Flooring

SPECIFICATION OF FLOORING
Presented by:
1. Prachi (408)
2. Pratyush (411)
3. Moonsun (448)
4. Shrishti (450)
5. Ojasvi (464)

SPECIFICATION OF FLOORING
• What is flooring?
Flooring is the general term for the permanent
covering of the floor. The Floor should be hard, durable
and sufficiently strong to withstand the loads coming
over it.

PROCESS OF FLOORING
• All the floors consist of two main components
Floor base: At ground level the floor base consists of
layers of various materials. The purpose of the floor
base is to provide a strong and unsinkable surface to
the floor covering.
Floor covering: This is a layer of materials like Tiles,
Mosaic, Marble etc. laid over the floor base.

TYPICAL SPECIFICATION OF
FLOORING
Specification for terrazzo finish.
Specification for kota stone flooring.
Specification for marble flooring.
Specification for brick flooring.
Specification for cement concrete flooring in
proportion (1:2:4).

SPECIFICATION FOR TERRAZO FINISH
• What is a Terrazzo?
 Terrazzo is a hard floor covering which has been used since
the Roman times.
 It is used in large areas where durable, long lasting floor
covering is required.

Different characteristics of terrazzo finish are-
Durability (Resistant to):
 Impact
 Fire
 Frost
 Abrasion
 Wheeled traffic
 Will outlast most other types of floor
 Requires little maintenance
 Can withstand intense traffic spillages
SPECIFICATION FOR
TERRAZO FINISH

2)Pre-cast option (Can be formed into) :
 Stair cases
 Skirtings
 Column bases
 Other bespoke designs precast
 Terrazzo can be made in almost any shape depending
on complexity and application
 Pre-cast options are usually finished, polished and
delivered to site ready for installation
SPECIFICATION FOR
TERRAZO FINISH

3)Fire proof:
 Non-combustible, does not contribute to fire
 Does not give off dangerous fumes if exposed to
extreme high temperatures or fire
• Typical applications:
 Shopping Centres
 Railway Stations
 Underground
 Airports
SPECIFICATION FOR TERRAZO FINISH

MANUFACTURING PROCESS
 Marble aggregates are sourced from
material waste from a quarry and
made to suitable size.
 Aggregates and cements are
automatically weighed out into the
tile press mixer where water and
pigments are added.
 The mix is dosed into a tile press and
the material is vibrated to ensure that
the mix is evenly spread in the mould.
 The tile backing made from a mixture
of Portland cement and limestone
aggregate is applied on top of the face
mix in the mould and the tile is
pressed.

MANUFACTURING PROCESS
 The pressed tiles are removed and
put in a curing chamber where the
tile gains strength and cure
overnight.
 The tiles go through a grinding
machine which produces a smooth
even surface to the tile and exposes
the aggregate in the face of the tile.

INSTALLATION METHOD
Preparation : Concrete floor is swept and the floor is
damped down with water
Laying of tiles: The semi-dry cement:sand screed, typically
1:3-4 is placed on the concrete and spread to the correct
level. Tiles are laid with joints 2mm-3mm
Grout : Grout is neat mix of cement, water and colour
pigments to either match the colour of the tile or offer a
contrast grout line
Grouting : The flood grouting method is more efficient than
traditional cement grouting as it ensures better penetration
of joints
Grinding & Finishing : Mechanically ground and polished on
site
Sealing : Tiles can be sealed using penetrating sealer

TECHNICAL DATA
Technical Characteristics Value
Sizes and Typical Weights 300 x 300 x 28mm = 66 kg/m2
297 x 297 x 28mm = 66 kg/m2
397 x 397 x 33mm = 78 kg/m2
400 x 400 x 18mm = 78 kg/m2
497 x 497 x 38mm = 90 kg/m2
500 x 500 x 38mm = 90 kg/m2
597 x 597 x 42mm = 99 kg/m2
Typical Dimensional Tolerances
Length & Width
300mm to 400mm +/- 1.0mm
500mm to 600mm +/- 2.0mm
Thickness 30mm to 35mm +/- 2.0mm
38mm to 42mm +/- 3.0mm

PRE-CAST STAIR UNITS
Riser Height Maximum 200mm
Going Maximum 400mm
Tread Thickness Minimum 40mm
Length Up to 1.5m in length – 40mm thick
Between 1.5m – 2m – 50mm thick
Above 2m – depends on
specification
Non-slip Nosings or Inserts Usually cast in during manufacture,
can provide contrasting features in
line with DDA requirements
Tolerances Allow a minimum of 18mm for
sand/ cement bed over and above
concrete tolerances

PRE-CAST SKIRTING UNITS
Length Maximum length 906mm
Adhesives Allow 5mm over tolerances for
fixing to wall with thin bed
adhesive. Allow 12mm over
tolerances for fixing to wall with
sand / cement adhesive mix.
Thickness Often determined by the size of
the aggregate used. The
aggregate would not normally
exceed 15mm.
Projection If the skirting is to project in front
of the general wall lining, the top
of skirting should have a pencil
round arris.

PRE-CAST SKIRTING UNITS
Flush If the skirting is to be flush with
the wall lining, then the top of the
skirting should be left square.
Pre-Cast Different designs can be
manufactured

Specification for Kota Stone Flooring
Kota Stone is a fine-grained variety of limestone,
quarried at Kota district, Rajasthan, India. Many
hundreds of mines are located in or near the town
of Ramganj mandi and Kota district. Kota stones at
Kota, Rajasthan. The rich greenish-blue and brown
colours of this stone are most popular.

KOTA BLUE
Wide range of polished Kota Blue Limestone,
Paving Slabs is recognized through its fine shade
of bluish green that adds liveliness to the interiors.
High durability and fine finish, the range of
polished Blue Natural Kota Stone and Kota Blue
Polished Limestone are offered to suit varying
needs of flooring and cladding.

KOTA BLUE POLISHED TILES KOTA BLUE TUMBLED TILES
KOTA BLUE NATURAL BRICKS KOTA BLUE COBBLES
KOTA BLUE

KOTA BROWN STONE
Wide range of Kota Brown Stone, Cobbles
Stone, Tiles and Bricks are recognized
through its fine shade of Yellow Green
and Brown . Variation in shade is its
inherent property . It adds liveliness to
the interiors and has been used in various
prestigious projects across Globe.

Kota brown tumbled tiles
Kota brown tumbled bricks
Kota brown tumble cobbles
Kota brown wall tiles
KOTA BROWN

Compressive Strength 21.75 kg/sq. mm 21.94 Kg/ sq. mm
Abrasion Resistance 18.12 (Abrasion value) 18.12 (Abrasion value)
Oil Absorption Nil Nil
Water Absorption 0.31 % 0.32 %
Mohr Hardness No. will scratch -3
Calcite will not
Scratch- 2.1/2 Galena
will scratch -3
Calcite will not
Scratch- 2.1/2 Galena
Density 2.5 to 2.65 Kg/m3
Porosity Quite Low
Weather Impact Resistant
Physical Properties of Kota Stone Kota Stone are Quite impervious, Hard,
Compact, fine to very fine grained calcareous rocks of sedimentary nature.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Lime (CAO) 38-42%
Cilica(SiO2) 20-25%
Alumina (Al2O3) 2-4%
Other Oxides like Na, Mg 1.5 to 2.5%
Loss On Ignition (LOI) 30-32%
Chemically, both Kota Stone are siliceous calcium carbonate rocks

KOTA STONE FLOORING
Kota Stone is a limestone and famous for its low price and beautiful colors.
People like Kota stones due to its charming appearance and long life. Kota
stone has unique properties that make it 1st choice for builders.
This is available in size of 600 × 600 mm which after dressing becomes of
size 500 × 500 mm and thickness 25-40 mm.
Flooring is done in same manner as in tiles flooring except bed is made in 1:
4 ratio and bed thickness of 40 mm.

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION FOR KOTA STONE
1.Kota Stone Flooring
1.1. Stone Slabs
1. The slab shall be of selected quality, hard, sound, dense and homogeneous in
texture, free from cracks, decay, weathering and flaws.
2. They shall be hand or machine cut to the requisite thickness as indicated and they
shall be of uniform colour. The slabs shall have the top (exposed) face polished
before being brought to site.
1.2.Dressing of Slabs
1. Every slab shall be cut to the required size and shape and fine chisel dressed on the
sides to the full depth so that a straight edge laid along the side of the stone shall be
in full contact with it.
2. The sides (edges) shall be table rubbed with coarse sand or machine rubbed before
paving.
3. All angles and edges of the slabs shall be true, square and free from chippings and the
surface shall be true and plane.

1.3 Preparation of Surface and Laying
1.3.1 Sub-grade concrete or the RCC slab on which the slabs are to be laid shall be cleaned,
wetted and mopped. The bedding for the slabs shall be with cement mortar and the desired
thickness (20mm)
1.3.2 The slabs shall be laid in the following manner:-
Mortar of the specified mix shall be spread under the area of each slab, roughly to the average
thickness (2 inch).
The slab shall be washed and cleaned before laying.
 It shall be laid on top, pressed, tapped with wooden mallet and brought to level with the
adjoining slabs.
 It shall be lifted and laid aside.
The top surface of the mortar shall then be corrected by adding fresh mortar at hollows.
 The mortar is allowed to harden a bit and cement slurry of honey like consistency shall be
spread over the same at the rate of 4 kg of cement per square metre.
 The slab to be paved shall be lowered gently back in position bedded in level.
 Subsequent slabs shall be laid in the same manner and joints between adjacent slabs shall be
as thin as possible and run in straight line.
After each slab has been laid, surplus cement grout coming out of the joints of the slabs shall
be cleaned off.

1.3.4 Curing, Polishing and Finishing
1.3.4.1. The floor shall be kept wet for a minimum period of seven (7) days. The surface
shall thereafter be ground evenly with machine fitted with fine grade blocks . The final
grinding with machine fitted with the finest grade grit blocks shall be carried out the day
after the first grinding.
1.3.4.2. For small areas or where circumstances so require, hand polishing may be
permitted instead of machine polishing after laying. For hand polishing the following
Carborundum stones shall be used.
1st grinding - Medium Grade Stone Final Grinding - Fine Grade
1.3.4.3 In all other respects, the process shall be similar as for machine polishing.
1.3.4.4 After the final polish, oxalic acid shall be dusted over the surface.
1.3.4.5 If any slab is disturbed or damaged, it shall be refitted or replaced, properly
jointed and polished. The finished floor shall not sound hollow when tapped with
wooden mallet.

Advantages/Benefits of using Kota stone flooring:
Kota stone flooring is a fine, combine of magnificence and luxury giving used in the
interior and exterior to enhance the look of the building.
Kota stone is hard, tough, oil resistant, and non-water absorbent, non-slippery and
have excellent stone resolvability.
They are available in slabs and tiles form and can be set in any pattern of flooring.
Kota stone can be finished in various ways according to requirement such as Natural
Cleft both faces, one side Honed, Both sides Honed, Hand Cut/Machine Cut/
Polished, Mirror Finish and Calibrated etc.
Kota Stone is available in natural shades and it can be cut in to any size and shape as
per the requirement.
Honey shade blue/green shade brown shade

Disadvantages
It is not available in big slab sizes like marble or granite. Kota is a variety of
limestone which is very fragile hence it is available in smaller sizes.
Continuous usage of Kota stone might result in flaking. However if it is well
maintained and polished regularly flaking of the stone might be prevented.
Its surface finish is not so lustrous as marble or granite.

Specifications for Marble Flooring
• Marble Flooring
1. Metamorphic rocks.
2. Various colors depending upon origin mainly white.
3. Expensive but durable.
4. Mainly used in homes for interior flooring reason.
5. It is hard, dense, homogenous in texture, free from stains.
6. Available in different sizes.
7. Polishing is done for enhancement.

• Different Varieties In Marble Stone
1. Makrana Marble ( Found in Rajasthan in Makrana region)
2. Rajnagar Marble ( Found in Rajasthan in Kishangarh)
3. Andhi Marble (Found in Rajasthan near Jaipur)
4. Amba ji Marble ( Found in Gujarat)
5. Baroda green Marble ( Found in Gujarat)
6. Katni Marble ( Found in Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh)

•Requirements of Marble Stone Flooring :
 Raw Material for Marble Flooring
• Marble Stone/Slab
• Course Sand
• Cement
• White Cement
• Pigment
• Polishing Material
 Raw Material in Base Coat and Upper Layer
• Sand
• Brick Blast
• Cement

• Installation of Marble Stone Flooring :
• Preparation of Sub Base
• Cleanness of RCC Slab
• 20 mm average thickness of bedding mortar
• Leveling of Top Surface of Mortar(bedding)
• Smoothen the sides of marble for better installation
• Thin layer of white cement paste/ cement slurry is applied on base
• Using wooden mallet marble is aligned properly
• The joints are filled with white cement with some admixture
• Minimum gap (not more than 1mm) is maintained
• No load shall be laid for at least 7 days

• Grinding
1. First grinding should be done with grit No.60.
2. Water to be used in first grinding.
3. Floor should be cleaned after first grinding.
4. Second grinding should be done with fine grit block No. 120.
5. Again washed and cleaned.
6. Final grinding should be done with finest grade grit No.320.
7. Again washed and oxalic acid powder is spread @ 33gm/square meter.
8. Water is sprinkled and rubbed hard with felt pads and cleaned.
9. Then polishing is done.
• Polishing and Finishing of Marble Stones

Marble can be finished and polished in three ways:
1. Polished Finish Marble
2. Hone Finish Marble
3. Sand or Abrasive Finish Marble

• Lets take an example of granite polish:
1. The grit block used in granite polishing has designation number 1 to 6.
2. The initial cutting and grinding of joints to a smooth and level surface is done
with machine fitted with grit block number 1 and 2.
3. The subsequent grinding with final and final grit block number 3 to 6 is for
polishing and achieving a fine sheen on the marble.
4. This is followed by buffing with tin oxide powder.

Brick Flooring
 Floor that has Brick/Brick tile as its
covering
 Commonly used in alluvial places
where well burnt bricks of good
quality are available
 Bricks are laid either on flat surfaces
or on edges of the floor
 This flooring is specially suited for
ware houses, stores and go-downs

Specifications for brick flooring:
Specification for bricks:
• table-moulded
• well-burnt in approved kiln
• copper-coloured
• free from cracks
• with sharp and square edges.
• uniform in shape and of standard size
• Weight of the brick is about 3 to 4 kg
• Homogeneous in texture

• The bricks should give clear ringing
sound when struck with each other.
• Maximum crushing strength of 10.5
N/mm2.
• Broken bricks shall not be used in the
flooring except for closing the line.
• Well-soaked in water for at least 12
hours before their use, preferably in
water tank provided at site of work.
Type of Bricks
Normal Size
(mm)
Actual Size
(mm)
Modular Bricks
200x100x100
mm
190x90x90 mm
Non -Modular
Bricks
229x114x70
mm
230x110x70
mm

Specification for subgrade for brick flooring:
 The sub-grade shall be provided with the slope required for
flooring.
 In case of concrete sub-grade, the plinth masonry off-set shall
be depressed so as to allow the sub-grade concrete to rest on
it.
 In case of lime concrete sub-grade [i.e 10cm thick layer of lime
concrete(1:4:8)], it shall be allowed to set for seven days.
 In lean concrete sub-grade [i.e 10cm thick layer of lean
concrete(1:8:16)], the flooring shall be commenced within 48
hours of the laying of sub grade .

 Before laying the flooring the concrete
sub grade shall wetted
 a coat of neat cement slurry shall be
spreaded over the prepared sub-grade
in order to get a good bond between
sub-grade and flooring.
Note:
 If concrete sub-grade is not provided
the earth below shall be properly sloped,
watered ,rammed and consolidated.
 The earth layer shall be moistened
before laying the flooring.

Specifications on laying of Bricks:
 The bricks shall be laid in plain,
diagonal herring bond or other pattern as
specified or directed.
 Bricks shall be laid on 12 mm thick mortar
bed and each brick shall be property bedded
and set home by gently tapping with handled
trowel or wooden mallet.
 The inside faces shall be buttered with mortar before the
next brick is laid and pressed on it.
 The vertical joints shall be fully filled from the top with a
straight edge at least 2m long, so as to obtain a true plain
surface with the required slope.

 Dry brick flooring shall be laid on a bed of
12 mm thick mud mortar with the required slope.
 All joints shall be filled with mortar.
 All face joints shall be raked to a minimum depth of 15 mm by
raking tool during the progress of work when mortar is still
green in order to provide proper key for the pointing or
plastering to be done.
 If plastering or pointing is not required to be done, the joints
shall be struck flush and finished at the time of laying.
 The face of the brickwork shall be cleaned on the same day of
the work done and all mortar droppings shall be removed
promptly.

 For dry brick flooring joints shall be as fine as possible and not
exceeding 5 mm and shall be filled up with fine sand.
 Except dry brick flooring the green work shall be protected from
rain by suitable covering and shall be cured for a minimum
period of a week.
 The payment shall be made as per actual superficial area and
no extra shall be given for the wastage of materials, etc.

Advantages of Brick flooring
 It provide elegance and character to the floor
 It is fade resistant
 slip resistant
 Resist to wear and tear
 It is recycled products, thus eco friendly
 It is durable
 Maintenance free
 Fire resistant

Introduction
The process of selecting suitable ingredients of concrete
and determining their relative amounts with the objective of
producing a concrete of the required, strength, durability,
and workability as economically as possible, is termed the
Concrete Mix Design.
The actual cost of concrete is related to the cost of materials
required for producing a minimum mean strength called
Characteristic Strength that is specified by the designer of
the structure. This depends on the quality control measures,
but there is no doubt that the quality control adds to the cost
of concrete.
Specifications for Cement Concrete Flooring

Requirements of concrete mix design
The requirements which form the basis of selection and
proportioning of mix ingredients are :
a ) The Minimum Compressive Strength required from
structural consideration.
b) The adequate Workability necessary for full
compaction with the compacting equipment available.
c) Maximum Water-Cement ratio and/or maximum
cement content to give adequate durability for the particular
site conditions
d) Maximum Cement Content to avoid shrinkage
cracking due to temperature cycle in mass concrete.

Cement Concrete Flooring in Proportion (1:2:4)
• The Cement to be used for this work shall be Fresh Portland
Cement and shall comply with the standard requirements.
• The Fine Aggregate to be used shall be clean coarse and shall be
free from organic or vegetable matter. The sand shall be washed, if
there is any trace of the earth in it.
• The Coarse Aggregate shall consists of 67% of black trap metal
known as Kapachi varying in size from 20 mm to 40 mm and 33%
of black trap metal known as Grit varying in size from 20 mm to 12
mm. The coarse aggregate shall be clean and free from impurities
such as earth, coal dust and other organic materials. The unclean
aggregates shall have to be screened and washed before use.
• The Water to be used shall be clean and fresh.

The sub-grade shall be provided with the slope required for
flooring. In case of concrete sub-grade (1:3:6), the plinth
masonry off-set shall be depressed so as to allow the sub-
grade concrete to rest on it.
• In case of lime concrete sub-grade, it shall be allowed to
set for 7 days.
• In lean concrete sub-grade the flooring shall be
commenced within 48 hours of the laying of sub-grade.
Before laying the flooring the concrete sub-grade shall be
wetted and a coat of neat cement slurry shall be spreaded
over the prepared sub-grade in order to get a good bond
between sub-grade and concrete flooring.

The usual proportion of cement, sand and coarse aggregate
shall be 1:2:4 or as specified. The mixing of concrete shall be
done in Mechanical Mixer or by Hand Operations depending
on the quantity of the concrete which shall be decided by the
engineer.
• In the former case the mixing drum shall be turned at least
for 2 minutes after all the ingredients are added with water
about 32 litres per bag and the drum shall be completely
emptied every time. The concrete from the drum shall be
placed on a water-tight platform.
• In the latter case, the dry concrete shall be mixed at least
three times and then required quantity of water shall be
added to it. The mixing of concrete in case of hand
operations shall be done on water-tight platforms.

• Concrete flooring shall be laid in specified thickness and
patterns as given in the drawings or as directed by engineer-
in-charge.
• The panel shall be of uniform size and no dimension of a
panel shall exceed 2 m and the area of panels shall not be
more than 2 sq. m. The whole operation of laying in one
panel shall be completed within 30 minutes.
• Normally cement concrete flooring shall be laid in one
operation using glass or plain asbestos sheet strips at the
junction of two panels. 4 mm thick glass strips or 5 mm
thick asbestos strips shall be fixed with their proper level
giving required slopes.
• This method ensures uniformity in color of all the panels and
straightness at the junction of the panels.

• The panels shall be bounded by the wooden battens of the
same depth that of concrete flooring. They shall be fixed in
position, with their top at proper level, giving required slopes.
• The wooden battens shall be well watered before laying
concrete. The surface of the battens that come in contact with
concrete shall be oiled with raw linseed oil or a coat of soap
solution may be applied before casting the concrete.
• The concrete shall be placed gently and evenly spread within
the panel and thoroughly compacted to the required
thickness. The surface shall be smoothened with wooden
floats. The battens used for shuttering shall be removed on
the next day of the laying of cement concrete. The ends thus
exposed shall be repaired, if damaged, with cement mortar
(1:2) and allowed to set for at least 24 hours.

• The moist surface of the finished flooring shall be kept
open and unused. Excessive trowelling shall be avoided.
The sprinkling of dry cement or sand over moist surface
shall not be permitted.
• For the finishing of surface cement slurry shall be
spreaded over green work. The men engaged in
finishing work shall be provided with raised wooden
platform to sit on, so as to prevent damage to new work.
• The work shall be kept well-watered for at least 15
days. The covering of the watered surface with gunny
bags shall be avoided as the colour of the surface is
likely to be changed with the rammants of cement
matter from the bags.

Flooring

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