Calcium metabolism refers to regulating calcium ion concentration in extracellular fluid and is tightly controlled to stabilize voltage-gated ion channels. Parathyroid hormone and vitamin D are the main hormones involved.
3. Hypercalcemia occurs when calcium levels are too high and can cause issues like kidney stones and nerve/muscle problems. Hypocalcemia is when calcium levels are too low and causes issues like muscle spasms.
Parathyroid gland and The pituitary and Hypothalamus
The parathyroid glands produce parathyroid hormone (PTH) which regulates calcium and phosphorus levels in the blood by increasing their absorption in the intestines, resorption in the kidneys, and mobilization from bones. PTH increases calcium levels while decreasing phosphorus. The thyroid gland produces calcitonin which decreases calcium levels. Vitamin D facilitates intestinal calcium absorption. Hyperparathyroidism is excessive PTH production and can be primary from adenomas or hyperplasia, or secondary from low calcium levels due to kidney disease or vitamin D deficiency. Complications include osteoporosis, kidney stones, and heart disease.
Parathyroid
The parathyroid glands regulate calcium levels in the blood and bones. There are usually four parathyroid glands located near the thyroid gland. The parathyroid glands secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH) which increases blood calcium levels when low by promoting bone resorption and renal reabsorption of calcium. Primary hyperparathyroidism occurs when one parathyroid gland enlarges and overproduces PTH, commonly caused by a benign tumor in the gland. Surgical removal of the enlarged gland is usually curative for primary hyperparathyroidism.
Seminar on calcium
This document discusses calcium metabolism and provides details on calcium homeostasis, absorption, excretion, and the roles of parathyroid hormone and vitamin D. It also covers hypocalcemia and hypercalcemia, defining each condition and describing causes, clinical manifestations, diagnostic workup, and treatment approaches. Hypocalcemia can result from neonatal issues, vitamin D deficiency, hypoparathyroidism, or other causes. Hypercalcemia has causes including parathyroid hormone excess, malignancy, vitamin D excess, and genetic conditions.
Endocrine system
The document discusses hypercalcemia and glycosuria. Hypercalcemia is a condition where calcium levels in the blood are too high, which can be caused by overactive parathyroid glands, cancer, medications, or supplements. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, weakness, and fatigue. Complications include osteoporosis, kidney stones, kidney damage, and abnormal heart rhythms. Glycosuria is the presence of high sugar levels in urine, usually caused by untreated diabetes which raises blood sugar levels beyond the kidneys' threshold. Other causes are pregnancy, high sugar diets, gastrectomy, hyperthyroidism, liver disease, and increased intracranial pressure.
Disorder of adernal gland
The adrenal glands are located above the kidneys and produce several important hormones. The adrenal cortex produces cortisol, aldosterone, and androgens. Cortisol aids metabolism and reduces inflammation. Aldosterone regulates sodium and potassium levels. Androgens influence sex drive. The adrenal medulla produces epinephrine and norepinephrine which help the body respond to stress. Diseases can occur if the adrenal glands produce too much or too little of these hormones.
Calcium-d deficiency
Calcium is essential for bone health, muscle function, and other bodily processes. A lack of calcium can lead to osteoporosis, rickets, hypertension during pregnancy, and other disorders. Supplementation with calcium and vitamin D can help prevent pregnancy complications like preeclampsia and preterm labor by supporting fetal bone development and reducing blood pressure. Maintaining adequate calcium intake is important for overall health.
Calcium imbalances
This document discusses calcium imbalances, specifically hypocalcemia and hypercalcemia. Hypocalcemia is defined as a calcium level below 8.5 mg/dl and can result from low calcium stores or extracellular levels. Symptoms include neuromuscular excitability leading to tetany and seizures. Hypercalcemia is a calcium level over 10 mg/dl and usually stems from increased bone absorption. Symptoms include decreased muscle function, gastrointestinal issues, and cardiac dysrhythmias. Both conditions require monitoring calcium levels and addressing the underlying cause through diet, medications, and IV calcium supplementation as needed.
Hypercalcemia
Hypercalcemia is a condition defined by abnormally high levels of calcium in the blood. It has many potential causes, including primary hyperparathyroidism, various cancers, and certain medications. Symptoms can include frequent urination, fatigue, nausea, and muscle weakness. Diagnosis involves blood tests to measure calcium levels. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include increased fluid intake, medication changes, surgery, or intravenous fluids in severe cases.
Calcium.pptx
food and health
calcium
Calcium in blood. Assist.Lecturer Aseel Ghassan Daoud. M.Sc. in Pharmacy/clinical laboratory sciences. Factors that determine the amount of calcium, Calcium metabolism. Calcium disorders (↓Ca, ↑Ca). Parathyroid disorders; Vitamin D disorders. Rickets. Haversian canals within lamellae.
Approach to patient with hypo/hyper calcaemia
This document discusses calcium homeostasis and disorders of calcium metabolism. It begins by describing the functions of calcium in the body and where calcium is stored. It then discusses calcium regulation by parathyroid hormone, vitamin D, and calcitonin. Causes, signs and symptoms, and treatment approaches for hypercalcemia and hypocalcemia are reviewed. The key points are that calcium levels are tightly controlled by hormones to maintain levels between 2.25-2.62 mmol/L and that disorders can result from excess or deficiencies of these regulating hormones.
fluid & electrolyte imbalance in human body.ppt
Fluid and electrolyte imbalance is a complex process that can occur with illness or injury as homeostasis is disrupted. Common imbalances include hypovolaemia or hypervolaemia due to fluid deficits or excesses, as well as abnormalities in sodium, potassium, and calcium levels. Care involves determining the underlying cause, monitoring for signs and symptoms of imbalance, and treating with fluid resuscitation or electrolyte replacement as needed.
Hypercalcemia atee
Hypercalcemia is a common condition seen in up to 4% of hospitalized patients. The most common causes are primary hyperparathyroidism and malignancy-associated hypercalcemia. Hypercalcemia occurs when calcium influx into the extracellular fluid exceeds renal excretory capacity. It is defined as a total serum calcium level greater than 10.2 mg/dL. Treatment involves stabilizing the patient with intravenous fluids, promoting calcium excretion with diuretics, and administering bisphosphonates to reduce bone resorption in malignancy-associated cases. Surgical removal of parathyroid adenomas is required for symptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism.
MOPA021 LECTURE 7 .pptx
............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Approach to Hypercalcemia
This document discusses calcium homeostasis and hypercalcemia. It notes that calcium is critical for many physiological functions and is mainly stored in bones. Hypercalcemia can be caused by primary hyperparathyroidism, vitamin D excess, certain malignancies, and other conditions. The diagnostic approach involves distinguishing between hyperparathyroidism and hypercalcemia of malignancy based on lab tests. Treatment focuses on rehydration, increasing calciuresis, and decreasing bone resorption or intestinal calcium absorption using medications like calcitonin, bisphosphonates, glucocorticoids, or dialysis depending on the severity of hypercalcemia.
Endocrine Sys. (Hypercalcemia)
The document discusses two medical conditions:
1) Hyperparathyroidism, which is an excessive production of parathyroid hormone that increases calcium levels in the blood. It can cause various symptoms and is typically treated with surgery to remove the overproducing parathyroid gland.
2) Glycosuria, which refers to glucose in the urine usually due to high blood sugar levels. It can be caused by conditions like diabetes, hyperthyroidism, kidney and liver problems, and pregnancy. Testing urine can detect glycosuria.
Electrolytes
This document discusses electrolyte imbalances, including sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, and magnesium. For each electrolyte, it covers normal levels, causes of imbalances, signs and symptoms, diagnostic findings, and treatment approaches. Key points include the roles of electrolytes in nerve impulse transmission, acid-base balance, and other bodily functions. Major imbalances discussed are hyponatremia, hypernatremia, hypokalemia, hyperkalemia, hypocalcemia, hypercalcemia, hypomagnesemia, and hypermagnesemia.
HYPERTENTION
High blood pressure, also called hypertension, is when blood pressure is consistently higher than normal levels. There are two main types of hypertension - primary/essential hypertension which has no identifiable cause and occurs in 95% of hypertensive patients, and secondary hypertension which is caused by an underlying condition and occurs in 5% of patients. Risk factors for developing hypertension include increasing age, family history, being overweight, lack of exercise, smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, and certain chronic conditions. Symptoms of severe hypertension can include headaches, confusion, vision issues, chest pain, and difficulty breathing. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications like diet changes and exercise as well as medications to lower blood pressure. Uncontrolled hypertension can increase the risk of heart attack, stroke
Calcium homeostasis
Calcium homeostasis involves absorption of calcium from the intestine, regulation by parathyroid hormone (PTH), vitamin D, and calcitonin, and storage in bone. PTH increases calcium levels by stimulating bone resorption and renal reabsorption and vitamin D absorption. Vitamin D increases intestinal calcium absorption. Calcitonin decreases calcium by inhibiting bone resorption. Hypocalcemia causes neurological symptoms and hypercalcemia causes gastrointestinal and renal issues. Conditions are diagnosed by calcium levels and other tests and treated by calcium supplementation or intravenous calcium for hypocalcemia and hydration and medications for hypercalcemia.
Similar to Presentation chap 11 (20)
Parathyroid gland and The pituitary and Hypothalamus
Parathyroid gland and The pituitary and Hypothalamus
Recently uploaded
Pune Call Girls 7339748667 AVAILABLE HOT GIRLS AUNTY BOOK NOW
Pune Call Girls 7339748667 AVAILABLE HOT GIRLS AUNTY BOOK NOW
Public Health Lecture 4 Social Sciences and Public Health
Sociology, Anthropology and Psychology as applied to Public Health
Mechanical injuries(ICS) due to sharp force.ppt
Injuries, definition , classification and mechanical injuries due to sharp force injury including defense, self inflicted and fabricated injuries.
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga-GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS-2024.pdf
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga-GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS-2024.pdfOsvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
Gastrointestinal Infections
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS result from the ingestion of pathogens that cause infections at the level of this tract, generally being transmitted by food, water and hands contaminated by microorganisms such as E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio cholerae, Campylobacter, Staphylococcus, Rotavirus among others that are generally contained in feces, thus configuring a FECAL-ORAL type of transmission.
Among the factors that lead to the occurrence of gastrointestinal infections are the hygienic and sanitary deficiencies that characterize our markets and other places where raw or cooked food is sold, poor environmental sanitation in communities, deficiencies in water treatment (or in the process of its plumbing), risky hygienic-sanitary habits (not washing hands after major and/or minor needs), among others.
These are generally consequences (signs and symptoms) resulting from gastrointestinal infections: diarrhea, vomiting, fever and malaise, among others.
The treatment consists of replacing lost liquids and electrolytes (drinking drinking water and other recommended liquids, including consumption of juicy fruits such as papayas, apples, pears, among others that contain water in their composition).
To prevent this, it is necessary to promote health education, improve the hygienic-sanitary conditions of markets and communities in general as a way of promoting, preserving and prolonging PUBLIC HEALTH.
Gastritis and Gastric Health
Gastric Health is one of the most relevant concerns in human health, with gastrointestinal infections being among the main illnesses that affect humans.
Among gastric problems, we have GASTRITIS AND GASTRIC ULCERS as the main public health problems. Gastritis and gastric ulcers normally result from inflammation and corrosion of the walls of the stomach (gastric mucosa) and are generally associated (caused) by the bacterium Helicobacter pylor, which, according to the literature, this bacterium settles on these walls (of the stomach) and starts to release urease that ends up altering the normal pH of the stomach (acid), which leads to inflammation and corrosion of the mucous membranes and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
In addition to bacterial infections, gastritis and gastric ulcers are associated with several factors, with emphasis on prolonged fasting, chemical substances including drugs, alcohol, foods with strong seasonings including chilli, which ends up causing inflammation of the stomach walls and/or corrosion. of the same, resulting in the appearance of wounds and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
Among patients with gastritis and/or ulcers, one of the dilemmas is associated with the foods to consume in order to minimize the sensation of pain and discomfort. 5 Effective Homeopathic Medicines for Irregular Periods
Discover the benefits of homeopathic medicine for irregular periods with our guide on 5 common remedies. Learn how these natural treatments can help regulate menstrual cycles and improve overall menstrual health.
Visit Us: https://drdeepikashomeopathy.com/service/irregular-periods-treatment/
Selective α1-Blocker.pptx
Selective alpha1 blockers are Prazosin, Terazosin, Doxazosin, Tamsulosin and Silodosin majorly used to treat BPH, also hypertension, PTSD, Raynaud's phenomenon, CHF
Pharmacology of Drugs for Congestive Heart Failure
Congestive Heart failure is caused by low cardiac output and high sympathetic discharge. Diuretics reduce preload, ACE inhibitors lower afterload, beta blockers reduce sympathetic activity, and digitalis has inotropic effects. Newer medications target vasodilation and myosin activation to improve heart efficiency while lowering energy requirements. Combination therapy, following an assessment of cardiac function and volume status, is the most effective strategy to heart failure care.
2nd-generation Antihistaminic Part I.pptx
CLASSIFICATION OF H1 ANTIHISTAMINICS-
FIRST GENERATION ANTIHISTAMINICS-
1)HIGHLY SEDATIVE-DIPHENHYDRAMINE,DIMENHYDRINATE,PROMETHAZINE,HYDROXYZINE 2)MODERATELY SEDATIVE- PHENARIMINE,CYPROHEPTADINE, MECLIZINE,CINNARIZINE
3)MILD SEDATIVE-CHLORPHENIRAMINE,DEXCHLORPHENIRAMINE
TRIPROLIDINE,CLEMASTINE
SECOND GENERATION ANTIHISTAMINICS-FEXOFENADINE,
LORATADINE,DESLORATADINE,CETIRIZINE,LEVOCETIRIZINE,
AZELASTINE,MIZOLASTINE,EBASTINE,RUPATADINE. Mechanism of action of 2nd generation antihistaminics-
These drugs competitively antagonize actions of
histamine at the H1 receptors.
Pharmacological actions-
Antagonism of histamine-The H1 antagonists effectively block histamine induced bronchoconstriction, contraction of intestinal and other smooth muscle and triple response especially wheal, flare and itch. Constriction of larger blood vessel by histamine is also antagonized.
2) Antiallergic actions-Many manifestations of immediate hypersensitivity (type I reactions)are suppressed. Urticaria, itching and angioedema are well controlled.3) CNS action-The older antihistamines produce variable degree of CNS depression.But in case of 2nd gen antihistaminics there is less CNS depressant property as these cross BBB to significantly lesser extent.
4) Anticholinergic action- many H1 blockers
in addition antagonize muscarinic actions of ACh. BUT IN 2ND gen histaminics there is Higher H1 selectivitiy : no anticholinergic side effects
Gene Expression System-viral gene delivery Mpharm(Pharamaceutics)
Gene therapy can be broadly defined as the transfer of genetic material to cure a disease or at least to improve the clinical status of a patient.
One of the basic concepts of gene therapy is to transform viruses into genetic shuttles, which will deliver the gene of interest into the target cells.
Safe methods have been devised to do this, using several viral and non-viral vectors.
In the future, this technique may allow doctors to treat a disorder by inserting a gene into a patient's cells instead of using drugs or surgery.
The biggest hurdle faced by medical research in gene therapy is the availability of effective gene-carrying vectors that meet all of the following criteria:
Protection of transgene or genetic cargo from degradative action of systemic and endonucleases,
Delivery of genetic material to the target site, i.e., either cell cytoplasm or nucleus,
Low potential of triggering unwanted immune responses or genotoxicity,
Economical and feasible availability for patients .
Viruses are naturally evolved vehicles that efficiently transfer their genes into host cells.
Choice of viral vector is dependent on gene transfer efficiency, capacity to carry foreign genes, toxicity, stability, immune responses towards viral antigens and potential viral recombination.
There are a wide variety of vectors used to deliver DNA or oligo nucleotides into mammalian cells, either in vitro or in vivo.
The most common vector system based on retroviruses, adenoviruses, herpes simplex viruses, adeno associated viruses.
Call Girls Electronic City 🥰 Bangalore Call Girl No Advance Book Now
Call Girls Electronic City 🥰 Bangalore Call Girl No Advance Book Now
Wabsite For Rant : babesbookhot@gmail.com
ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION in community setting
“Environmental sanitation means the art and science of applying sanitary, biological and physical science principles and knowledge to improve and control the environment therein for the protection of the health and welfare of the public”.The overall importance of sanitation are to provide a healthy living environment for everyone, to protect the natural resources (such as surface water, groundwater, soil ), and to provide safety, security and dignity for people when they defecate or urinate .Sanitation refers to public health conditions such as drinking clean water, sewage treatment, etc. All the effective tools and actions that help in keeping the environment clean come under sanitation. Sanitation refers to public health conditions such as drinking clean water, sewage treatment. All the effective tools and actions that help in keeping the environment clean and promotes public health is the necessary in todays life.
STUDIES IN SUPPORT OF SPECIAL POPULATIONS: GERIATRICS E7
Unit 4: MRA 103T Regulatory affairs
This guideline is directed principally toward new Molecular Entities that are
likely to have significant use in the elderly, either because the disease intended
to be treated is characteristically a disease of aging ( e.g., Alzheimer's disease) or
because the population to be treated is known to include substantial numbers of
geriatric patients (e.g., hypertension).
Computer in pharmaceutical research and development-Mpharm(Pharmaceutics)
Statistics- Statistics is the science of collecting, organizing, presenting, analyzing and interpreting numerical data to assist in making more effective decisions.
A statistics is a measure which is used to estimate the population parameter
Parameters-It is used to describe the properties of an entire population.
Examples-Measures of central tendency Dispersion, Variance, Standard Deviation (SD), Absolute Error, Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Eigen Value
All about shoulder Joint ..
All about shoulder joint , Anatomy ,Examination, Special tests and radiology.
Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis - Pathogenesis , Clinical Features & Manage...
In this presentation , SBP ( spontaneous bacterial peritonitis ) , which is a common complication in patients with cirrhosis and ascites is described in detail.
The reference for this presentation is Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Textbook ( 11th edition ).
Allopurinol (Anti-gout drug).pptx
Allopurinol, a uric acid synthesis inhibitor acts by inhibiting Xanthine oxidase competitively as well as non- competitively, Whereas Oxypurinol is a non-competitive inhibitor of xanthine oxidase.
Nano-gold for Cancer Therapy chemistry investigatory project
chemistry investigatory project
The development of nanogold-based cancer therapy could revolutionize oncology by providing a more targeted, less invasive treatment option. This project contributes to the growing body of research aimed at harnessing nanotechnology for medical applications, paving the way for future clinical trials and potential commercial applications.
Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide, prompting the need for innovative treatment methods. Nanotechnology offers promising new approaches, including the use of gold nanoparticles (nanogold) for targeted cancer therapy. Nanogold particles possess unique physical and chemical properties that make them suitable for drug delivery, imaging, and photothermal therapy.
PGx Analysis in VarSeq: A User’s Perspective
Since our release of the PGx capabilities in VarSeq, we’ve had a few months to gather some insights from various use cases. Some users approach PGx workflows by means of array genotyping or what seems to be a growing trend of adding the star allele calling to the existing NGS pipeline for whole genome data. Luckily, both approaches are supported with the VarSeq software platform. The genotyping method being used will also dictate what the scope of the tertiary analysis will be. For example, are your PGx reports a standalone pipeline or would your lab’s goal be to handle a dual-purpose workflow and report on PGx + Diagnostic findings.
The purpose of this webcast is to:
Discuss and demonstrate the approaches with array and NGS genotyping methods for star allele calling to prep for downstream analysis.
Following genotyping, explore alternative tertiary workflow concepts in VarSeq to handle PGx reporting.
Moreover, we will include insights users will need to consider when validating their PGx workflow for all possible star alleles and options you have for automating your PGx analysis for large number of samples. Please join us for a session dedicated to the application of star allele genotyping and subsequent PGx workflows in our VarSeq software.
Call Girls in Kolkata 💯Call Us 🔝 7374876321 🔝 💃 Top Class Call Girl Servic...
Call Girls in Kolkata 💯Call Us 🔝 7374876321 🔝 💃 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Recently uploaded (20)
Pune Call Girls 7339748667 AVAILABLE HOT GIRLS AUNTY BOOK NOW
Pune Call Girls 7339748667 AVAILABLE HOT GIRLS AUNTY BOOK NOW
Public Health Lecture 4 Social Sciences and Public Health
Public Health Lecture 4 Social Sciences and Public Health
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga-GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS-2024.pdf
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga-GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS-2024.pdf
5 Effective Homeopathic Medicines for Irregular Periods
5 Effective Homeopathic Medicines for Irregular Periods
Pharmacology of Drugs for Congestive Heart Failure
Pharmacology of Drugs for Congestive Heart Failure
Gene Expression System-viral gene delivery Mpharm(Pharamaceutics)
Gene Expression System-viral gene delivery Mpharm(Pharamaceutics)
Call Girls Electronic City 🥰 Bangalore Call Girl No Advance Book Now
Call Girls Electronic City 🥰 Bangalore Call Girl No Advance Book Now
STUDIES IN SUPPORT OF SPECIAL POPULATIONS: GERIATRICS E7
STUDIES IN SUPPORT OF SPECIAL POPULATIONS: GERIATRICS E7
Computer in pharmaceutical research and development-Mpharm(Pharmaceutics)
Computer in pharmaceutical research and development-Mpharm(Pharmaceutics)
Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis - Pathogenesis , Clinical Features & Manage...
Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis - Pathogenesis , Clinical Features & Manage...
Nano-gold for Cancer Therapy chemistry investigatory project
Nano-gold for Cancer Therapy chemistry investigatory project
Call Girls in Kolkata 💯Call Us 🔝 7374876321 🔝 💃 Top Class Call Girl Servic...
Call Girls in Kolkata 💯Call Us 🔝 7374876321 🔝 💃 Top Class Call Girl Servic...
Presentation chap 11
- 1. Disorders Related to the Endocrine System Jeff Buttram Bio 120 - Medical Terminology
- 2. This presentation will focus on the following two disorders: hypercalcemia glycosuria
- 3. hypercalcemia excessive amounts of calcium in the blood.
- 4. Normal levels of calcium in the body (blood) assist with: bone maintenance. muscle contraction. hormone release. brain and nerve function. * too much or too little calcium can interfere with the above functions.
- 5. Endocrine system glands that regulate healthy calcium levels: parathyroid - produces more parathyroid hormone (PTH) when calcium levels fall or less when levels are too high. thyroid - produces calcitonin which slows the release of calcium from the body.
- 6. * Image of parathyroid and thyroid gland placement in the cervical (neck) area.
- 7. Causes of hypercalcemia overactive parathyroid (main cause). cancer. certain medications. certain diseases. excessive use of calcium or vitamin D supplements.
- 8. Overactive parathyroid will increase parathyroid hormone ( PTH) release, therefore: the bones will release excess calcium into blood. the digestive system will absorb excess calcium. the kidneys will excrete less calcium and activate vitamin D (calcitriol). Vitamin D is crucial to proper calcium absorption.
- 9. * diagram of normal PTH interaction with the body systems.
- 10. Types of cancer associated with hypercalcemia: lung. breast. multiple myeloma (cancer of plasma cells in bone marrow). tumors can cause paraneoplastic sydrome, where a protein that acts like PTH is released, initiating calcium release.
- 11. Medications associated with hypercalcemia Lithium - used to treat bipolar disorder. Increases release of PTH. Thiazide diuretics - used to treat hypertension and edema - decreases amount of calcium urinated.
- 12. Diseases associated with hypercalcemia: tuberculososis (TB) - infectious inflammatory disease most commonly affecting the respiratory system. sarcoidosis - inflammatory autoimmune disease of the lymph system. * both of the above are considered granulomatous disease because they are related to granuloma, or areas of inflamed tissue, that cause excess release of vitamin D (calcitriol). familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia - a rare genetic defect results in faulty calcium receptors.
- 13. Hypercalcemia complications osteoporosis - bones release too much calcium. kidney stones - crystals form from excess calcium. kidney failure - excess calcium affects kidneys ability to cleanse blood. nervous system - confusion, dementia, confusion. heart arrythmias - too much calcium can affect normal electrical impulses in the heart.
- 14. Hypercalcemia symptoms nausea/vomiting. loss of appetite. excess thirst. frequent urination. constipation. abdominal pain. muscle weakness. muscle/joint aches. confusion. fatigue.
- 15. Diagnostic tests for hypercalcemia: Blood tests - look for high calcium levels in blood or for excess PTH levels. Mammogram. Chest x-ray. MRI (magnetic resonance imaging). CT (computerized tomography) scan. * above 4 tests test for lung or breast cancer, or granulomatous diseases.
- 16. glycosuria presence of excess sugar in the urine
- 17. Two main categories of causes for glycosuria hyperglycemia - blood glucose levels are so high that the renal tubules cannot absorb all of the gluscose (can't keep up). renal glycosuria - renal tubules cannot absorb glucose even when blood glucose levels are at normal to low levels (due to a defect in nephron ).
- 18. * Detail of renal tubules
- 19. Conditions associated with glycosuria diabetes mellitus (most common) -insulin shortage results in inefficient breakdown of glucose. hyperthyroidism - leads to poor absorption of glucose from body's waste fluids. liver problems - conditions such as cirrhosis impair liver's ability to process carbohydrates. kidney disease - infections or disease impair glucose filtration. pregnancy - sugar "leaks" from kidney to urine common in pregnancy.
- 20. * Diagram detailing physiology of diabetes mellitus (type II)
- 21. Glycosuria diagnostics a urine sample is collected. a color sensitive "dipstick" changes color and is used to determine amount of glucose in urine.