The document summarizes the anatomy and physiology of the human ear. It describes the three main parts of the ear - the outer, middle, and inner ear. The outer ear collects sound waves and directs them through the ear canal to the eardrum. The middle ear contains three small bones that vibrate the eardrum and transmit sound to the inner ear. The inner ear contains the cochlea for hearing and semicircular canals for balance. It detects vibrations and converts them into nerve signals that are sent to the brain.
The ear is the organ of hearing and, in mammals, balance. In mammals, the ear is usually described as having three parts—the outer ear, the middle ear, and the inner ear. The outer ear consists of the pinna and the ear canal.
Human ear, organ of hearing and equilibrium that detects and analyzes sound by transduction (or the conversion of sound waves into electrochemical impulses) and maintains the sense of balance (equilibrium).
The outer ear
- pinna
- ear canal
- eardrum
2. The middle ear
- three ossicle bones;
(malleus, incus, stapes)
- two major muscles
(stapedial muscle, tensor
tympani)
- Eustachian tube
3. The inner ear
- cochlea (hearing)
- vestibular system (balance)
4. The central auditory system• PINNA: Important for sound
gathering and localization of
sound
• EAR CANAL or AUDITORY
MEATUS: important for
sound selection
• EARDRUM or TYMPANIC
MEMBRANE:
vibrates in response to
sound/pressure chan
The ear is the organ of hearing and, in mammals, balance. In mammals, the ear is usually described as having three parts—the outer ear, the middle ear, and the inner ear. The outer ear consists of the pinna and the ear canal.
Human ear, organ of hearing and equilibrium that detects and analyzes sound by transduction (or the conversion of sound waves into electrochemical impulses) and maintains the sense of balance (equilibrium).
The outer ear
- pinna
- ear canal
- eardrum
2. The middle ear
- three ossicle bones;
(malleus, incus, stapes)
- two major muscles
(stapedial muscle, tensor
tympani)
- Eustachian tube
3. The inner ear
- cochlea (hearing)
- vestibular system (balance)
4. The central auditory system• PINNA: Important for sound
gathering and localization of
sound
• EAR CANAL or AUDITORY
MEATUS: important for
sound selection
• EARDRUM or TYMPANIC
MEMBRANE:
vibrates in response to
sound/pressure chan
The excretory system is a passive biological system that removes excess, unnecessary materials from the body fluids of an organism, so as to help maintain internal chemical homeostasis and prevent damage to the body.
The excretory system is a passive biological system that removes excess, unnecessary materials from the body fluids of an organism, so as to help maintain internal chemical homeostasis and prevent damage to the body.
Outear includes the pinna (also called auricle), the ear canal, and .pdfnareshsonyericcson
Outear includes the pinna (also called auricle), the ear canal, and the very most superficial layer
of the ear drum (also called the tympanic membrane). this portion of the ear is not vital for
hearing. The pinna only helps to direct sound through the ear canal to the Middle ear (eardrum).
Middle:The middle ear behind the ear drum (tympanic membrane), includes the three ear bones
or ossicles: the malleus (or hammer), incus (or anvil), and stapes (or stirrup). The opening of the
Eustachian tube is also within the middle ear. The tympanic membrane uses sound energy strikes
the tympanic membrane and is concentrated to the smaller footplate. and articulating ear ossicles
lead to an increase in the force applied to the stapes footplate then to the malleus.
Inner ear: The inner ear includes both the organ of hearing (the cochlea) and a sense organ
labyrinth or vestibular apparatus.
Function: When sound strikes the ear drum, transferred to the footplate of the stapes, which
presses to cochlea. The fluid inside this duct flows against the receptor cells of the Organ of
Corti,which stimulate the spiral ganglion, and pass information through the auditory portion of
the brain that is eighth cranial nerve.
In brief \"The outer ear, collestc osund waves. It then goes to the middle ear, whcih transimits the
signal to the ear durm. After that it goes throguh the inner ear. On the other side of your ear
drum, is the hammer, the anvil, and the stirrup. These rae the three smallest bones in your body.
These bones transimit the signal to the cochlea. The cohclea has nerve hairs that tune differtn
sounds. These nerve hairs, send the different souns to the brain, where the sound is interpreted\"
Solution
Outear includes the pinna (also called auricle), the ear canal, and the very most superficial layer
of the ear drum (also called the tympanic membrane). this portion of the ear is not vital for
hearing. The pinna only helps to direct sound through the ear canal to the Middle ear (eardrum).
Middle:The middle ear behind the ear drum (tympanic membrane), includes the three ear bones
or ossicles: the malleus (or hammer), incus (or anvil), and stapes (or stirrup). The opening of the
Eustachian tube is also within the middle ear. The tympanic membrane uses sound energy strikes
the tympanic membrane and is concentrated to the smaller footplate. and articulating ear ossicles
lead to an increase in the force applied to the stapes footplate then to the malleus.
Inner ear: The inner ear includes both the organ of hearing (the cochlea) and a sense organ
labyrinth or vestibular apparatus.
Function: When sound strikes the ear drum, transferred to the footplate of the stapes, which
presses to cochlea. The fluid inside this duct flows against the receptor cells of the Organ of
Corti,which stimulate the spiral ganglion, and pass information through the auditory portion of
the brain that is eighth cranial nerve.
In brief \"The outer ear, collestc osund waves. It then goes to the m.
Answer The outer earPinnaEar canalThe Middle EarTympanic .pdfarjunchetri1
Answer :
The outer ear
Pinna
Ear canal
The Middle Ear
Tympanic Membrane
The tympanic membrane or eardrum serves as a divider between the outer ear and the middle
ear structures. It is gray-pink in color when healthy and consists of three very thin layers of
living tissue.
The eardrum is very sensitive to sound waves and vibrates back and forth as the sound waves
strike it.
Middle Ear Cavity
The middle ear cavity is located in the mastoid process of the temporal bone. The middle ear
cavity is actually an extension of the nasopharynx via the eustachian tube.
Eustachian Tube
The eustachian tube acts as an air pressure equalizer and ventilates the middle ear. When the air
pressure between the outer and middle ear is unequal, the eardrum is forced outward or inward
causing discomfort and the ability of the eardrum to transmit sound is reduced.
Ossicular Chain
The middle ear is connected and transmits sound to the inner ear via the ossicular chain. The
ossicular chain amplifies a signal approximately 25 decibels as it transfers signals from the
tympanic membrane to the inner ear.
THE INNER EAR
The inner ear is composed of the sensory organ for hearing—the cochlea, as well as for
balance—the vestibular system. The systems are separate, yet both are encased in the same bony
capsule and share the same fluid systems.
Vestibular or Balance System
The balance part of the ear is referred to as the vestibular apparatus. It is composed, in part, of
three semicircular canals located within the inner ear. The vestibular system helps to maintain
balance, regardless of head position or gravity, in conjunction with eye movement and
somatosensory input. The semicircular canals are innervated by the VIIIth cranial nerve.
Cochlea
The hearing part of the inner ear is the cochlea. The cochlea is spiral-shaped, similar to the
shape of a snail.
The cochlear duct contains the Basilar membrane upon which lies the Organ of Corti. The Organ
of Corti is a sensory organ essential to hearing. It consists of approximately 30,000 finger-like
projections of cilia that are arranged in rows. These cilia are referred to as hair cells. Each hair
cell is connected to a nerve fiber that relays various impulses to the cochlear branch of the VIIIth
cranial nerve or auditory nerve.
The apical portion of the basilar membrane (the most curled area of the cochlea) transfers lower
frequency impulses. The basal end relays higher frequency impulses.
The VIII cranial nerve (VIII C.N.) or auditory C.N. carries the impulses generated from the
Organ of Corti to the brainstem. From the brainstem, nerve pathways extend through numerous
nuclei to the cerebral cortex in the temporal lobes of the brain.
Solution
Answer :
The outer ear
Pinna
Ear canal
The Middle Ear
Tympanic Membrane
The tympanic membrane or eardrum serves as a divider between the outer ear and the middle
ear structures. It is gray-pink in color when healthy and consists of three very thin layers of
living tissue.
The eardrum is very se.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
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Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
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micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
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TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
2. Auricula- The external ear consists of the expanded portion named the auricula or pinna, and the external acoustic meatus. The former projects from the side of the head and serves to collect the vibrations of the air by which sound is produced; the latter leads inward from the bottom of the auricula and conducts the vibrations to the tympanic cavity. Structure of the External ear: Anatomy and physiology of the ear.
4. The ear canal (external auditory meatus, external acoustic meatus), is a tube running from the outer ear to the middle ear. The human ear canal extends from the pinna to the eardrum and is about 26 mm in length and 7 mm in diameter. Auditory Canal:
5. The tympanic membrane is also called the eardrum. It separates the outer ear from the middle ear. When sound waves reach the tympanic membrane they cause it to vibrate. The vibrations are then transferred to the tiny bones in the middle ear. The middle ear bones then transfer the vibrating signals to the inner ear. The tympanic membrane is made up of a thin connective tissue membrane covered by skin on the outside and mucosa on the internal surface. Tympanic Membrane:
6. The middle ear, or tympanic cavity, is a narrow, air-filled chamber lined with mucous membrane and is situated between the external acoustic meatus and the labyrinth. It communicates with the mastoid air cells and with the nasal pharynx via the Eustachian (auditory) tube. The auditory ossicles, forming a chain of three small bones, connect the tympanic membrane with the inner ear . The manubrium (handle) of the malleus is attached to the tympanic membrane. The tensor tympani muscle, acting on the malleus, regulates the tension on the tympanic membrane, resulting in two identifiable regions of the tympanic membrane: pars tensor and pars flaccida. The incus is attached to the malleusand to the third ossiclein the chain, the stapes, which in turn is attached via its footplate to the oval window of the cochlea. The stapediusmuscle regulates the range of motion of the stapes; the two muscles (tensor tympani and stapedius) thus regulate to some extent the amplitude sensitivity of the ear. Middle ear:
7. Ossicles: The ossicles (also called auditory ossicles) are the three smallest bones in the human body. They are contained within the middle ear space and serve to transmit sounds from the air to the fluid-filled labyrinth (cochlea). The absence of the auditory ossicles would constitute a moderate-to-severe hearing loss. The term "ossicles" literally means "tiny bones" and commonly refers to the auditory ossicles, though the term may refer to any small bone throughout the body.
8. Structure of The Malleus The malleus is the most lateral of the three middle ear bones. The malleus lies adjacent to the tympanic membrane, and transfers the vibrations of the typmanic membrane to the incus, which then vibrates the stapes and transmits the vibrational signal to the oval window. The manubrium is often referred to as the handle of the malleus. The anterior process fits into the petrotympanic fissure, and can be of variable size, and is often found to be fractured or partially resorbed without apparent hearing loss (Anatomy of the temporal bone with surgical implications.
9. The Eustachian tube (or auditory tube or pharyngotympanic tube) is a tube that links the pharynx to the middle ear. In adults the Eustachian tube is approximately 35 mm long. It is named after the sixteenth century anatomist Eustachius.[1] Some modern medical books call this the pharyngotympanic tube Eustachian Tube
10. The inner ear is called the labyrinth because of the complexity of its shape . It contains six mechanoreceptive structures: three semicircular canals, utricle, and saccule, which serve the sense of equilibrium, and the cochlea, which is specialized for detection of sound waves. The inner ear consists of two parts: the osseous (or bony) labyrinth, a series of cavities within the petrous portion of the temporal bone, and a membranous labyrinth, which is a series of communicating sacs and ducts within the bony labyrinth. Also,theinner ear is easily damaged by intense sound, head injury, and ototoxic drugs. It can be affected by microorganisms and is susceptible to degenerative and metabolic disease. It may also suffer abnormal development. Structure of the Inner Ear:
11.
12. The Semicircular canals The semicircular canals are three half-circular, interconnected tubes located inside each ear. The three canals are the horizontal semicircular canal (also known as the lateral semicircular canal), superior semicircular canal (also known as the anterior semicircular canal), and the posterior semicircular canal. The canals are aligned approximately orthogonally to one another. The horizontal canal is aligned roughly horizontally in the head. The superior and anterior canals are aligned roughly at a 45 degree angle to a vertical plane drawn from the nose to the back of the skull. [1] Thus, the horizontal canal detects horizontal head movements (such as when doing a pirouette), while the superior and posterior canals detect vertical head movements. Each canal is filled with a fluid called endolymph and contains a motion sensor with little hairs (cilia) whose ends are embedded in a gelatinous structure called the cupula. As the skull twists in any direction, the endolymph is thrown into different sections of the canals. The cilia detect when the endolymph rushes past, and a signal is then sent to the brain. The semicircular canals are a component of the Labyrinth. Among species of mammals, the size of the semicircular canals is correlated with their type of locomotion. Specifically, species that are agile and have fast, jerky locomotion have larger canals relative to their body size than those that move more cautiously
13. The process of hearing begins with the outer ear, which collects sound (acoustic) energy and directs it through the ear canal to the eardrum. The incoming waves of sound energy cause the eardrum to vibrate, setting into motion the malleus, incus and stapes (also known as the hammer, anvil and stirrup) bones that make up the ossicular chain of the middle ear chamber, which is connected to the Eustachian tube*. The middle ear’s anatomical structure and conductive motion combine to amplify the sound by appx. 2.3 decibels (dB) and transform it effectively into a fluid (hydraulic) vibration inside our inner ear.Also, the ear is a complex organ of hearing and balance. It is capable of perceiving an incredible range from the tiniest audible sound, which would be 1 trillion times weaker than that of a sound thatwould cause pain. This range is about 130 decibels. Besides loudness, the human ear can detect pitch. This relates to the sound vibrations per second or the frequency, which is measure in Hertz. The higher the frequency, the higher the pitch. This range is incredible, from about 20 to 20,000 Hertz. Finally, the human ear can detect tone. How We Ear: