The excretory system is a passive biological system that removes excess, unnecessary materials from the body fluids of an organism, so as to help maintain internal chemical homeostasis and prevent damage to the body.
Human ear, organ of hearing and equilibrium that detects and analyzes sound by transduction (or the conversion of sound waves into electrochemical impulses) and maintains the sense of balance (equilibrium).
The excretory system is a passive biological system that removes excess, unnecessary materials from the body fluids of an organism, so as to help maintain internal chemical homeostasis and prevent damage to the body.
Human ear, organ of hearing and equilibrium that detects and analyzes sound by transduction (or the conversion of sound waves into electrochemical impulses) and maintains the sense of balance (equilibrium).
The outer ear
- pinna
- ear canal
- eardrum
2. The middle ear
- three ossicle bones;
(malleus, incus, stapes)
- two major muscles
(stapedial muscle, tensor
tympani)
- Eustachian tube
3. The inner ear
- cochlea (hearing)
- vestibular system (balance)
4. The central auditory system• PINNA: Important for sound
gathering and localization of
sound
• EAR CANAL or AUDITORY
MEATUS: important for
sound selection
• EARDRUM or TYMPANIC
MEMBRANE:
vibrates in response to
sound/pressure chan
The Ear:
• It is the organ that detects sound.
• It not only receives sound, but also aids in balance and body position.
• Part of the auditory system.
• Transforms sound waves (air pressure) into electrical impulses in the brain
Outer Ear:
• Includes:
• The pinna or auricle (the fleshy visible outer ear)
• The ear canal
• The outer layer of the tympanic membrane (ear drum)
Middle Ear:
• An air-filled cavity behind the tympanic membrane, includes three bones (ossicles):
• The malleus; or hammer
• Incus; or anvil
• Stapes; or stirrup
• Connects to the throat via the Eustachian tube
Inner Ear:
• Responsible for sound detection and balance
• it consists of the bony labyrinth, a hollow cavity in the skull with a system of passages comprising two main functional parts:
• The cochlea, dedicated to hearing
• The vestibular system, dedicated to balance
o The Cochlea: Auditory portion of the inner ear
o Spiral-shaped coil
o Inside the bony labyrinth
o Filled with a watery liquid
o As the fluid moves, the Organ of Corti moves
o Organ of Corti: the structure that transduces pressure waves to action potentials
o Specific fibers resonate to sound frequencies and cause Hair Cells to move, which send signals through the Cochlear Nerve onto the brain
o Louder Sounds cause more Hair Cells to move
o Our Brains interpret all this raw data
Balance (Vestibular System):
• Balance is controlled through signals to the brain from your eyes, the inner ear, and the sensory systems of the body (such as the skin, muscles, and joints).
• This balance system is also known as the vestibular system.
• In the inner ear, the balance system consists of three canals (semicircular canals)
• Semicircular shape
• contain fluid
• “sensors” that detect rotational movement of the head.
• Each canals lies at a different angle and is situated at a right angle to each other.
• deal with different movement: up-and-down, side-to-side, and tilting from one side to the other.
• All contain sensory hair cells that are activated by movement of inner ear fluid (endolymph).
• As the head moves, hair cells in the semicircular canals send nerve impulses to the brain by way of the acoustic nerve.
• The nerve impulses are processed in the brain to help us know where we are in space or if we are moving.
• Located near the semicircular canals are the utricle and the saccule.
• The ends of the semicircular canals connect with the utricle,
• the utricle connects with the saccule.
• The semicircular canals provide information about movement of the head.
• The sensory hair cells of the utricle and saccule provide information to the brain about head position when it is not moving.
• The utricle is sensitive to change in horizontal motion
The ear is the organ of hearing and, in mammals, balance. In mammals, the ear is usually described as having three parts—the outer ear, the middle ear, and the inner ear. The outer ear consists of the pinna and the ear canal.
This presentation explains the working of the ear... It is best for medical students.. It includes all the key points necessary for an exam too... So this presentation can also be used as a notes for your exams...
The outer ear
- pinna
- ear canal
- eardrum
2. The middle ear
- three ossicle bones;
(malleus, incus, stapes)
- two major muscles
(stapedial muscle, tensor
tympani)
- Eustachian tube
3. The inner ear
- cochlea (hearing)
- vestibular system (balance)
4. The central auditory system• PINNA: Important for sound
gathering and localization of
sound
• EAR CANAL or AUDITORY
MEATUS: important for
sound selection
• EARDRUM or TYMPANIC
MEMBRANE:
vibrates in response to
sound/pressure chan
The Ear:
• It is the organ that detects sound.
• It not only receives sound, but also aids in balance and body position.
• Part of the auditory system.
• Transforms sound waves (air pressure) into electrical impulses in the brain
Outer Ear:
• Includes:
• The pinna or auricle (the fleshy visible outer ear)
• The ear canal
• The outer layer of the tympanic membrane (ear drum)
Middle Ear:
• An air-filled cavity behind the tympanic membrane, includes three bones (ossicles):
• The malleus; or hammer
• Incus; or anvil
• Stapes; or stirrup
• Connects to the throat via the Eustachian tube
Inner Ear:
• Responsible for sound detection and balance
• it consists of the bony labyrinth, a hollow cavity in the skull with a system of passages comprising two main functional parts:
• The cochlea, dedicated to hearing
• The vestibular system, dedicated to balance
o The Cochlea: Auditory portion of the inner ear
o Spiral-shaped coil
o Inside the bony labyrinth
o Filled with a watery liquid
o As the fluid moves, the Organ of Corti moves
o Organ of Corti: the structure that transduces pressure waves to action potentials
o Specific fibers resonate to sound frequencies and cause Hair Cells to move, which send signals through the Cochlear Nerve onto the brain
o Louder Sounds cause more Hair Cells to move
o Our Brains interpret all this raw data
Balance (Vestibular System):
• Balance is controlled through signals to the brain from your eyes, the inner ear, and the sensory systems of the body (such as the skin, muscles, and joints).
• This balance system is also known as the vestibular system.
• In the inner ear, the balance system consists of three canals (semicircular canals)
• Semicircular shape
• contain fluid
• “sensors” that detect rotational movement of the head.
• Each canals lies at a different angle and is situated at a right angle to each other.
• deal with different movement: up-and-down, side-to-side, and tilting from one side to the other.
• All contain sensory hair cells that are activated by movement of inner ear fluid (endolymph).
• As the head moves, hair cells in the semicircular canals send nerve impulses to the brain by way of the acoustic nerve.
• The nerve impulses are processed in the brain to help us know where we are in space or if we are moving.
• Located near the semicircular canals are the utricle and the saccule.
• The ends of the semicircular canals connect with the utricle,
• the utricle connects with the saccule.
• The semicircular canals provide information about movement of the head.
• The sensory hair cells of the utricle and saccule provide information to the brain about head position when it is not moving.
• The utricle is sensitive to change in horizontal motion
The ear is the organ of hearing and, in mammals, balance. In mammals, the ear is usually described as having three parts—the outer ear, the middle ear, and the inner ear. The outer ear consists of the pinna and the ear canal.
This presentation explains the working of the ear... It is best for medical students.. It includes all the key points necessary for an exam too... So this presentation can also be used as a notes for your exams...
Answer The outer earPinnaEar canalThe Middle EarTympanic .pdfarjunchetri1
Answer :
The outer ear
Pinna
Ear canal
The Middle Ear
Tympanic Membrane
The tympanic membrane or eardrum serves as a divider between the outer ear and the middle
ear structures. It is gray-pink in color when healthy and consists of three very thin layers of
living tissue.
The eardrum is very sensitive to sound waves and vibrates back and forth as the sound waves
strike it.
Middle Ear Cavity
The middle ear cavity is located in the mastoid process of the temporal bone. The middle ear
cavity is actually an extension of the nasopharynx via the eustachian tube.
Eustachian Tube
The eustachian tube acts as an air pressure equalizer and ventilates the middle ear. When the air
pressure between the outer and middle ear is unequal, the eardrum is forced outward or inward
causing discomfort and the ability of the eardrum to transmit sound is reduced.
Ossicular Chain
The middle ear is connected and transmits sound to the inner ear via the ossicular chain. The
ossicular chain amplifies a signal approximately 25 decibels as it transfers signals from the
tympanic membrane to the inner ear.
THE INNER EAR
The inner ear is composed of the sensory organ for hearing—the cochlea, as well as for
balance—the vestibular system. The systems are separate, yet both are encased in the same bony
capsule and share the same fluid systems.
Vestibular or Balance System
The balance part of the ear is referred to as the vestibular apparatus. It is composed, in part, of
three semicircular canals located within the inner ear. The vestibular system helps to maintain
balance, regardless of head position or gravity, in conjunction with eye movement and
somatosensory input. The semicircular canals are innervated by the VIIIth cranial nerve.
Cochlea
The hearing part of the inner ear is the cochlea. The cochlea is spiral-shaped, similar to the
shape of a snail.
The cochlear duct contains the Basilar membrane upon which lies the Organ of Corti. The Organ
of Corti is a sensory organ essential to hearing. It consists of approximately 30,000 finger-like
projections of cilia that are arranged in rows. These cilia are referred to as hair cells. Each hair
cell is connected to a nerve fiber that relays various impulses to the cochlear branch of the VIIIth
cranial nerve or auditory nerve.
The apical portion of the basilar membrane (the most curled area of the cochlea) transfers lower
frequency impulses. The basal end relays higher frequency impulses.
The VIII cranial nerve (VIII C.N.) or auditory C.N. carries the impulses generated from the
Organ of Corti to the brainstem. From the brainstem, nerve pathways extend through numerous
nuclei to the cerebral cortex in the temporal lobes of the brain.
Solution
Answer :
The outer ear
Pinna
Ear canal
The Middle Ear
Tympanic Membrane
The tympanic membrane or eardrum serves as a divider between the outer ear and the middle
ear structures. It is gray-pink in color when healthy and consists of three very thin layers of
living tissue.
The eardrum is very se.
Human ear, organ of hearing and equilibrium that detects and analyzes sound by transduction (or the conversion of sound waves into electrochemical impulses) and maintains the sense of balance (equilibrium).
Outear includes the pinna (also called auricle), the ear canal, and .pdfnareshsonyericcson
Outear includes the pinna (also called auricle), the ear canal, and the very most superficial layer
of the ear drum (also called the tympanic membrane). this portion of the ear is not vital for
hearing. The pinna only helps to direct sound through the ear canal to the Middle ear (eardrum).
Middle:The middle ear behind the ear drum (tympanic membrane), includes the three ear bones
or ossicles: the malleus (or hammer), incus (or anvil), and stapes (or stirrup). The opening of the
Eustachian tube is also within the middle ear. The tympanic membrane uses sound energy strikes
the tympanic membrane and is concentrated to the smaller footplate. and articulating ear ossicles
lead to an increase in the force applied to the stapes footplate then to the malleus.
Inner ear: The inner ear includes both the organ of hearing (the cochlea) and a sense organ
labyrinth or vestibular apparatus.
Function: When sound strikes the ear drum, transferred to the footplate of the stapes, which
presses to cochlea. The fluid inside this duct flows against the receptor cells of the Organ of
Corti,which stimulate the spiral ganglion, and pass information through the auditory portion of
the brain that is eighth cranial nerve.
In brief \"The outer ear, collestc osund waves. It then goes to the middle ear, whcih transimits the
signal to the ear durm. After that it goes throguh the inner ear. On the other side of your ear
drum, is the hammer, the anvil, and the stirrup. These rae the three smallest bones in your body.
These bones transimit the signal to the cochlea. The cohclea has nerve hairs that tune differtn
sounds. These nerve hairs, send the different souns to the brain, where the sound is interpreted\"
Solution
Outear includes the pinna (also called auricle), the ear canal, and the very most superficial layer
of the ear drum (also called the tympanic membrane). this portion of the ear is not vital for
hearing. The pinna only helps to direct sound through the ear canal to the Middle ear (eardrum).
Middle:The middle ear behind the ear drum (tympanic membrane), includes the three ear bones
or ossicles: the malleus (or hammer), incus (or anvil), and stapes (or stirrup). The opening of the
Eustachian tube is also within the middle ear. The tympanic membrane uses sound energy strikes
the tympanic membrane and is concentrated to the smaller footplate. and articulating ear ossicles
lead to an increase in the force applied to the stapes footplate then to the malleus.
Inner ear: The inner ear includes both the organ of hearing (the cochlea) and a sense organ
labyrinth or vestibular apparatus.
Function: When sound strikes the ear drum, transferred to the footplate of the stapes, which
presses to cochlea. The fluid inside this duct flows against the receptor cells of the Organ of
Corti,which stimulate the spiral ganglion, and pass information through the auditory portion of
the brain that is eighth cranial nerve.
In brief \"The outer ear, collestc osund waves. It then goes to the m.
Hearing and vestibular system - simple basicsAdamBilski2
Basic physiology of hearing and vestibular system. Good for a short understanding of how it works. EDIT - SLIDE 10 is a repeated slide, shouldn't be there
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
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Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
1. THE EAR — ORGAN FORHEARING AND BALANCE
The human ear is concerned with two functions, hearing and body
balance. It has three main divisions: (i) outer ear, (ii) middle ear and
(iii) inner ear.
(i) The outer earconsists ofthe projecting
part Pinna (also called "auricle") and
the passage auditory leading to theeardrum
(or Tympanum).
(ii) The middle ear contains threetiny
bones — malleus, incus and stapes
or hammer, anvil and stirrup in popular
terms anda eustachiantube which
connects the cavity ofthe middleear
with the throat. The 3 bones are collectively called the ear ossicles (osseus: bone, ossicle : littlebone).
- The handle ofthe hammer bone is attached to the inner surfaceofthe ear drum.
-Its oppositeend is connected to the anvilwhich, in turn, is joined to the stirrup.
-The flat part of the stirrup fits on the so-called oval window, a membrane-covered opening
leading to the inner ear.
-A second opening, the round window, (iii) The inner ear or membranous labyrinth has 2main
parts — thecochlea andthe semicircularcanals
The cochleais spiral-shaped and looks likea snail shell. Ithas twoand a half turns. Its
inner winding cavity is divided into three parallel canals separated by membranes.
The median (cochlear) canal is filled with a fluid called
endolymph and the other two with perilymph. The
middle canal contains areas possessing sensory cells,
spiral organ called organ of Corti for hearing. The
nerve fibres arisingfromthese cells jointhe
auditory nerve. The sensory cells lieon the basilar
membrane.
The other part of the inner ear is a set of three semi-
circular canals which are arranged at right angles
to eachother in three different planes so that
one is horizontal andthe other twoare
vertical. One end of each canal is widened to form an
ampulla which contains sensory cells for
dynamic balance while the body is in motion and
nerve fibres fromthem join the auditory nerve.
2. The short stemjoiningthe bases of semicircular
canals to the cochleashows two parts — a
utriculus anda sacculus. These parts also
containsensory cells for static balance when
the body is stationary as in standing.
FUNCTIONS OF THEEAR : The internal ear is
involved in two sensory functions : hearing
and body balance.
A. HEARING
The pinna collects the sound waves and
conducts them through the external auditory
canal. They finally strikeon the ear drum which is
set into vibration.
— The eustachiantube equalizestheair pressureon either sideof the ear drum allowing
it to vibrate freely.
— The vibrating ear drum also sets the three ossiclesinto vibration.
— The vibration of the last ossicle (stirrup) is magnified dueto lever-like action
of the first two ossicles.
— The vibrating stirruptransmits thevibration to membrane of the oval window
which in turn sets the fluid contained in the cochlear canals also into vibration
— The vibrating movements of the fluidstimulate the hair-like processes of the
sensory cells of the cochlea(inspiral organ) and the impulses are transmitted to
the brain via the auditory nerve.
The different areas of the cochlear canal are suitedtosounds of different
pitches. Most ofthesounds wehear are combinations ofvibrations at manydifferent rates ofspeed, i.e., ofdifferent pitches. Wecannot
pick up vibrations ofallfrequencies.Our sensory endings can receive only thosefrom 20to 20,000 Hertz, but themost keenly heardsounds are
those atfrequencies between1000and4000Hz. The dogs canperceive sounds ofeven higher frequencies.
B. BALANCING
As the head is turned in different directions, the fluid inside the semicircular
canals is also shaken. The moving fluid in the canals pushes againstsensory hair
cells sending the nerve impulse through the nerve fibres attached to them, to the
brain via the auditory nerve. The sensory cells in the semicircular canals are
concerned with dynamic equilibrium i.e., while the body is in motion. Similar
sensory patches arealso located in the utriculus and sacculus which register the
static (positional) balance with respectto gravity.
If you spinroundandround, the fluidinthe semicircular canals continuesto spinfor a short time evenafter you stop, andyou
feel dizzyandat the same time, your eyes perform to-and-fromovements caused due to stimulationof semi-circular canals.
Sea-sickness, air-sickness, andcar-sicknessare oftendue to these unusualsensations ofequilibrium,
