The document provides an introduction to ethics, including definitions of key terms like ethics, morality, metaethics, normative ethics, and descriptive ethics. It discusses three broad categories of moral philosophy: metaethics, normative ethics, and descriptive ethics. It also summarizes different ethical theories like deontology, consequentialism, relativism, and ethical egoism. Finally, it outlines some principles of ethical decision making like considering stakeholders, consequences, guidelines, and reviewing decisions.

1. Introduction to
ETHICS
Introduction to
ETHICS

2. Ethics Defined
Ethics came from the greek word ethos
[character/custom/disposition]
defined as the systematic study of morality.
Ethics is related to the code or set of principles,
standards, or rules that guide the moral action
of an individual within a particular social
framework.
It is concerned with moral judgement and moral
decision, involving questions about human
behaviour or conduct.

3. Ethics
What should I do with
this situation?
What is right or wrong
for me?

4. Morality
came from the latin word moralis, custom or character
in which people do things
refers to what we call moral code or conduct
looks at how good or bad our conduct is and our
standards about conduct.
In colleges there is an ethics class rather than a
morality class. 
Morality is ethics in action, but in the end two terms
can be used interchangeably.
when the word immoral is defined, it is associated
with?

5. Study of Morality
Involves questions of practical reasoning such
as:
Freedom
Privacy
Equality
Duty
Obligations
Choice
Justification of judgements, rights and claims
related to these terms.

6. Conduct
How a person ought
to act responsibly in
a particular case and
to what extent this
action should be
described as right
or wrong.

7. Terms related to Ethics
Moral Codes: are the rules
that establish the boundaries
of generally accepted
behavior.
Value System: is the
complex scheme of moral
values that we choose to live
by
Traits: It is the distinguishing
qualities of a person. It
highlights values

8. Virtues vs. Vices
Virtues: are habits that incline us to do what is
acceptable.
Vices: are habits that incline us to do what is
unacceptable.
Virtue Vice
concern apathy
decency vulgarity
loyalty treason
confidence diffidence
growth stagnation
order chaos
freedom slavery

9. Three Broad Categories of Moral
Philosophy or Ethics
Metaethics: is the study of the nature and the
basis of ethics; it is a philosophical discussion
about moral concepts, practices and judgement
outside ethical practice, dealing with problems
concerning ethics, not with problems within
ethics.
Metaethics is the most abstract area of moral
philosophy. It doesn’t ask what acts, or what
kind of acts are good or bad, right or wrong;
rather, it asks about the nature of goodness
and badness, what it is to be morally right or

10. Capital
Punishment?

11. Three Broad Categories of Moral
Philosophy or Ethics
Normative Ethics is the study of norms, rules,
values, and standards that should guide our
moral decisions(how we ought or ought not to
act and behave, and what we ought or ought
not to do)
It is an attempt to figure out what
people should do or whether their current
moral behavior is reasonable.
How people ought to act is the question of
normative ethics.

13. Three Broad Categories of Moral
Philosophy or Ethics
Descriptive Ethics:
describing how people
behave.
People might say that
stealing is bad.
Moral beliefs of a specific
culture
What do people think is
RIGHT is the question of
descriptive ethics.

14. Ethical Theory
Ethical theory is based on the assumption that
people are rational and make free choices.

16. Ethical Theory
Neither of these condition is always and
absolutely true.
People act emotionally and they make mistakes
A person is not making a free choice when
someone else is pointing a gun at him.
Some argue that a person is not making a free
choice in a situation where she might lose a job
Individual is in most circumstances, responsible
for his or her actions.

17. Ethical Theory attempt to achieve the
same goal:
To enhance human dignity
Peace
Happiness and,
Well being.

18. Ethical Rules
Ethical Rules are rules that follow in our
interactions with other people and in our
actions that affect other people.
Ethical rules apply to all of us and are intended
to achieve good results for people and
situations in general.
A set of rules that does this well respects the
fact the we are each unique and have our own
values and goals, that we have judgement and
will, and that we act according to our judgement
to achieve our goals

19. Western Ethical Theories
Deontology/Kantianism: by
philisopher Immanuel Kant(1724-
1804).
It is believed that how we behave
ethically comes from within us,
and the things that we decide are
‘good’ or ‘bad’ are based on
whether we could imagine
everyone doing them.
Christian teaching: do unto
others as you would have done
unto yourself.

20. Western Ethical Theories
Consequentialism: deals with consequences
of actions rather than the action themselves (in
contrast to Kant’s theory)
Utilitarian Theory says that a good outcome is
that which brings the greatest benefit to the
greatest number of people.
Often impossible to predict the consequences
at the time of an action being taken.

22. Relativism
A theory that there are NO universal norm of
right and wrong.
Different individuals can have an opposite
views of a moral problem, and both can be
right.
Subjective Relativism: What’s right for you may
NOT be right for me.

24. The Case for Subjective Relativism
Consider the issue of Reproductive Health bill

26. Cultural Relativism
An ethical theory that the meaning of right and wrong
rests with a society’s actual moral guidelines. These
guidelines vary widely from place to place from time to
time.

29. Divine Command Theories
These theories claim that something is right
because God wills it.
Clear in Islam, where the will of Allah is the
measure of all that is right.
Moral rightness==willed by God

31. Ethical Egoism
The philosophy that each person should focus
exclusively on his or her self interest.
The morally right action for a person to take in
a particular situation is the action that will
provide the person with the maximum long-
term benefit.

32. Philosophical Theories for
Ethical Decision Making
Virtue Ethics Approach: The ethical choice
best reflects moral virtues in yourself and your
community.
Utilitarian Approach: The ethical choice
produces the greatest excess of benefits over
harm.
Fairness Approach: The ethical choice treats
everyone the same and shows no favoritism or
discrimination.
Common Good Approach: The ethical choice
advances the common good.

33. 10 signs you were born in the
Philippines

34. 10 Signs You were Born in the
Philippines
You Love to sing.
You love your Parents
Pacquiao/ Basketball Die hard Fan
SELFIE/Pictures
KITCHEN SECRET WEAPONS
HUGE FAMILY
HYGIENE FREAKS
FOOD/UNLIMITED/ TAKE OUT
Record Breaking Tweets #ALDUBforLove

35. 101 Ways to Know You are a Filipino
You point with your lips.
You eat using hands and you have it down to a
technique.
Your other piece of luggage is a balikbayan
box.
You nod upwards to greet someone.
You put your foot up on your chair and rest
your elbow on your knee while eating.
You never eat the last morsel of food on the
table.

36. 101 Ways To Know You are a Filipino
You collect items from hotels or restaurants "for
souvenir."
You go to a department store and try to bargain the
prices.
You use an umbrella for shade on hot summer days.
You prefer to sit in the shade instead of basking in the
sun.
You scratch your head when you don't know the
answer.
You add an unwarranted "H" to your name, i.e. "Jhun,"
Bhoy," "Rhon."
You put hands together in front of you as if to make a
path and say "excuse, excuse" when you pass in
between people or in front of the TV.
You like everything imported or "state-side."

37. 101 Ways Cont.
You say "Hoy" get someone attention.
You answer when someone yells "Hoy."
You turn around when someone says "Psst"
You say "Cutex" instead of "nail polish."
You own a piano that no one ever plays.
You have a "barrel man" (you pull up the barrel and
you see something that looks familiar. Schwing...)
You have family member that has a nickname that
repeats itself, i.e."Deng-Deng," Ling-Ling" or "Bing-
Bing"
You refer to seasonings and all other forms of
monosodium glutamate as "Ajinomoto."
You put hot dogs in your spaghetti.

38. Behaving Ethically is often practical.
Behaving ethically, is usually not a burden.
Most of the time we are:
Honest
We keep our promises
We do not steal
We do our jobs
Doing good ethically often corresponds closely
with good business in the sense that ethically
developed products are most likely to please
consumers.

39. Sometimes, however it is difficult to do
the right thing
It takes courage in situations where we could
suffer negative consequences.
Courage is often associated with heroic acts,
where one risks one’s life to save someone in a
dangerous situation—the kind of act that makes
the front page news.
Courage in a professional setting could mean
admitting to a customer that your program is
faulty, declining a job for which you are not
qualified, or speaking out when you see
someone else doing something wrong.

41. Ethics in Information Technology, Second Edition 41
The Importance of Integrity
Integrity is a cornerstone of ethical
behavior
People with integrity
Act in accordance with a personal code of
principles
Extend to all people the same respect and
consideration that you desire
Apply the same moral standards in all
situations

42. Ethical Decision Making in Computing
How do I know whether or not an action is morally
right or wrong?
Individual can draw upon some personal or codified
ethics:
The Law (negative consequences for disobedience)
Codes of Practice( guidelines of employers to work within )
Professional Ethics( ethical principles relevant to to the
members of that profession)
Personal Ethics (values that influence the actions of
individual)

43. 7 Steps in Ethical Decision Making
1. Get the facts
2. Identify stakeholders and their positions
3. Consider the consequences of your decision
4. Weigh various guidelines and principles
5. Develop and evaluate options
6. Review your decision
7. Evaluate the results of your decision

44. Stakeholders
It refers to someone who stands to gain or lose
from how a situation is resolved.
Stakeholders often include others besides
people who are directly involved in an issue.

45. Ethics in Information Technology, Second Edition 45
Why Fostering Good Business
Ethics Is Important
To gain the goodwill of the community
To create an organization that operates
consistently
To produce good business
To protect the organization and its
employees from legal action
To avoid unfavorable publicity

46. Ethics in Information Technology, Second Edition 46
Creating an Organization That
Operates Consistently
Many business values include:
Operating with honesty and integrity, staying true to
corporate principles
Operating according to standards of ethical conduct, in
words and action
Treating colleagues, customers, and consumers with
respect
Striving to be the best at what matters most to the
company
Accepting personal responsibility for actions
Valuing diversity
Making decisions based on facts and principles

47. Ethics in Information Technology, Second Edition 47
Good Ethics Can Mean Good
Business
Produce safe and effective products
Avoid costly recalls and lawsuits
Provide excellent service
Maintain customers
Develop and maintain strong employee
relations
Suffer less turnover
Enjoy better employee morale

48. Ethics in Information Technology, Second Edition 48
Good Ethics Can Mean Good
Business (continued)
Suppliers and other business partners
prefer companies that operate in a fair and
ethical manner
Bad ethics can lead to bad business
results

49. COMPUTER ETHICSCOMPUTER ETHICS

50. Computer Ethics Defined
The systematic study of the ethical and social
impact of computers in the information society.
The ethical and social issues involve the
acquisition, distribution, storage, processing, and
dissemination of digital data in information systems
and how individuals and groups interact with these
systems and data.
The moral considerations of computer ethics are
related to the responsibility and accountability of the
computer users and professionals with regard to the
design and implementation of the information
systems.

51. Technology and Ethics
Technology derives from the Greek words
Techne (arts/craft) and
logos(word/speech/reasoning)
Technology refers to the technical means,
methods, and knowledge used in achieving a
practical purpose and providing objects for
human sustenance and comfort.
I.T is the application of appropriate
technologies to the organisation, manipulation,
and distribution of information by computers
and telecommunications.

52. Ten Commandments of Computer
Ethics
1. Thou shalt not use a computer to harm other
people
2. Thou shalt not interfere with other people’s
computer work(e.g. viruses)
3. Thou shalt not snoop around in other people’s
files(e.g.privacy, encryption)
4. Thou shalt not use a computer to steal
5. Thou shalt not use a computer to bear false
witness

53. Ten Commandments of Computer
Ethics
6. Thou shalt not use or copy software for which you
have not paid.
7. Thou shalt not use other people’s computer
resources without authorization
8. Thou shalt not appropriate other people’s
intellectual output(intellectual property)
9. Thou shalt think about the social consequences of
the program you write
10.Thou shalt use a computer in ways that show
consideration and respect.

54. Critical Decisions
What if your company is about to deliver a computer
system to a customer and you believe it still has a serious
bugs?
What if your supervisor asks you to make unauthorized
copies of copyrighted software?
Is it right to hire foreign programmers who work at low
salaries?
What if you were assigned to a job for a client whose
business you find objectionable?

55. Public Concern About the Ethical Use
of Information Technology
Today’s workers might have their email and
Internet access monitored while at work, as
employers struggle to balance their need to
manage important company assets and work
time with employees desire for privacy and self
direction.
Millions of people have used peer-to-peer
networks to download music and movies at n o
charge and in apparent violation of copyright
laws.

56. Public Concern About the Ethical Use
of Information Technology
Organizations contact millions of people
worldwide through unsolicited e-mail spam at
an extremely low cost.
Hackers break into databases of financial
institutions and steal customer information then
used it to commit identity theft opening new
accounts and charging purchases to
unsuspecting victims.

57. Public Concern About the Ethical Use
of Information Technology
Students around the world have been caught
downloading material from the internet and
plagiarizing content for their term papers.
Web sites plans cookies or spyware on visitors
hard drives to track their Internet activity.

58. ACM Code of Ethics
1. General Moral Imperatives
1.1 Contribute to society and human well-being
1.2 Avoid harm to others
1.3 Be honest and trustworthy
1.4 Be fair and take action no to discriminate
1.5 Honor property rights including copyrights and patents
1.6 Give proper credit for IPR
1.7 Respect the privacy of others
1.8 Honor confidentiality
A GIFT OF FIRE: SARA BAASE

59. ENDEND