Concept of virology
Viruses
Types of viruses
Viral characteristics
Virion
Size and Shape
Structure
Replication
Viral Variation
Classification
Quiz
BEST OF LUCK
Viruses are microscopic organisms that exist almost everywhere on earth. They can infect animals, plants, fungi, and even bacteria.Viruses vary in complexity. They consist of genetic material, RNA or DNA, surrounded by a coat of protein, lipid (fat), or glycoprotein. Viruses cannot replicate without a host, so they are classified as parasitic.They are considered the most abundant biological entity on the planet.
Here we discuss the general properties of viruses in detail.
Animal viruses are self replicating, intracellular parasites that completely rely on host animal cell for reproduction. They use the host's cellular components to replicate, then leaves the host cell to infect other cells.
The Corona virus pandemic has costed a lot of lives through out the world.
Here are some in formations about what is known so far.
It includes cause, Spread, Signs and Symptoms.
it also has the ongoing myths about corona virus.
General Characters and Classification of Viruses. Includes ICTV classification and Baltimore classification of viruses. A brief explanation of the Viral structure and Lifecycle.
Concept of virology
Viruses
Types of viruses
Viral characteristics
Virion
Size and Shape
Structure
Replication
Viral Variation
Classification
Quiz
BEST OF LUCK
Viruses are microscopic organisms that exist almost everywhere on earth. They can infect animals, plants, fungi, and even bacteria.Viruses vary in complexity. They consist of genetic material, RNA or DNA, surrounded by a coat of protein, lipid (fat), or glycoprotein. Viruses cannot replicate without a host, so they are classified as parasitic.They are considered the most abundant biological entity on the planet.
Here we discuss the general properties of viruses in detail.
Animal viruses are self replicating, intracellular parasites that completely rely on host animal cell for reproduction. They use the host's cellular components to replicate, then leaves the host cell to infect other cells.
The Corona virus pandemic has costed a lot of lives through out the world.
Here are some in formations about what is known so far.
It includes cause, Spread, Signs and Symptoms.
it also has the ongoing myths about corona virus.
General Characters and Classification of Viruses. Includes ICTV classification and Baltimore classification of viruses. A brief explanation of the Viral structure and Lifecycle.
Virology is the scientific study of biological viruses. It is a subfield of microbiology that focuses on their detection, structure, classification and evolution, their methods of infection and exploitation of host cells for reproduction, their interaction with host organism physiology and immunity, the diseases they cause, the techniques to isolate and culture them, and their use in research and therapy
Definition of gas
General properties of gas
Pharmaceutical gas
Pharmaceutical use of gas
Medicinal gas
Medical use of gas
A gas consist of molecules separated wide apart in empty space. The molecules are free to move about throughout the container.
Ayurvedic system
Branches of Ayurvedic
Theories of Ayurveda
Source. Internal medicine
2. Surgery
3. Ears, eyes, nose and throat
4. Pediatrics
5. Toxicology
6. Purification of the genetic organs
7. Health and Longevity
8. Spiritual Healing/Psychiatry
Standardization
G.M.P.
Quality control
1.Anemia
2.Classification of anemia
3.Causes of anemia
4.Symptoms
5.Haematinics
6.Haematinics preparation
7.Haematinics drugs in market
8.Plasma Expanders
9.Use of plasma expenders
10.Plasma Expanders drug in market
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
TESDA TM1 REVIEWER FOR NATIONAL ASSESSMENT WRITTEN AND ORAL QUESTIONS WITH A...
Presentation 0n virus (09 12-2014)
1.
2. PRESENTED BY .....
Asraful Islam Rayhan
R0ll- 131039
DEPT. OF PHARMACY
JESSORE UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE &
TECHNOLOGY
3. Outline………….
Definition of virus
General properties of virus
Size
Structure
Classification
Morphology and
Multiplication 0f viruses
4. A virus is a small infectious agent that replicates only inside
the living cells of other organisms. Viruses can infect all
types of life forms, from
Animals and plants to bacteria and archaea.
Example-Harpies virus
5. Properties Of virus
Viruses are inert (nucleoprotein ) filterable Agents
Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites
Viruses cannot make energy or proteins independent of a
host cell
Viral genome are RNA or DNA but not both.
Viruses have a naked capsid or envelope with attached
proteins
Viruses do not have the genetic capability to multiply by
division.
Viruses are non-living entities
6. Consequences of Virus
Properties
Viruses are not living
Viruses must be infectious to endure in nature
Viruses must be able to use host cell processes to
produce their components (viral messenger RNA,
protein, and identical copies of the genome)
Viruses must encode any required processes not
provided by the cell
Viral components must self-assemble
7. Size of Viruses
A small virus has a diameter of about 20nm.
Example- parvovirus
A large virus have a diameter of up to 400nm
Example- poxvirus
8. Structure of Viruses
Virions are complete, fully developed viral particles
composed of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat.
Some viruses have an envelope composed of a
phospholipid bilayer with viral glycoproteins.
It contain- nucleic acid, Capsid , Envelope…
9.
10. 1. Nucleic acid……
Viral genomes are either DNA or RNA (not both).
Nucleic acid may be single- or double-stranded
Nucleic acid may be circular or linear or separate
molecules.
Nucleic acid protein ranges from about 1% - 50%.
11. 2. Capsid……
The protein shell, or coat, that encloses the
nucleic acid genome.
Functions: a. Protect the viral nucleic acid. b.
Participate in the viral infection. c. Share the
antigenicity
12. 3.Envelope…
* The outer covering of some viruses.
*The envelope is derived from the host cell plasma
membrane when the virus buds out.
14. Virus are mainly classified by phenotypic characteristics ,
such as –
Morphology, nucleic acid type , mode of
replication , Host organisms and the type of disease the
cause.
Two main methods are used for the classification of
viruses -
1. ICTV ( International Committee On Taxonomy
of Viruses ).
2. Baltimore.
15.
16. Baltimore Classification System
Viruses are classed into 7 types of genes……
Class 1: Double Stranded DNA Viruses
Class 2: Single-stranded DNA viruses
Class 3: Double-stranded RNA viruses
Class 4: Single-stranded RNA viruses - Positive-sense
Class 5: Single-stranded RNA viruses - Negative-sense
Class 6: Positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses
that replicate through a DNA intermediate
Class 7: Double-stranded DNA viruses that replicate
through a single-stranded RNA intermediate
17. On the basis of nucleic acid , virus
are two types-
Virus
DNA virus
Example-papiloma virus
RNA virus
Example-Rhinovirus
18. Classification on the basis of host
VIRUS
Human Virus
Ex-smallpox
0ther virus (
Birds virus)
Ex-hog cholera
Fish virus
Ex-carp pox
Plant
Ex-TMV
Bacteriophage
Ex-T2 virus
19. Morphology….
Viruses may be classified into several different
morphological types on the basis of their capsid
architecture.
The structure of these capsids has been revealed by
electron microscopy and a technique called X-ray
crystallography.
20. 1.Helical Viruses
Helical viruses resemble long rods that may be rigid or
flexible.
The viral nucleic acid is found within a hollow,
cylindrical capsid that has a helical structure .
Example-Rabis virus
22. 2. Polyhedral Viruses
Many animal, plant, and bacterial viruses are
polyhedral.
The capsid of most polyhedral virus of an icosahedron,
a regular polyhedron with 20 triangular faces and 12
corners is in the shape.
Example- Adenovirus
24. 3. Enveloped Viruses
The capsid of some viruses is covered by an envelope.
Enveloped viruses are roughly sphericaL .
When helical or polyhedral viruses are enclosed by
envelopes, they are called enveloped helical or
enveloped polyhedral viruses.
Example- Influenza virus
26. 4. Complex Viruses
Some viruses, particularly bacterial viruses, have
complicated structures and are called complex viruses.
the capsid (head) is polyhedral and that the tail
sheath is helicaL
The head contains the nucleic acid.
Example- variola virus
29. Viral Multiplication
For a virus multiplication it must induce a living host
to synthesize all the essential components needed to
make more virus.
The components must then be assembled into new
virions that escape from the cell.
The phases of viral multiplication can be divided into
five steps
30. The five steps of multiplication
given below
1. Attachdment (adsorption) of the virion to
susceptible host cell.
2. Penetration (entry , injection ) of the virion or its
nucleic acid into the cell.
3. Synthesis of virus nucleic acid and protein by cell
metabolism as redirected by the virus.
31. 4. Assembly of capsids and packaging of viral genomes
Into new virions. This whole process is called
maturation.
5. Release of mature virion from the cell.
34. Descriptions of growth curve
Following adsorption, the infectivity of the virus particles
disappears, a phenomenon called eclipse. This is due to the
uncoating of the virus particles.
During the latent period, replication of viral nucleic acid
and protein occurs.
The maturation period follows, when virus nucleic acid
and protein are assembled into mature virus particles. At
this time, if the cells are broken open, active virus can be
detected.
Finally, release occurs, either with or without cell lysis.
The timing of the one-step growth cycle varies with the virus
and host. 20-60min in many bacterial viruses. 8-40h in most
animal hosts