The document explores the concepts of pluralism and fundamentalism, highlighting that pluralism advocates for coexistence and equal participation of diverse groups within society, aiming for the common good through dialogue and compromise. It contrasts this with fundamentalism, which emphasizes strict adherence to beliefs, often resulting in intolerance towards differing views and a desire for a return to traditional values. Additionally, it discusses globalization's impact on pluralism, emphasizing cultural, economic, and political dimensions and the importance of accommodating diverse perspectives in an interconnected world.

1. LESSON 5 :
TOPIC 1 & 2
RYAN JAVIER CUMBE

2. TOPIC 1:
PLURALISM
&
FUNDAMENTALISM

3.  Pluralism is a political philosophy holding that people
of different beliefs, backgrounds, and lifestyles can
coexist in the same society and participate equally in
the political process.
 Pluralism assumes that its practice will lead decision-
makers to negotiate solutions that contribute to the
“common good” of the entire society.
 Pluralism recognizes that in some cases, the
acceptance and integration of minority groups should
be achieved and protected by legislation, such as civil
rights laws.
PLURALISM

4. How Pluralism Work?
In the world of politics and government, it is assumed that pluralism will help
achieve a compromise by helping decision-makers become aware of and fairly
address several competing interests and principles.
The ultimate promise of pluralism is that its process of conflict, dialog, and
negotiation leading to compromise will result in the abstract value known as “the
common good.” Since first conceived by the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle,
“the common good” has evolved to refer to anything that is of benefit to and shared
by all or most members of a given community. In this context, the common good is
closely related to the theory of the “social contract,” the idea expressed by political
theorists Jean-Jacques Rousseau and John Locke that governments exist only to
serve the general will of the people.

5. Pluralism in Other Areas of Society
Cultural Pluralism
Cultural pluralism describes a condition in which minority
groups participate fully in all areas of the dominant society,
while maintaining their unique cultural identities. In a culturally
pluralist society, different groups are tolerant of each other and
coexist without major conflict, while minority groups are
encouraged to retain their ancestral customs

6. Pluralism in Other Areas of Society
Cultural Pluralism
In the real world, cultural pluralism can succeed only if the
traditions and practices of the minority groups are accepted by the
majority society. In some cases, this acceptance must be protected
by legislation, such as civil rights laws. In addition, the minority
cultures may be required to alter or even drop some of their
customs which are incompatible with such laws or values of the
majority culture.

7. Pluralism in Other Areas of Society
Religious Pluralism
Sometimes defined as “respect for the otherness of others,” religious
pluralism exists when adherents of all religious belief systems or denominations
co-exist harmoniously in the same society.
Religious pluralism should not be confused with “freedom of religion,” which
refers to all religions being allowed to exist under the protection of civil laws or
doctrine. Instead, religious pluralism assumes that the different religious groups
will voluntarily interact with each other to their mutual benefit.

8. Pluralism in Other Areas of Society
Religious Pluralism
In this manner, “pluralism” and “diversity” are not synonymous. Pluralism exists only
when engagement between religions or cultures molds diversity into a common society.
For example, while the existence of a Ukrainian Orthodox church, a Muslim mosque, a
Hispanic Church of God, and a Hindu temple on the same street is certainly diversity, it
becomes pluralism only if the different congregations engage and interact with each
other.
Religious pluralism can be defined as "respecting the otherness of others". Freedom
of religion encompasses all religions acting within the law in a particular region.

9. William David Ross
Kinds of Moral Duties:
Value-based
Beneficence
Self-Improvement
Justice
Nonmaleficence
(consequential)
Special Obligation
Fidelity
Gratitude
Reparation
(concerns the past)
Note: Part of the Right depends on the Good.

10. Conflicts of Duties
If we accept a plurality, we have to deal with conflict
between moral principles.
Lexical moral pluralism involves ranking principles in
terms of their relative importance…but prioritizing these
does not make sense when er look at real situations.
Fixed rankings do not seem to account for reality.

11. Structure of Theory
Agents can be praised or blamed depending on their virtuous
disposition which Ross believes comes from our motivations, for
action. These include:
• Acting from the motive of duty;
• Acting from the desire to produce good;
• Acting from desire to produce pleasure for others or
reduce/prevent pain for others.

12. Conflicts of Duties
Due to this conflict, two problems become apparent:
1) Consistency problem – how do we organize or
formulate rules that allows us to avoid contradiction?
2) Adjudication problem – how do we choose amongst
rules when conflict appears to form justified verdicts
of RW?

13. Prima Facie Duties
PFDs have two characteristics:
1) It possesses some morally relevant feature that
counts in favor of doing it;
2) This feature is such that if it were the only morally
relevant feature of the situation, it would be a duty
proper.

14. Seven self-evident basic duties
Consistency problem: Promises, being truthful,
avoiding lies and deception.
Duties of reparation: Making amends for past wrong
acts.
Duties of gratitude: Paying back people who helped
us.
Prima Facie Duties

15. Prima Facie Duties
Seven self-evident basic duties
Duties of justice: Distribution of benefits per merit.
Duties of reparation: Helping others improve their
character or intelligence, increasing their
pleasure/reducing pain.
Duties of gratitude: Paying back people who helped us.
Duties of nonmaleficence: Avoiding injury to others

16. The Right
Actions have prima facie right – making and wrong – making
features. Actual duty (duty proper) depends on all of these feature
– we have to compare alternatives actions that we can perform in
a situation.
We have to evaluate the “stringency” of the duties in light of the
situation. Note that this does not cancel out other duties – those
features may still matter later on as we may generate new prima
facie duties.

17. The Theory in a Nutshell
The Right
An action is right if and only if one has prima facie duty to do the
action that is more stringent than any other conflicting prima facie
duty that may be present
The Good
Four basic intrinsic goods: virtue, pleasure, the state consisting of
pleasure in proportion to virtue, and knowledge.

18. Pluralistic Value
Ross rejects monistic accounts of value to identify four basic
goods; virtue, pleasure, the state consisting of pleasure in
proportion to virtue and knowledge.
To come to these, he compares a world in which the value exists
to one where it does not – which is preferable?
Other goods are good because of these. Also, he states that these
represent ideal states of cognition, feeling, and conation.

19. Moral Values
Agents can be praised or blamed depending on their virtuous
disposition which Ross believes comes from our motivations, for
action. These include:
• Acting from the motive of duty;
• Acting from the desire to produce good;
• Acting from desire to produce pleasure for others or
reduce/prevent pain for others.

20.  Fundamentalism is defined as strict adherence to
some belief or ideology, especially in a religious
context, or a form of Christianity where the Bible is
taken literally and obeyed in full.
 Fundamentalism can be defined, as in this book, as a
religious or political movement or attitude with a strict
adherence to a set of basic principles, based on a
literal, not adapted interpretation, especially as a
return to former principles.
FUNDAMENTALISM

21. GIDDENS
Characteristics of Fundamentalism
 Seek to return to traditional basics
 Believe their view is the only true view of the world
 Justify their view by reference to sacred texts and dogma
(narrow minded beliefs)
 Avoid contact with people who hold other views
 Rely on guardians of religion to interpret sacred texts and lay
down rules which determines their lifestyle.

22. Sources of Fundamentalism
o Religious text is the source of fundamentalism
o These rules are cannot be changed
o People are afraid to opposed the
fundamentalist.

23. Features of Fundamentalism
o The fundamentalist divide the world into
clear-cut binary categories: good/evil,
right/wrong, us/them.
DUALISM

24. Features of Fundamentalism
o A deep feeling of suspicion or rage
directed toward those on the wrong side
of the dualistic dividing lines.
PARANOIA

25. Features of Fundamentalism
o An obsession with the ultimate endpoint
for society or humanity. Usually positively
disposed to bring about that ultimate end.
AN APOCALYPTIC ORIENTATION

26. Features of Fundamentalism
o A commitment or devotion to a
charismatic leader. Often accompanied
with a cult of leadership.
CHARISMATIC LEADERSHIP

27. Features of Fundamentalism
o Once the fundamentalist converts or
embraces the ideology, they do so
completely.
TOTALIZED CONVERSION EXPERIENCE

28. Christian Fundamentalism
o Began in the late 19th century and early 20th century among Protestant
Christians
o It is movement rather than a unified denomination or theology
o Formed as a response to the rise of theological liberalism and modernism’s
belief in scientific theories
 Biological evolution/Darwinism seen as a threat to the message of the Bible
 Biblical criticism seen as a threat as wee; the Bible was being reinterpreted
as a historical, human-made text and its supernatural elements, such as
miracles, were being questioned

29. Ten Signs You’re a Fundamentalist Christian:
10 – You vigorously deny the existence of thousands of god claimed by
other religions, but fell outraged when someone denies the existence
of yours.
9 – You feel insulted and ‘dehumanized’ when scientists say that people
evolved from other life forms, but you have no problem with the
Biblical claim that we were created from dirt.
8 – You laugh at polytheists, but you no problem believing in a Triune God.

30. 7. – You face turns purple when you hear of the ‘atrocities’ attributed to
Allah, but you don’t even flinch when hearing about how God/Jehovah
slaughtered all the babies of Egypt in ‘Exodus’ and ordered the
elimination of entire ethnic groups in ‘Joshua’ including women,
children, and tress.
6. – You laugh at Hindu beliefs that deify humans, and Greek claims
about gods sleeping with women, but you have no problem believing
that the Holy Spirit impregnated, Mary, who then gave birth to a man-
god who got killed, came back to life and then ascended into the sky.
Ten Signs You’re a Fundamentalist Christian:

31. 5. – You are willing to spend your life looking for little loopholes in the
scientifically established age of Earth , but you find nothing worth with
believing dates recorded by Bronze Age tribesmen sitting in their tents
and guessing that Earth is a few generations old.
4. – You believe that the entire population of this planet with the exception of
those who share your beliefs – though excluding those in all rival sects
– will spend Eternity in an infinite Hell of Suffering. And yet consider
your religion the most ‘tolerant’ and ‘loving’
Ten Signs You’re a Fundamentalist Christian:

32. 3. – While modern science, history, geology, biology, and physics have failed
to convince you otherwise, some idiot rolling around on the floor
speaking in ‘tongues’ may be all evidence you need to ‘prove’
Christianity.
2. – You define 1.01% as a ‘high success rate’ when it comes to answered
prayer. You consider that to evidence that prayer works. And you think
that the remaining 99.99% FAILURE was simply the will of God.
1. – You actually know a lot less than atheists and agnostics do about the
Bible, Christianity, and church history – but still call yourself a Christian.
Ten Signs You’re a Fundamentalist Christian:

33. Generic Fundamentalism
o It refers to a global religious impulse, particularly evident in
the twentieth century, that seeks to recover and publicly
institutionalize aspects of the past that modern life has
obscured. It typically sees the secular state as the primary
enemy, for the latter is more interested in education,
democratic reforms, and economic progress than in
preserving the spiritual dimension of life.

34. Historic Fundamentalism
o It shared all of the assumptions of generic fundamentalism but
also reflected several concerns particular to the religious setting
of the United States at the turn of the century. Some of those
concerns stemmed from broad changes in the culture such as
growing awareness of world religions, the teaching of human
evolution and above all the rise of biblical higher criticism. The
last proved particularly troubling because it implied the absence
of the supernatural and the purely human authorship of scripture.

35. Religious Fundamentalism
o In a global context, the issue of religious fundamentalism
has emerged ad a major area of media and political
concern.
o The term fundamentalism is applied to a variety of different
religions, including Protestant Christians.
o Giddens fundamentalists are traditionalist who whish to
seek to return to the basic fundamentals of their faith.
Believe in literal truth of scripture .

36. Religious Fundamentalism
o Fundamentalists believe that theirs is the only true view of
religion and the wider world, intolerant of other faiths (very
conservative in their beliefs).
o Giddens notes that the term fundamentalism is a fairly
recent one and seems to have grown as a product of
globalization, which undermines traditional social norms.
o Retreat into faith based answers, moving away from the
globalized world that demands rational answers.

37. Purpose of Religious Fundamentalism
Usually occur in all Religion
Ways of life should be according to the rules as
prescribed by GOD
State should be subservient to God

38. TOPIC 2:
GLOBALIZATION
&
PLURALISM

39. GLOBALIZATION
o “Globalization is a term used to describe how trade and technology
have made the world into a more connected and interdependent
place. Globalization also captures in its scope the economic and
social changes that have come about as a result” .
o Globalization revolve on the ideas how to improve or to be more
developed country while pluralism their holding a theory that there
are more than one or more than two kinds of ultimate reality.
Globalization affect pluralism because the world is changing faster
than it ever has.

40. CULTURAL GLOBALIZATION
CULTURAL GLOBALIZATION refers to the
transmission of ideas, meanings, and values around
the world in such a way as to extend and intensify
social relations. This process is marked by the
common consumption of cultures that have been
diffused by the Internet, popular culture media, and
international travel.

41. ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION
ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION is the
increasing economic interdependence of
national economies across the world through a
rapid increase in cross-border movement of
goods, services, technology, and capital.

42. POLITICAL GLOBALIZATION
POLITICAL GLOBALIZATION refers to the growth of the
worldwide political system, both in size and complexity. That
system includes national governments, their governmental and
intergovernmental organizations as well as government-
independent elements of global civil society such as international
non-governmental organizations and social movement
organizations. One of the key aspects of the political
globalization is the declining importance of the nation-state and
the rise of other actors on the political scene.

43. PLURALISM
PLURALISM is a social philosophy that seeks to allow many
different viewpoints to coexist within a larger structure. A pluralist
society, system of government or organization contains many groups
that keep their identities while also participating in the larger group.
Pluralism states that having multiple viewpoints and groups strengthens
the overall system, enriching its culture with a wider spectrum of ideas
and building a deeper and more principled consensus in the political
system. Pluralism is a fundamental principle of democracy, in which
members of different groups with different viewpoints can voice their
opinions and ideas.

44. POLITICAL PLURALISM
Political Pluralism is a complex idea. Virtually every country has to
grapple with a history of inequality based on race, religion, gender,
sexuality or cultural differences. Political pluralism is meant, not only to
establish a system in which every person is valued equally, but to
address lingering effects of an unequal past. Many postcolonial
countries, such as the United States, Canada, India and Brazil,
developed pluralist policies after achieving independence. Such
countries often establish constitutions that make all citizens, colonizer
and colonized alike, equal before the law.

45. RELIGIOUS PLURALISM
Religion at its best is a force for human
improvement; at its worst, a source of
violent division. Religious pluralism pursues
the former and avoids the latter by
acknowledging the value of multiple
traditions and faiths.

46. SOCIAL PLURALISM
Virtually every society is pluralist to one degree or
another. Differences in age and gender are
unavoidable and differences of worldview, faith and
political affiliation abound. Examples of social pluralism
are examples of situations in which those differences
are celebrated rather than oppressed.

47. ETHICAL PLURALISM
Ethical pluralism is not the view that
there is a plurality of comprehensive
moral views in a modern society,
something John Rawls calls the fact of
pluralism. Ethical pluralism is a
normative theory which deals with the
structure of moral theories, that is,
theories about what is morally right and
wrong.

48. THE POWER OF PLURAL
As the world grows more interconnected and new ideas and
movements arise, the concept of pluralism takes on new
significance. The willingness to allow for multiple value systems and
the ability to acknowledge the successes and flaws of each are both
key skills for living in a global society. As the world grows more
interconnected and new ideas and movements arise, the concept of
pluralism takes on new significance. The willingness to allow for
multiple value systems and the ability to acknowledge the successes
and flaws of each are both key skills for living in a global society.

49. oThere are numerous equally relevant moral features;
oThere is a plurality of moral principles;
oThere is no underlying or supreme moral principle
that justifies this plurality.
So what happens if we accept that a plural view
of morality? This entails the following:

50. There is a plurality of moral norms that cannot be reduced
to one basic norm.
This doctrine is opposed to all monistic views of morality
such as for instance utilitarianism with its principle of utility as
the basic norm of morality or such as the Kantian ethics with
the categorical imperative as the basic norm of morality. The
idea of ethical pluralism goes back to the work of William
David Ross.

51. MILLENNIALS
Millennials are sometimes referred to as “echo
boomers” due to a major surge in birth rates in
the 1980’s and 1990’s and because millennials
are often the children of the baby boomers. This
generation is generally marked by the usage of
digital technology and social media.

52. FILINNIALS
Filinnials (short for Filipino millennials)
are usually spendthrifts due to their
propensity to spend money for luxury
goods which left their bank accounts