1. Samantha
ThompsonENDOCRINE SYSTEM

2.  “Condition of excessive
calcium in the blood”
 Hypersecretion of
parathyroid hormone
 Hyper- = excessive
 Calc/o = calcium
 -emia = blood condition
HYPERCALCEMIA

3.  When calcium levels
in the blood are low,
the parathyroid
glands release
parathyroid hormone
(PTH)
 PTH instigates an
increase in osteoclast
formation, which
enhances bone
destruction and thus
an increase in blood
calcium concentration
NORMAL PARATHYROID FUNCTION

4. Parathyroid
glands sense low
serum calcium
Parathyroid
glands release
PTH
Bone destruction
releases calcium
into the blood
NORMAL PARATHYROID

5.  One of the main causes of hypercalcemia is an excessive
release of PTH
 Overactive parathyroid glands secrete an abundance of PTH even
when blood calcium levels are normal
 Bone destruction occurs due to the excessive PTH and elevated
calcium levels are present
DYSFUNCTIONAL PARATHYROID
Blood calcium
levels are normal
Parathyroid
glands secrete
excess PTH
Excess bone
destruction leads
to high calcium
levels

6.  Cancer
 Other diseases
 Example: Tuberculosis instigates an excessive absorption of calcium
in digestive tract due to high levels of vitamin D in blood
 Immobility
 Bone destruction occurs when bones are not weight-bearing, thus
increasing blood calcium levels
 Medications
 Some medications may cause the parathyroid glands to overact
 Supplements
 Excessive calcium supplements can cause elevated calcium levels
 Heredity
 Dehydration
 Less fluid in blood can cause highly concentrated calcium levels
OTHER CAUSES OF HYPERCALCEMIA

7.  Kidneys – increase in thirst and urination
 Kidneys must work harder to filter excess calcium
 Digestive System – upset stomach, nausea, vomiting,
constipation
 Bones and Muscles – weakened bones and muscles
 Excessive bone destruction destabilizes bones and corresponding
muscles
 Brain – confusion, lethargy, fatigue
SYMPTOMS OF HYPERCALCEMIA

8.  Medications
 Control overactive
parathyroid glands
 Help rebuild bones
 Lower calcium levels
 Lower vitamin D levels
 Surgery
 Remove malfunctioning
parathyroid gland(s)
 Radioactive injection
used to determine
malfunctioning tissue
TREATMENT FOR HYPERCALCEMIA

9.  “The presence of sugar or
glucose in the urine”
 Associated with diabetes
mellitus
 Glycos/o = sugar
 -uria = urine condition
GLYCOSURIA

10.  Pancreas is responsible for
regulating blood sugar levels
 Both endocrine and exocrine
functions
 Exocrine:
 Digestive enzymes released into
small intestine
 Endocrine:
 Glucagon – Stimulates liver to
release glucose into the blood
 Insulin – Regulates and promotes
entry of glucose into cells
NORMAL PANCREAS FUNCTION

11.  Metabolic disorder with
hyperglycemia and glycosuria
 Pancreas does not produce
insulin or cells cannot respond to
insulin
 Insulin causes glucose from the
blood to be transported to body
cells
 Without appropriate insulin
function, blood glucose levels
rise (hyperglycemia) and there is
glucose in the urine (glycosuria)
DIABETES MELLITUS

12.  There are two types of diabetes mellitus
 Type 1: Insufficient insulin production by the islets of Langerhans in the
pancreas
 Due to genetics
 Type 2: Resistance to insulin by body cells or insufficient production of
insulin
 Due to lifestyle and genetics
 Much more common than Type 1
 Symptoms
 Frequent urination (polyuria)
 Excessive thirst (polydipsia)
 Excessive hunger (polyphagia)
 Treatment Options
 Healthy lifestyle (to prevent and treat Type 2)
 Insulin injections to maintain normal blood glucose levels
DIABETES MELLITUS

13.  Kidneys reabsorb filtered glucose into bloodstream
NORMAL KIDNEY FUNCTION

14.  Renal glycosuria is
another potential cause
for glucose in the urine
 While blood glucose levels
may remain normal, the
renal tubules in the
kidneys are unable to
properly filter glucose,
resulting in excretion of
glucose in urine
 Generally asymptomatic
 Genetic condition
DYSFUNCTIONAL KIDNEYS