1. An action has moral worth only if it is done from a sense of duty and obligation, rather than from a desire for consequences or personal preferences.
2. Deontological ethics judges the morality of an action based on adherence to rules of duty and respect for persons, rather than consideration of an action's outcomes or consequences.
3. Immanuel Kant's deontological theory holds that the sole basis for determining the moral worth of an action is a good will and acting from a sense of duty in accordance with moral laws that any rational person would accept.
Virtue ethics is an approach to ethics which emphasizes the character of the moral agent, rather than rules or consequences, as the key element of ethical thinking.
Virtue ethics is an approach to ethics which emphasizes the character of the moral agent, rather than rules or consequences, as the key element of ethical thinking.
Topic: DEONTOLOGICAL ETHICAL THEORY
Contents:
A. Historical Origin
Early beginning of human civilization
• The word of the king is the law
Deontological
Greek word “dein” or “deon” meaning “To be obligated” or simply “duty”
B.Kants’ Major Contribution to Deontological Theory
Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)
• Avid defender of deontological theory
• Contributed as many important and brilliant ideas to the philosophical study of ethics
C.The Good Will: The Core of Kant’s Ethics
Morality of an action lies on the inner motive rather than the external effects
Kants’ ethics primarily based on good will
Duty must be done out of pure reverence to the moral law
D.Duty over Inclination
“A person is only acting morally only when he suppresses his feelings and inclinations and does that which he is obliged to do”
Inclination
means doing the things that one’s feels like doing, and thus no obligation exists.
Example:
Helping your neighbor to fix her flat tire.
• Three possible reasons of helping:
1) Expectation of the reward-immoral
2) Pity-immoral
3) Duty-moral
1 is done out of desire to get a reward and 2 is done out of emotion thus, the acts are considered immoral. On the other hand, 3 is done out of obligation and this makes the act moral.
E.Duty is Superior to Happiness
“Our duties cannot consist simply in following rules that promote pleasure and avoidance of pain as the utilitarian’s claim, since that would make right actions depend upon consequences, on how well they satisfied our desires”
Example:
1) Lying
2) Breaking promise
The above examples are immoral actions not because it can create bad consequences but because these are wrong in itself.
F.The Categorical Imperative: The Universalizability Principle
“Act only according to that maxim by which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law”
Maxim is a personal and subjective guiding principle
We must universalize our moral judgement
G.The Principle of Humanity (Respect for Persons)
Also known as ’Principle of Ends’
Concerns respect for the dignity of persons
Rational beings are ends in themselves
Do not treat others as means
H.Autonomy of The Will (Kingdom of Ends)
“For without personal autonomy, Morality becomes an impossibility”
Autonomous will
The will becomes autonomous when the genuinely moral actions are chosen:
• Freely
• Rationally
• By The Self (Autonomously)
Kingdom of ends
It is a moral universe of the moral beings in which:
• Respect for Intrinsic Worth
• Respect for Value of All Persons
is exercised by everyone.
At the end of the lesson, you should be able learn:
1. recognize and recall a moral experience;
2. detect a moral dilemma;
3 .identify the three levels of moral dilemmas.
GE8 Ethics
Report PPT
What's involved?
The Compulsory Nature of Conscience
Conscience and Authority
Education of Conscience
It was already trimmed to the extent of leaving the important details.
Topic: DEONTOLOGICAL ETHICAL THEORY
Contents:
A. Historical Origin
Early beginning of human civilization
• The word of the king is the law
Deontological
Greek word “dein” or “deon” meaning “To be obligated” or simply “duty”
B.Kants’ Major Contribution to Deontological Theory
Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)
• Avid defender of deontological theory
• Contributed as many important and brilliant ideas to the philosophical study of ethics
C.The Good Will: The Core of Kant’s Ethics
Morality of an action lies on the inner motive rather than the external effects
Kants’ ethics primarily based on good will
Duty must be done out of pure reverence to the moral law
D.Duty over Inclination
“A person is only acting morally only when he suppresses his feelings and inclinations and does that which he is obliged to do”
Inclination
means doing the things that one’s feels like doing, and thus no obligation exists.
Example:
Helping your neighbor to fix her flat tire.
• Three possible reasons of helping:
1) Expectation of the reward-immoral
2) Pity-immoral
3) Duty-moral
1 is done out of desire to get a reward and 2 is done out of emotion thus, the acts are considered immoral. On the other hand, 3 is done out of obligation and this makes the act moral.
E.Duty is Superior to Happiness
“Our duties cannot consist simply in following rules that promote pleasure and avoidance of pain as the utilitarian’s claim, since that would make right actions depend upon consequences, on how well they satisfied our desires”
Example:
1) Lying
2) Breaking promise
The above examples are immoral actions not because it can create bad consequences but because these are wrong in itself.
F.The Categorical Imperative: The Universalizability Principle
“Act only according to that maxim by which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law”
Maxim is a personal and subjective guiding principle
We must universalize our moral judgement
G.The Principle of Humanity (Respect for Persons)
Also known as ’Principle of Ends’
Concerns respect for the dignity of persons
Rational beings are ends in themselves
Do not treat others as means
H.Autonomy of The Will (Kingdom of Ends)
“For without personal autonomy, Morality becomes an impossibility”
Autonomous will
The will becomes autonomous when the genuinely moral actions are chosen:
• Freely
• Rationally
• By The Self (Autonomously)
Kingdom of ends
It is a moral universe of the moral beings in which:
• Respect for Intrinsic Worth
• Respect for Value of All Persons
is exercised by everyone.
At the end of the lesson, you should be able learn:
1. recognize and recall a moral experience;
2. detect a moral dilemma;
3 .identify the three levels of moral dilemmas.
GE8 Ethics
Report PPT
What's involved?
The Compulsory Nature of Conscience
Conscience and Authority
Education of Conscience
It was already trimmed to the extent of leaving the important details.
1
SCH-MGMT 192T: TRANSITIONS: Big Ideas in Business
Frameworks for Ethical Decision-making
Making good ethical decisions requires a trained sensitivity to ethical issues. It also requires a practiced
method for exploring the ethical aspects of a decision and weighing the considerations that should
impact our choice of a course of action. Having a method for ethical decision making is essential. When
practiced regularly, the method becomes so familiar that we work through it automatically without
consulting the specific steps. This is one reason why we can sometimes say that we have a “moral
intuition” about a certain situation, even when we have not consciously thought through the issue.
We can be practiced at making ethical judgments, just as we can be practiced at playing the piano, in
which case we can sit and play well “without thinking.” However, it's not always advisable to follow our
immediate intuitions, especially in complicated or unfamiliar situations. Here our method for ethical
decision-making should help us recognize these new and unfamiliar situations and act accordingly.
The more novel and difficult the ethical choice we face, the more we must rely on discussion and
dialogue with others about the dilemma. Only by careful exploration of the problem, aided by the
insights and different perspectives of others, can we make good ethical choices in such situations.
Three Frameworks
Below we discuss three broad frameworks to guide ethical decision-making: the Consequentialist
Framework; the Duty Framework; and the Virtue Framework. While each of these frameworks is useful
for making ethical decisions, none is perfect. Knowing the advantages and disadvantages of the
frameworks will be helpful in deciding which is most useful in approach the particular situation with
which we are presented.
1. The Consequentialist Framework
In the Consequentialist Framework, we focus on the future effects of the possible courses of action,
considering the people who will be directly or indirectly affected. We ask about what outcomes are
desirable in a given situation and consider ethical conduct to be whatever will achieve the best
consequences. The person using the Consequentialist Framework desires to produce the most good.
Among the advantages of this ethical framework is that focusing on the results of an action is a
pragmatic approach. It helps in situations involving many people, some of whom may benefit from the
action, while others may not. Of course, it's not always possible to predict the consequences of an
action, so some actions that are expected to produce good consequences might actually end up harming
people. Additionally, people sometimes react negatively to the use of compromise—an inherent part of
this approach—and recoil from the implication that the end justifies the means. The Consequentialist
Framework also does not include a pronouncement that certain things are alway ...
1 SCH-MGMT 192T TRANSITIONS Big Ideas in Business AbbyWhyte974
1
SCH-MGMT 192T: TRANSITIONS: Big Ideas in Business
Frameworks for Ethical Decision-making
Making good ethical decisions requires a trained sensitivity to ethical issues. It also requires a practiced
method for exploring the ethical aspects of a decision and weighing the considerations that should
impact our choice of a course of action. Having a method for ethical decision making is essential. When
practiced regularly, the method becomes so familiar that we work through it automatically without
consulting the specific steps. This is one reason why we can sometimes say that we have a “moral
intuition” about a certain situation, even when we have not consciously thought through the issue.
We can be practiced at making ethical judgments, just as we can be practiced at playing the piano, in
which case we can sit and play well “without thinking.” However, it's not always advisable to follow our
immediate intuitions, especially in complicated or unfamiliar situations. Here our method for ethical
decision-making should help us recognize these new and unfamiliar situations and act accordingly.
The more novel and difficult the ethical choice we face, the more we must rely on discussion and
dialogue with others about the dilemma. Only by careful exploration of the problem, aided by the
insights and different perspectives of others, can we make good ethical choices in such situations.
Three Frameworks
Below we discuss three broad frameworks to guide ethical decision-making: the Consequentialist
Framework; the Duty Framework; and the Virtue Framework. While each of these frameworks is useful
for making ethical decisions, none is perfect. Knowing the advantages and disadvantages of the
frameworks will be helpful in deciding which is most useful in approach the particular situation with
which we are presented.
1. The Consequentialist Framework
In the Consequentialist Framework, we focus on the future effects of the possible courses of action,
considering the people who will be directly or indirectly affected. We ask about what outcomes are
desirable in a given situation and consider ethical conduct to be whatever will achieve the best
consequences. The person using the Consequentialist Framework desires to produce the most good.
Among the advantages of this ethical framework is that focusing on the results of an action is a
pragmatic approach. It helps in situations involving many people, some of whom may benefit from the
action, while others may not. Of course, it's not always possible to predict the consequences of an
action, so some actions that are expected to produce good consequences might actually end up harming
people. Additionally, people sometimes react negatively to the use of compromise—an inherent part of
this approach—and recoil from the implication that the end justifies the means. The Consequentialist
Framework also does not include a pronouncement that certain things are alway ...
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
1. Capture and analyze your feelings in personal moral experiences;
2. compare reasonable and emotional responses;
3. check real-life cases against the 7-step model;
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
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2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
3.
Deontological ethics or deontology refers to
"obligation, duty") which is the normative
ethical position that judges the morality of
an action based on rules.
It is sometimes described as "duty-" or
"obligation-" or "rule-" based ethics,
because rules "bind you to your duty".
What is Deontology?
4. Normative theory?Normative theory? ‘What is it that makes an‘What is it that makes an
action right or wrong?’action right or wrong?’
Deontological TheoryDeontological Theory: Also known as ‘Duty: Also known as ‘Duty
Ethics’ as Kantianism focuses on ‘duty’ ratherEthics’ as Kantianism focuses on ‘duty’ rather
than ‘consequences’.than ‘consequences’.
5.
The theory of duty or moral obligation.
Duty:
Role-related duty
General duty
Obligation:
Requirement set on a person because
of his/her identity.
5
Deontology
7. Deontological Theory:Deontological Theory: Any action to have
any moral worth we can only look at the
motives or intentions behind the act.
Deontological theories:Deontological theories: Do not list
consequences as being important in
assessing morality unlike utilitarian/
teleological theories.
Kantian Ethics
9.
1.1. Personal autonomy:Personal autonomy: The moral person is a
rational self-legislator.
2.2. Respect:Respect: Persons should always be treated
as an end, not a means – ‘No persons should
be used.’
3.3. Duty:Duty: The moral action is one that we must
do in accordance with a certain principle,
not because of its good consequence.
9
Basic Kantian themes
10.
An act is right if, and only if, it conforms to
the relevant moral obligation; and it is wrong
if, and only if, it violates the relevant moral
obligation
They argue that the consequences of an action
are irrelevant to moral evaluation
They emphasize that the value of an action
lies in motive, especially motives of obligation
Deontologists
11.
On Kant’s view, the moral worth
of an action is not determined by
its consequences but because:
Good Will
Duty of Ethics
11
The Moral Worth
12.
An action has moral worth only when
performed by an agent who possesses a
good will (good intention).
An agent has a good will only if moral
obligation based on a universally valid
norm is the action’s sole motive.
Good Will
13.
All good moral acts must be grounded
in good will.
Good will indicates that the act was
carried out with the best of intentions.
Good will indicates a good action not
because ultimately the consequences
are good but because the intention is
good in itself.
Good will
14.
Good Will can only result from the
proper use of reason
We must eliminate our own desires
and needs from the decision and make
it in everyone’s best interests
Do not follow gut instincts, they
undermine rational thinking.
Reason VS Good Will
15.
All persons must act not only in
accordance with, but for the sake of,
obligation
A person’s motive for acting must rest
in a recognition that what he or she
intends is demanded by an obligation
Duty
16.
A moral person is one who acts from a
sense of duty and not from what we
personally would like to do.
Acting morally amounts to doing our
duty regardless of what consequences
may follow, even for ourselves.
Duty
17.
1. “An act must be done from obligation in
order to have moral worth.”
2. “An action’s moral value is due to the
maxim from which it is performed, rather
than to its success in realizing some desired
end or purpose.” – motive of benevolence is
rejected as morally unworthy
3. “Obligation is the necessity of an action
performed from respect for law.”
Three Principles
18.
1. An action has moral worth only if a morally
valid rule of obligation determines that action
2. Even a motive of benevolence is rejected as
morally unworthy, unless there is an
accompanying motive of obligation
3. Necessity comes from laws, not from mere
subjective maxims. There must be an objective
principle underlying willing, one that all rational
agents would accept
Continued
19. The supreme principle or moral law.
Every moral agent recognizes whenever
accepting an action as morally obligatory
Why is the categorical imperative
“imperative”?
Human beings are imperfect creatures and
hence need rules imposed upon
These rules enjoin us to do or not to do
something thus we conceive them as
necessitating our action
Categorical Imperative
20.
Act only in such a way in which the
maxim of action can be rationally
willed as a universal law
It requires unconditional conformity
by all rational beings, regardless of
circumstances
Is unconditional and applicable at all
times
Categorical Imperative
21.
Conditional thing:
E.g. “If I want to buy a house, then I
must work hard to make enough
money for a down payment.”
Hypothetical Imperative
22. Maxims, according to Kant, are subjective rules
that guide action.
Subjective principles of volition or willing.
The general rule in accordance with which the
agent intends to act
All actions have maxims, such as,
Never lie to your friends.
Never act in a way that would make your
parents ashamed of you.
Maxims
23.
Refers to the rules of conduct that
rational beings lay down for themselves
in the light of reason.
Law