This document provides information on different types of flooring materials and methods of constructing timber floors. It discusses basement or ground floors made of timber, and describes single, double, and framed timber floor constructions. It also covers types of flooring materials like granolithic, mosaic, ceramic, and marble. For industrial flooring, it outlines concrete floor constructions using double flagstones, filler joints, jack arches, reinforced concrete, hollow blocks and ribs, and precast concrete.

1. PRESENTED BY:
Maruthish

2.  Flooring is the general term for a
permanent covering of a floor, or for the
work of installing such a floor
covering. Floor covering is a term to
generically describe any finish material
applied over a floor structure to provide a
walking surface. Both terms are used
interchangeably but floor covering refers
more to loose-laid materials.

3. TIMBER
FLOORS
COMPOSITE
FLOORS

4. TIMBER FLOORS
BASEMENT (OR)
GROUND FLOOR OF
TIMBER
SINGLE JOIST
TIMBER FLOORS
DOUBLE JOIST
TIMBER FLOORS
FRAMED (OR)TRIPLE
JOIST TIMBER
FLOORS
TIMBER
FLOORS

5. BASEMENT (OR) GROUND FLOOR OF TIMBER
 THE SOIL BELOW THE TIMBER IS COVERED
WITH PLANE CONCRETE 1:2:4 OF
THICKNES OF 100mm to 150mm.
 Well seasoned timber is used IN
COSTRUCTION OF SUCH FLOORS.
 THE HOLLOW SPACE BETWEEN THE
BOTTOM OF CONCRETE AND FLOOR
LEVEL IS FILLED UP WITH SELECTED
EARTH.

6. JOIST Joist spacing is commonly called
joist centres as it is the distance
between the centre of adjacent
joists.
The distance between the centres
of joists is usually between
400mm and 600mm. This distance
will usually depend upon:
The loads imposed on the floor.
The span of the joists.
The cross sectional size of the
joist.
The strength and quality of the
timber used for the joists.
The type of decking material used
to cover the joists.

7. JOISTSIZES
 The strength of a joist is directly related to its cross
sectional size. For example, consider
 a joist with a cross sectional size of 50mm x 100mm. If
the breadth of the joist is doubled
 then the strength of the joist will be doubled.
However, if the depth of the joist is doubled
 then the strength will be quadrupled.
 Therefore, a joist measuring 50mm x 200mm will be
four times stronger than a joist
 measuring 50mm x 100mm. For this reason, joists are
placed so that the depth is greater than the breadth.
 Distorted Joists

8. DISTORTEDJOISTS
Any joists which are not straight,
should be positioned with the
curved edge upwards.
When this type of joist is
subjected to any loading, it will
tend to straighten. Any joists
which
have large edge knots should also
be positioned with the knots on
the upper edge.

9. SINGLE JOIST TIMBER FLOORS
 All joists require supporting
at their ends and, in case
of ground floor joists, at
intermediate
 points along their length.
The use of these
intermediate supports
reduces the clear span so
 that joists of smaller
section can be used.
 For ground floor joists, the
distance between these
intermediate supports
ranges from 1.5m
 to 2.0m.
 Joists should have a
minimum bearing point of
not less than 90mm at any

10. DOUBLE JOIST TIMBER FLOORS
Bearing Point On Intermediate Walls
If the joists are to be jointed at intermediate walls, the
joist ends must not project more than 100 Joist Supports
There are a number of ways to support the ends of joists.
They can be:
• Built into brickwork.
• Supported on wall plates.
• Supported on joist hangers 75mm beyond the wall.

11. FRAMED (OR)TRIPLE JOIST TIMBER FLOORSJoists Supported On Sleeper Walls
Joists can be supported on small walls which have gaps
built into them to allow a free fl ow
of air under the joists. The walls are known as
honeycomb or sleeper walls.
The joists are supported and fi xed to wall plates
attached to the top of the sleeper walls.

12. TYPES OF FLOORING MATERIALS
GRANOLITHIC CERAMIC
mosaic MARBLE

13. GRANOLITHIC Granolithic screed, also known
as granolithic paving and granolithic
concrete, is a type of construction
material composed of cement and
fine aggregate such as granite or other
hard-wearing rock.It is generally used
as flooring, or as paving (such as for
sidewalks). It has a similar appearance
to concrete, and is used to provide a
durable surface where texture and
appearance are usually not important
(such as outdoor pathways or factory
floors). It is commonly laid as a screed.
Screeds are a type of flooring laid on
top of the structural element
(like reinforced concrete) to provide a
level surface on which the "wearing
flooring" (the flooring which people see
and walk on) is laid. A screed can also
be laid bare, as it provides a long-
lasting surface.

14. MOSAIC
Mosaic is the art of creating images with
an assemblage of small pieces of
colored glass, stone, or other materials. It
is a technique of decorative artor interior
decoration. Most mosaics are made of
small, flat, roughly square, pieces of stone
or glass of different colors, known
as tesserae; but some, especially floor
mosaics, may also be made of small
rounded pieces of stone, and called
"pebble mosaics".

15. CERAMIC
A ceramic is
an inorganic, nonmetallic solid prepared
by the action of heat and subsequent
cooling. Ceramic materials may have
a crystalline or partly crystalline structure,
or may be amorphous (e.g., glass).
Because most common ceramics are
crystalline, the definition of ceramic is often
restricted to inorganic crystalline materials,
as opposed to the noncrystalline glasses, a
distinction followed here.
The earliest ceramics made by humans
were pottery objects, including 27,000 year
old figurines, made from clay, either by
itself or mixed with other materials,
hardened in fire. Later ceramics
were glazed and fired to create a colored,
smooth surface. Ceramics now include
domestic, industrial and building products
and a wide range of ceramic art. In the
20th century, new ceramic materials were
developed for use in advanced ceramic
engineering for example,
in semiconductors.

16. MARBLE
Marbleis a non-foliated metamorphic rock composed of
recrystallized carbonate minerals, most
commonly calcite or dolomite. Geologists use the term
"marble" to refer to metamorphosed limestone however,
stonemasons use the term more broadly to encompass
unmetamorphosed limestone. Marble is commonly used
for sculpture and as a building material

17. MARBLE
White marble has been prized for its use
in sculptures since classical times. This
preference has to do with its softness,
which made it easier to carve,
relative isotropy and homogeneity, and a
relative resistance to shattering. Also, the
low index of refraction of calcite allows light
to penetrate several millimeters into the
stone before being scattered out, resulting
in the characteristic waxy look which gives
"life" to marble sculptures of any kind,
which is why many sculptors preferred and
still prefer marble for sculpting.

18. TAJ MAHAL
Construction marble is a stone which is
composed of calcite, dolomite or
serpentine which is capable of taking a
polish.More generally in construction,
specifically the dimension stone trade, the
term "marble" is used for any crystalline
calcitic rock (and some non-calcitic rocks)
useful as building stone. For
example, Tennessee marble is really a
dense granular fossiliferous gray to pink to
maroon Ordovician limestone
that geologists call the Holston Formation

19. FLOORING
Flooring is the general term for a
permanent covering of a floor, or for the
work of installing such a floor
covering. Floor covering is a term to
generically describe any finish material
applied over a floor structure to provide a
walking surface. Both terms are used
interchangeably but floor covering refers
more to loose-laid materials.
Materials almost always classified as floor
covering include carpet, area rugs, and
resilient flooring such as linoleum or
vinyl flooring. Materials commonly called
flooring include wood flooring, cerami
tile, stone, terrazzo, and various seamless
chemical floor coatings.

20. INDUSTRIAL FLOORING

21. CONCRETE FLOORS
• Double flagstone floors
• Filler joist floors
• Jack arch floors
• RCC floors
• Hallow block and rib floors
• Precast concrete floors

22. DOUBLE FLAGSTONES FLOORS

23. FILLER JOINT FLOORS

24. FILLER JOINT

26. ARCHES

27. RCC FLOORS

28. HALLOW BLOCK AND RIB FLOORS

29. HALLOW BLOCK

30. PRECAST CONCRETE FLOORS

31. CONCRETE FLOORS

32. JAI HIND……
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