Stone masonry uses stone blocks for construction. It is used for walls, foundations, columns, staircases, arches, and facing walls. There are different types of stone masonry including rubble masonry and ashlar masonry. Rubble masonry uses irregularly shaped stones while ashlar masonry uses rectangular stone blocks. The document describes the characteristics of various rubble masonry types such as coursed, random, and dry rubble as well as different styles of ashlar masonry based on the dressing of the stones.
THIS PPT WAS MADE FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSE IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION SUBJECT.
Masonry is the craft of shaping rough pieces of rock into accurate geometrical shapes, at times simple, but some of considerable complexity, and then arranging the resulting stones, often together with mortar, to form structures.
These slides are describes regarding different types of stone masonry used in construction of walls, plinth, compound wall etc. and also the terms used in the stone masonry.
Rock, that is removed from its natural site and generally, cut or dressed and then finished for building purposes, is called “Stone” and the art of building the structure with stones as constructional units is called “Stone Masonry”.
nry
Types of Rubble Masonry
Random Rubble Masonry
Uncoursed Random Rubble Masonry
BUILT TO COURSES RANDOM RUBBLE MASONRY
SQUARED RUBBLE MASONRY
UNCOURSED SQUARED RUBBLE MASONRY
BUILT TO COURSES SQUARED RUBBLE MASONRY
REGULAR COURSED SQUARED RUBBLE MASONRY
DRY RUBBLE MASONRY
ASHLAR MASONRY
ASHLER FINE / COURSED ASHLAR MASONRY
RANDOM COURSED ASHLAR MASONRY
ROUGH TOOLED ASHLER MASONRY
QUARRY FACED ASHLAR MASONRY
CHAMFERED ASHLAR MASONRY
ASHLAR FACING
rough ashlar stone masonic rough ashlarrough and pe
Stones dressing as a Building material and constructionNaresh Kumar
Stone found in nature, have to be quarried from their thick beds. After quarrying large pieces of rocks, it is essential to break them into smaller sizes so that they can be used in buildings.
A place where exposed surfaces of good quality natural rocks are abundantly available is known as “quarry,” and the process of taking out stones from the natural bed is known as “quarrying.”
This is done with the help of hand tools like a pickaxe, chisels, etc., or with the help of machines. Blasting using explosives is another method used in quarrying.
The dressing of stones is important so that they are dressed in suitable shapes and polished to give a smooth surface if desired.
THIS PPT WAS MADE FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSE IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION SUBJECT.
Masonry is the craft of shaping rough pieces of rock into accurate geometrical shapes, at times simple, but some of considerable complexity, and then arranging the resulting stones, often together with mortar, to form structures.
These slides are describes regarding different types of stone masonry used in construction of walls, plinth, compound wall etc. and also the terms used in the stone masonry.
Rock, that is removed from its natural site and generally, cut or dressed and then finished for building purposes, is called “Stone” and the art of building the structure with stones as constructional units is called “Stone Masonry”.
nry
Types of Rubble Masonry
Random Rubble Masonry
Uncoursed Random Rubble Masonry
BUILT TO COURSES RANDOM RUBBLE MASONRY
SQUARED RUBBLE MASONRY
UNCOURSED SQUARED RUBBLE MASONRY
BUILT TO COURSES SQUARED RUBBLE MASONRY
REGULAR COURSED SQUARED RUBBLE MASONRY
DRY RUBBLE MASONRY
ASHLAR MASONRY
ASHLER FINE / COURSED ASHLAR MASONRY
RANDOM COURSED ASHLAR MASONRY
ROUGH TOOLED ASHLER MASONRY
QUARRY FACED ASHLAR MASONRY
CHAMFERED ASHLAR MASONRY
ASHLAR FACING
rough ashlar stone masonic rough ashlarrough and pe
Stones dressing as a Building material and constructionNaresh Kumar
Stone found in nature, have to be quarried from their thick beds. After quarrying large pieces of rocks, it is essential to break them into smaller sizes so that they can be used in buildings.
A place where exposed surfaces of good quality natural rocks are abundantly available is known as “quarry,” and the process of taking out stones from the natural bed is known as “quarrying.”
This is done with the help of hand tools like a pickaxe, chisels, etc., or with the help of machines. Blasting using explosives is another method used in quarrying.
The dressing of stones is important so that they are dressed in suitable shapes and polished to give a smooth surface if desired.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
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Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacks
PRESENTATION_ON_STONE_MASONRY.pptx
1.
2.
3.
4. The masonry work which is constructed in
stones is known as stone masonry.
USES
▪ Stone walls,foundation,columns,staircase.
▪Ornamental work like arches,facingwall.
5. 1. NATURAL BED- It is the horizontal unit or
plane of stone which is also known as
course.
2. HEADER- It is a full stone unit which is laid
in such a way that its length is perpendicular
to the face of the wall.
3. STRETCHER- It is a that its length is along
or parallel to the face of wall.
4. CORBEL- It is the projecting stone work
which is usually provided to serve as support
for roof truss ,beam,weather shed et
6.
7. It is a course of stone provided at the top of
the wall, generally constructed to dispose off
rain water .
8.
9. The upper surface of stones used for sill,
cornice and coping is dressed in a slopping
way so that the water may flow off easily.
This is termed as weathering.
10. 9.PLINTH- It is the projecting course
provided at the ground level.
10.THROUGH STONE- In stonework , some
stones at regular intervals are placed right
across the wall. Such stones are know as the
through stone.
13. In this type of construction, the stones of
irregular size are used. The are obtain from
quarry, are taken in use in same form or
they are broken and shaped in suitable
sizes by means of hammer as the work
proceed. The strength of rubble masonry
mainly depends on three factors:
The quality of mortar
The use of long through stones at
frequent interval.
14. This method of construction is the same as
uncoursed masonry except that the courses
varying from 30 to 45cm thick & all the
courses are not same height
For the construction of this type of masonry,
quoins are built first and line is stretched
between the tops of quoins. The tervening
walling is then brought up to this level by
using different size of stone.
This masonry is further divided into 3
category (1)coursed rubble masonry I sort
(2)coursed rubble masonry II sort
(3)coursed rubble masonry III sort
15. This is the roughest & cheapest form of stone
walling.
In this type of masonry, the stones used are
of widely different sizes.
This type of masonry is used for the
construction of compound wall ,godowns
,garages, labour quarters etc.
It gives a increased strength & better
appearance.
16.
17. In this type of rubble masonry, the stones of
irregular size & shapes are used as shone in
fig. bellow.
In this masonry the stones are arranged so as
to have a good appearance.
To construct a this type of masonry wall,
more skill is required.
18.
19. Dry rubble masonry is that rubble masonry,
made to courses, in which mortar is not used
in the joints.
This type of construction is the cheapest &
requires more skill in construction.
This may be used for non load bearing walls,
such as compound wall etc.
20. In this type of rubble masonry, the stones are
hammer dressed & the stones selected for
face work are dressed in an irregular
polygonal shape. Thus the face joints are
seen running in all direction.
As the stone are of irregular shape, it is
difficult to adjust them with regard to
stability & appearance of the work as a whole.
So more skill is required in the construction
of this type of masonry.
21.
22. In this type of rubble masonry stones used
are flints which are irregularly shaped
nodules of silica.
The width & thickness vary from 80mm to
150mm & length vary from 150mm to
300mm.The are extremely hard. But they are
brittle & therefore they break easily.
This type of masonry is used at place where
the flints are available readily &economically.
23.
24. In this type of construction, the square and
rectangular block of stones are used.
The courses are not necessarily of the same
height. The height of stones varies from
250mm to 300mm.
The length of stones should be at least equal
to half that the height.
Different type of ashlar masonry are
described
25.
26. In this type of ashlar masonry, the bed, sides
faces are finely chisel dressed.
The stones are arranged in proper bond &
thickness of mortar joints does not exceed
3mm.
This type of construction gives perfectly
smooth appearance, but it is costly in
construction
27.
28. In this type of ashlar masonry, the beds &
sides are finely chiseled. But the face is made
rough by means of tools.
This strip, about 25mm wide & made by
means of a chisel, is provided around the
perimeter of every stone exposed for view.
The thickness of mortar joints does not
exceed 6mm.
This type of masonry is also known as
bastard ashlar.
29. In this type of ashlar masonry, a strip of about
25mm wide & made by means of a chisel, is
provided around the perimeter of every stone
exposed for view as in case of rough tooled
ashlar. But remaining portion of the face is left
in the same form as received from the quarry.
Only projection on the face, known as brushing,
exceeding 80mm are removed by hammer.
This type of construction gives massive
appearance.
30. In this type of ashlar masonry,the strip is
provided as ashlar rock masonry.But it is
chamfered or bevelled at an angle of 45
degrees by means of chisel for adepth of
about 25mm.Another strip is then provided
on the remaining exposes fase of the stone.
A neat appearance of the grooved joint is
obtained with the help of this type of
construction.
31.
32. This type of ashlar masonry occupies an
intermediate position between the rubble
masonry & ashlar masonry.
The face of the stone is generally hammer
dressed and the thic kness of the mortar
joints does not exceed 6mm.
Depth of the courses are varies from 200mm
to 300mm.
This type of construction is used for heavy
engg. Works such as retaining wall,sea wall
etc.It may adopted for theatre,bridge,railway
station
