This ppt consist of basic principle of GC-MS, instrumentation of GC-MS, components of GC-MS ,Advantages and disadvantages of GC-MS and application of GC-MS
Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry (GC-MS)Saira Fatima
PRESENTED BY
SAIRA FATIMA
SABAHAT MEHMOOD
SANA USMAN
MSc 4 (2018-2020)
Department of MicroBiology & Molecular Genetics
University of the Punjab
Lahore, Pakistan
This ppt consist of basic principle of GC-MS, instrumentation of GC-MS, components of GC-MS ,Advantages and disadvantages of GC-MS and application of GC-MS
Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry (GC-MS)Saira Fatima
PRESENTED BY
SAIRA FATIMA
SABAHAT MEHMOOD
SANA USMAN
MSc 4 (2018-2020)
Department of MicroBiology & Molecular Genetics
University of the Punjab
Lahore, Pakistan
Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC MS) is an analytical method in which GC is coupled with MS to identify different substances within a test sample.
GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROSCOPY [GC-MS]Shikha Popali
THIS PRESENTATION GIVES A DETAIL ACCOUNT ON THE GC-MS WITH ITS INTRODUCTION, BASIC PRINCIPLE OF BOTH COMBINED AND INDIVIDUALLY WITH ITS INSTRUMENTATION, APPLICATION AND EXAMPLES, MAKES EASY TO COLLECT ALL THE DATA AT A PLACE ACCORDING TO THE M.PHARM SYLLABUS S PER PCI
1. It is one of the type of Hyphenated technique.
2. It is a combination of gas chromatographic technique and spectroscopic technique.
3. It is having a high resolution capacity.
4. It is used has volatile and Non-volatile compounds.
5. It is used for qualitative and quantitative analysis.
Hyphenated technique is a combination or coupling of two analytical techniques with the help of proper interface.
In this presentation Hyphenated techniques-LC-MS/MS, GC-MS/MS, HPTLC-MS has been discussed
details about uv-visible spectroscopy. intoduction to uv-visible spectroscopy with principle,
instrumentation, application, beers lamberts law , detectors. helps to know details about uv-visible spectroscopy. complete notes of uv-visible spectroscopy.
Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC MS) is an analytical method in which GC is coupled with MS to identify different substances within a test sample.
GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROSCOPY [GC-MS]Shikha Popali
THIS PRESENTATION GIVES A DETAIL ACCOUNT ON THE GC-MS WITH ITS INTRODUCTION, BASIC PRINCIPLE OF BOTH COMBINED AND INDIVIDUALLY WITH ITS INSTRUMENTATION, APPLICATION AND EXAMPLES, MAKES EASY TO COLLECT ALL THE DATA AT A PLACE ACCORDING TO THE M.PHARM SYLLABUS S PER PCI
1. It is one of the type of Hyphenated technique.
2. It is a combination of gas chromatographic technique and spectroscopic technique.
3. It is having a high resolution capacity.
4. It is used has volatile and Non-volatile compounds.
5. It is used for qualitative and quantitative analysis.
Hyphenated technique is a combination or coupling of two analytical techniques with the help of proper interface.
In this presentation Hyphenated techniques-LC-MS/MS, GC-MS/MS, HPTLC-MS has been discussed
details about uv-visible spectroscopy. intoduction to uv-visible spectroscopy with principle,
instrumentation, application, beers lamberts law , detectors. helps to know details about uv-visible spectroscopy. complete notes of uv-visible spectroscopy.
http://www.redicals.com
The spectrophotometer technique is to measures light intensity as a function of wavelength.
• Measures the light that passes through a liquid sample
• Spectrophotometer gives readings in Percent Transmittance (%T) and in Absorbance (A)
spectrophotometry, ultra violet absorption, infra red atomic absorption.priya tamang
A spectrophotometer is a photometer that can measure the intensity of light as a function of its wavelength. Single beam and double beam are the two major classes of spectrophotometers. Linear range of absorption and spectral bandwidth measurement are the important features of spectrophotometers.
In Single Beam Spectrophotometers, all the light passes through the sample. To measure the intensity of the incident light the sample must be removed so that all the light can pass through. This type of spectrometer is usually less expensive and less complicated. The single beam instruments are optically simpler and more compact, znc can also have a larger dynamic range.
In a Double Beam Spectrophotometer, before it reaches the sample, the light source is split into two separate beams. One beam passes through the sample and the second one is used for reference. This gives an advantage because the reference reading and sample reading can take place at the same time.
In transmission measurements, the spectrophotometer quantitatively compares the amount of light passing through the reference and test sample. For reflectance, it compares the amount of light reflecting from the test and reference sample solutions.
Many spectrophotometers must be calibrated before they start to analyse the sample and the procedure for calibrating spectrophotometer is known as "zeroing." Calibration is done by using the reference substance, and the absorbencies of all other substances are measured relative to the reference substance. % transmissivity (the amount of light transmitted through the substance relative to the initial substance) is displayed on the spectrophotometer.
Spectroscopy is a method which measures the interaction of matter with electromagnetic radiation. it reveals different properties of substances such as absorbance, composition and interaction with other matter
Spectrophotometer instrumentation & working Sabahat Ali
Spectrophotometric analysis is a technique to measure the concentration of solute solution by measuring the amount of light absorbed by solution.
Absorption can be calculated in terms of transmittance by using Beer's Lambert law.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
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Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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The French Revolution Class 9 Study Material pdf free download
Prabhakar singh ii sem-paper v-colorimeter & spectrophotometer
1. TEJASVI NAVADHITAMASTU
“Let our (the teacher and the taught) learning be radiant”
Let our efforts at learning be luminous and filled with joy, and
endowed with the force of purpose
Paper V: Instrumentation and Analytical Techniques
PHOTOMETRY: COLORIMETER & SPECTROPHOTOMETER
3. ULTRAVIOLET AND VISIBLE LIGHT SPECTROSCOPY
Molecular (sub-)structures responsible for interaction with electromagnetic
radiation are called chromophores. In proteins, there are three types of
chromophores relevant for UV/Vis spectroscopy-
•peptide bonds (amide bond);
•certain amino acid side chains (mainly tryptophan and tyrosine)
•certain prosthetic groups and coenzymes (e.g. porphyrine groups such as in haem)
4. Energy scheme for molecular orbitals (not to scale). Arrows indicate possible electronic
transitions. The length of the arrows indicates the energy required to be put into the
system in order to enable the transition. Black arrows depict transitions possible with
energies from the UV/Vis spectrum for some biological molecules. The transitions shown
by grey arrows require higher energies (e.g. X-rays)
5. Light is electromagnetic radiation and can be described as a wave propagating
transversally in space and time. The electric (E) and magnetic (M) field vectors are
directed perpendicular to each other. For UV/Vis, circular dichroism and fluorescence
spectroscopy, the electric field vector is of most importance. For electron paramagnetic
and nuclear magnetic resonance, the emphasis is on the magnetic field vector.
ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION
Electromagnetic radiation is
composed of an electric and a
perpendicular magnetic vector,
each one oscillating in plane at right
angles to the direction of
propagation. The wavelength is the
spatial distance between two
consecutive peaks (one cycle) in the
sinusoidal waveform and is
measured in submultiples of metre,
usually in nanometres (nm). The
maximum length of the vector is
called the amplitude
6. ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM AND THEIR PROPERTIES
Various spectrometer and their working range in electromagnetic radiations
7. Photometry broadly deals with the study of the phenomenon of light absorption
by molecules in solution. The specificity of a compound to absorb light at a
particular wavelength (monochromatic light) is exploited in the laboratory for
quantitative measurements. Colorimeter and spectrophotometer are the
laboratory instruments used for this purpose. When a light at a particular
wavelength is passed through a solution (incident light), some amount of it is
absorbed and, therefore, the light that comes out (transmitted light) is diminished.
The nature of light absorption in a solution is governed by Beer-Lambert law.
BEER-LAMBERT LAW
Beer’s law states that the amount of transmitted light decreases exponentially
with an increase in the concentration of absorbing material (i.e. the amount of
light absorbed depends on the concentration of the absorbing molecules).
Lambert’s law states that the amount of transmitted light decreases exponentially
with increase in the thickness of the absorbing molecules (i.e. the amount of light
absorbed is dependent on the thickness of the medium).
COLORIMETER & SPECTROPHOTOMETER
8. By combining the two laws (Beer-Lambert law), the following derivation can
be obtaine-
I = I0
ɛcd
where I= Intensity of the transmitted light
I0 = Intensity of the incident light
H= Molar extinction coefficient
c = Concentration of the absorbing substance (moles/l or g/dl)
d = Thickness of medium through which light passes.
Transmittance (T)
When the thickness of the absorbing medium is kept constant (i.e. Lambert’s
law), the intensity of the transmitted light depends only on concentration of
the absorbing material. In other words, the Beer’s law is operative. The ratio
of transmitted light (I) to that of incident light (I0) is referred to as
Transmittance (T).
9. Absorbance (A) or optical density (OD)
Absorbance (A)or optical density (OD) is very commonly used in laboratories.
The relation between absorbance and transmittance is expressed by the
following equation.
10. Deviations from the Beer–Lambert law
According to the Beer–Lambert law, absorbance is linearly proportional to
the concentration of chromophores/ Produced colour. This might not be
the case any more in samples with high absorbance. Every
spectrophotometer has a certain amount of stray light, which is light
received at the detector but not anticipated in the spectral band isolated
by the monochromator.
In order to obtain reasonable signal-to-noise ratios, the intensity of light at
the chosen wavelength should be 10 times higher than the intensity of the
stray light (Istray). If the stray light gains in intensity, the effects measured at
the detector have nothing or little to do with chromophore concentration.
Secondly, molecular events might lead to deviations from the Beer–
Lambert law. For instance, chromophores might dimerise at high
concentrations and, as a result, might possess different spectroscopic
parameters.
11. The absorption spectrum of a chromophore is only partly determined by its chemical
structure. The environment also affects the observed spectrum, which mainly can be
described by three parameters:
•protonation/deprotonation (pH, RedOx);
•solvent polarity (dielectric constant of the solvent); and
•orientation effects.
Protonation/deprotonationarises either from changes in pH oroxidation/reduction
reactions, which makes chromophores pH- and RedOx-sensitive reporters. As a rule of
thumb the sample will displays a batho- and hyperchromic shift, if a titratable group
becomes charged.
Solvent polarity affects the difference between the ground and excited states. Generally,
when shifting to a less polar environment one observes a batho- and hyperchromic effect.
Conversely, a solvent with higher polarity elicits a hypso- and hypochromic effect.
Orientation effects, such as an increase in order of nucleic acids from single stranded to
double-stranded DNA, lead to different absorption behavior.
A wavelength shift to higher values is called Red Shift or Bathochromic Effect.
A shift to lower wavelengths is called Blue Shift or Hypsochromic Effect.
An increase in absorption is called Hyperchromicity (more colour).
A decrease in absorption is called Hypochromicity (less colour)
12. COLORIMETER
Colorimeter (or photoelectric colorimeter) is the instrument used for the
measurement of coloured substances. This instrument is operative in the visible range
(400-800 nm) of the electromagnetic spectrum of light.
The working of colorimeter is based on the principle of Beer-Lambert law.
The colorimeter, in general consists of light source, filter sample holder and detector
with display (meter or digital). A filament lamp usually serves as a light source. The
filters allow the passage of a small range of wave length as incident light. The sample
holder is a special glass cuvette with a fixed thickness.
The photoelectric selenium cells are the most common detectors used in colorimeter.
Diagrammatic representation of the components in a colorimeter.
13. SPECTROPHOTOMETER/ UV-Visible Spectrophotometer
The spectrophotometer primarily differs from colorimeter by covering the
ultraviolet region (200-400 nm) of the electromagnetic spectrum.
Further, the spectrophotometer is more sophisticated with several
additional devices that ultimately increase the sensitivity of its operation
several fold when compared to a colorimeter.
A precisely selected wavelength (say 234 nm or 610 nm) in both ultraviolet
and visible range can be used for measurements. In place of glass cuvettes
(in colorimeter), quartz cells are used in a spectrophotometer.
The spectrophotometer operation is also based on the Beer-Lambert law.
14. Instrumentation
UV/Vis spectrophotometers are usually dual-beam spectrometers where the first
channel contains the sample and the second channel holds the control.
The light source is a tungsten filament bulb for the visible part of the spectrum, and a
deuterium bulb for the UV region. Since the emitted light consists of many different
wavelengths, a monochromator, consisting of either a prism or a rotating metal grid
of high precision called grating, is placed between the light source and the sample.
In a dual-beam instrument, the incoming light beam is split into two parts by a half
mirror. One beam passes through the sample, the other through a control (blank,
reference). This approach obviates any problems of variation in light intensity, as
both reference and sample would be affected equally.
Wavelength selection can also be achieved by using coloured filters as
monochromators that absorb all but a certain limited range of wavelengths. This
limited range is called the bandwidth of the filter. Filter-based wavelength selection
is used in colorimetry, a method with moderate accuracy, but best suited for specific
colorimetric assays where only certain wavelengths are of interest. If wavelengths
are selected by prisms or gratings, the technique is called spectrophotometry
15. Optical arrangements in a dual-beam spectrophotometer. Either a prism or a grating
constitutes the monochromator of the instrument. Optical paths are shown as green lines.
16. Applications
The usual procedure for (colorimetric) assays is to prepare a set of standards and produce a
plot of concentration versus absorbance called calibration curve. This should be linear as long
as the Beer–Lambert law applies. Absorbances of unknowns are then measured and their
concentration interpolated from the linear region of the plot.
Qualitative and quantitative analysis
1. Qualitative analysis may be performed in the UV/Vis regions to identify certain
classes of compounds both in the pure state and in biological mixtures (e.g.
protein-bound).
2. The application of UV/Vis spectroscopy to further analytical purposes is used for
quantification of biological samples either directly or via colorimetric assays. In
many cases, proteins can be quantified directly using their intrinsic chromophores,
tyrosine and tryptophan.
3. The region from 500 to 300 nm provides valuable information about the presence
of any prosthetic groups or coenzymes.
4. Protein quantification can also be done by single wavelength measurements at
280 and 260 nm.