These slides are describes regarding different types of stone masonry used in construction of walls, plinth, compound wall etc. and also the terms used in the stone masonry.
THIS PPT WAS MADE FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSE IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION SUBJECT.
Masonry is the craft of shaping rough pieces of rock into accurate geometrical shapes, at times simple, but some of considerable complexity, and then arranging the resulting stones, often together with mortar, to form structures.
1. Plastering is done for protection, smooth surfaces, decoration, and to conceal defects. Requirements include adhesion, affordability, hardness, and workability.
2. Common plaster types include sand faced, rough cast, pebbled dash, and smooth cast.
3. Defects can include blistering, cracking, efflorescence, flaking, peeling, and popping. Cracking is caused by structural issues or drying movements.
This document discusses different types of stone masonry and brick masonry. It describes various stone masonry techniques including rubble masonry (uncoursed, coursed random, coursed squared, polygonal, flint) and ashlar masonry (fine, rough, rock-faced, chamfered, block). It also outlines key principles for stone and brick masonry work and compares their properties and construction methods. Supervision tips are provided to ensure proper brickwork.
This document provides information on brick masonry, including the components, properties, types, and bonds used. It defines key terms like stretcher, header, lap, perpend, bed, and various types of closers. It describes the classification of bricks based on field practice, strength, use, finish, manufacture, burning, and type. The types of bonds covered include stretcher bond, header bond, English bond, Flemish bond, and their essential features. Mortars are classified as cement, lime, lime-surkhi, mud, and lime-cement. The document is a comprehensive reference on brick masonry.
Rock, that is removed from its natural site and generally, cut or dressed and then finished for building purposes, is called “Stone” and the art of building the structure with stones as constructional units is called “Stone Masonry”.
nry
Types of Rubble Masonry
Random Rubble Masonry
Uncoursed Random Rubble Masonry
BUILT TO COURSES RANDOM RUBBLE MASONRY
SQUARED RUBBLE MASONRY
UNCOURSED SQUARED RUBBLE MASONRY
BUILT TO COURSES SQUARED RUBBLE MASONRY
REGULAR COURSED SQUARED RUBBLE MASONRY
DRY RUBBLE MASONRY
ASHLAR MASONRY
ASHLER FINE / COURSED ASHLAR MASONRY
RANDOM COURSED ASHLAR MASONRY
ROUGH TOOLED ASHLER MASONRY
QUARRY FACED ASHLAR MASONRY
CHAMFERED ASHLAR MASONRY
ASHLAR FACING
rough ashlar stone masonic rough ashlarrough and pe
Masonry involves the construction of buildings using basic building materials like bricks, stones, or concrete blocks bonded together with mortar. There are different types of masonry like stone masonry, brick masonry, and hollow concrete block masonry. Mortar is used to bond the masonry units together and provides functions like load bearing, sealing, bonding, aesthetics, insulation, and protection from fire and weather. Masonry is used in foundations, structural walls, facades, and decorative walls. Key terms related to masonry include face, back, course, corbel, cornice, coping, weathering, and throating. Stone masonry uses stones and mortar, with common
Brick masonry involves laying bricks together using mortar. Bricks are laid in various bond patterns with headers and stretchers. English bond and Flemish bond are common, strong bonds. Brick masonry walls are durable and fire resistant due to the thermal mass of bricks. Proper bonding, jointing, and avoiding continuous vertical joints are important for strength. Bricks are classified based on quality and used for different purposes depending on loads and importance of structure.
This document describes the properties of bricks, including their physical, mechanical, and thermal characteristics. It discusses the shape, size, color, density, compressive strength, insulation properties, durability, and frost resistance of standard bricks. It also outlines various tests conducted on bricks, such as those measuring compressive strength and water absorption. Additionally, it defines the qualities of good bricks and provides a classification system for bricks based on their characteristics and intended uses. Special types of bricks are also outlined, including those with modified shapes, perforations, and alternative compositions like sand lime bricks and refractory fire bricks.
THIS PPT WAS MADE FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSE IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION SUBJECT.
Masonry is the craft of shaping rough pieces of rock into accurate geometrical shapes, at times simple, but some of considerable complexity, and then arranging the resulting stones, often together with mortar, to form structures.
1. Plastering is done for protection, smooth surfaces, decoration, and to conceal defects. Requirements include adhesion, affordability, hardness, and workability.
2. Common plaster types include sand faced, rough cast, pebbled dash, and smooth cast.
3. Defects can include blistering, cracking, efflorescence, flaking, peeling, and popping. Cracking is caused by structural issues or drying movements.
This document discusses different types of stone masonry and brick masonry. It describes various stone masonry techniques including rubble masonry (uncoursed, coursed random, coursed squared, polygonal, flint) and ashlar masonry (fine, rough, rock-faced, chamfered, block). It also outlines key principles for stone and brick masonry work and compares their properties and construction methods. Supervision tips are provided to ensure proper brickwork.
This document provides information on brick masonry, including the components, properties, types, and bonds used. It defines key terms like stretcher, header, lap, perpend, bed, and various types of closers. It describes the classification of bricks based on field practice, strength, use, finish, manufacture, burning, and type. The types of bonds covered include stretcher bond, header bond, English bond, Flemish bond, and their essential features. Mortars are classified as cement, lime, lime-surkhi, mud, and lime-cement. The document is a comprehensive reference on brick masonry.
Rock, that is removed from its natural site and generally, cut or dressed and then finished for building purposes, is called “Stone” and the art of building the structure with stones as constructional units is called “Stone Masonry”.
nry
Types of Rubble Masonry
Random Rubble Masonry
Uncoursed Random Rubble Masonry
BUILT TO COURSES RANDOM RUBBLE MASONRY
SQUARED RUBBLE MASONRY
UNCOURSED SQUARED RUBBLE MASONRY
BUILT TO COURSES SQUARED RUBBLE MASONRY
REGULAR COURSED SQUARED RUBBLE MASONRY
DRY RUBBLE MASONRY
ASHLAR MASONRY
ASHLER FINE / COURSED ASHLAR MASONRY
RANDOM COURSED ASHLAR MASONRY
ROUGH TOOLED ASHLER MASONRY
QUARRY FACED ASHLAR MASONRY
CHAMFERED ASHLAR MASONRY
ASHLAR FACING
rough ashlar stone masonic rough ashlarrough and pe
Masonry involves the construction of buildings using basic building materials like bricks, stones, or concrete blocks bonded together with mortar. There are different types of masonry like stone masonry, brick masonry, and hollow concrete block masonry. Mortar is used to bond the masonry units together and provides functions like load bearing, sealing, bonding, aesthetics, insulation, and protection from fire and weather. Masonry is used in foundations, structural walls, facades, and decorative walls. Key terms related to masonry include face, back, course, corbel, cornice, coping, weathering, and throating. Stone masonry uses stones and mortar, with common
Brick masonry involves laying bricks together using mortar. Bricks are laid in various bond patterns with headers and stretchers. English bond and Flemish bond are common, strong bonds. Brick masonry walls are durable and fire resistant due to the thermal mass of bricks. Proper bonding, jointing, and avoiding continuous vertical joints are important for strength. Bricks are classified based on quality and used for different purposes depending on loads and importance of structure.
This document describes the properties of bricks, including their physical, mechanical, and thermal characteristics. It discusses the shape, size, color, density, compressive strength, insulation properties, durability, and frost resistance of standard bricks. It also outlines various tests conducted on bricks, such as those measuring compressive strength and water absorption. Additionally, it defines the qualities of good bricks and provides a classification system for bricks based on their characteristics and intended uses. Special types of bricks are also outlined, including those with modified shapes, perforations, and alternative compositions like sand lime bricks and refractory fire bricks.
This document discusses building stones used for construction. It defines building stones as those suitable for structures like retaining walls, abutments, dams, and roads. Building stones must have strength and durability. Stones are classified as igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic based on their formation. Common building stones include marble, granite, sandstone, limestone, chalk and laterite. Properties like hardness and durability depend on a stone's mineral composition and resistance to weathering. Stones are obtained from rocks through quarrying and are used in construction in various forms such as rubble, dimension stone, flagstone and crushed stone.
Brick masonry has a long history, dating back to at least 4000 BC when the earliest civilizations used sun-dried bricks. Over time, innovations like kilns for firing bricks and lime mortar improved the strength and durability of brick buildings. Major historical civilizations and periods contributed advances, like the Romans developing masonry arches and vaults, and medieval Europeans building fortresses and cathedrals with pointed vaults. Modern developments include Portland cement, cavity walls, and reinforced concrete, allowing masonry construction of even taller buildings. Today, masonry is commonly used for foundations, low-rise structural walls, and facing materials like brick and stone veneers.
The document discusses different types of walls used in buildings including load-bearing walls, non-load bearing walls, cavity walls, and partition walls. It describes the main purposes, materials used, and characteristics of each type of wall. Various finishes that can be applied to walls are also outlined such as plaster, paint, wallpaper, and acoustic treatments that can improve sound absorption.
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This document discusses different types of bricks and brick bonding techniques. It describes common burnt clay bricks, sand lime bricks, fly ash bricks, AAC bricks, hollow bricks, and bio bricks. Each brick type has different properties like strength, weight, insulation, and environmental impact. The document also examines various brick bonds like stretcher bond, header bond, Flemish bond, English bond, and their structural applications in walls. Different bonding patterns help distribute loads and provide stability in masonry construction.
Flooring materials are selected based on factors like cost, appearance, durability, etc. Tile is a common flooring material made from stone or other hard materials. For tile flooring, a sub-floor provides support, tiles are set in mortar and grout is applied between tiles to strengthen the bond and finish. Proper slope, spacing, curing and installation techniques ensure durable and clean tile flooring.
Mortar is a workable paste used to bind construction blocks together and fill gaps. It is typically made of sand, a binder like cement or lime, and water. Mortar hardens after setting to form a rigid structure. Different types of mortar are used depending on the binder, intended use, and required properties. Cement mortar provides high strength and is used for load-bearing walls. Lime mortar is used above ground, while mud mortar is a cheaper option for ordinary buildings. Special mortars include fire-resistant, lightweight, and sound absorbing varieties.
Stone masonry involves shaping stone into geometric shapes and arranging them, often with mortar. There are different types of stonemasons who specialize in tasks like quarrying, sawing, carving, fixing, and memorial carving. Stonemasons use various tools like chisels and mallets to shape igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary stones. They undergo comprehensive training and the trade has existed for thousands of years, playing an important role in building cathedrals, castles, and other stone structures throughout history. Modern tools have made aspects of the work easier but many traditional techniques remain.
Stone masonry uses stones bonded together with mortar to construct various building components such as walls, columns, foundations, arches and lintels. Stones are selected based on availability, ease of working, appearance, strength, polishing characteristics and economy. There are two main types of stone masonry - rubble masonry which uses roughly dressed stones with wider joints, and ashlar masonry which uses accurately dressed stones with fine, uniform joints. Rubble masonry includes uncoursed, coursed, random, dry and polygonal styles based on stone arrangement. Ashlar masonry has fine, rough, rock-faced, block and chamfered styles based on stone dressing. Stone
Brick is a basic building material used in rectangular blocks, with standard sizes including 9x4.5x3 inches, and brick masonry involves laying bricks in mortar to form a strong, homogeneous structure; common brick bonds include running bond, header bond, English bond, and Flemish bond which arrange bricks to break vertical joints; reinforced brick masonry includes rebar embedded in mortar to strengthen brick walls for high load or seismic areas.
The document discusses different types of stones used in construction. It describes various stone materials including granite, basalt, sandstone, limestone, laterite, quartzite, marble, slate, flagstone, and rubble. The document outlines the geological and physical classification of stones. It discusses the quarrying, dressing, preservation, and construction techniques used for stone, including paneling, ashlars, and rubblework. Common applications of stone include use in exterior cladding, flooring, countertops, and roofing.
Pointing - the technique of repairing mortar joints between bricks or other masonry elements.
Finishing - a fine job in building construction process
where it forms the beauty of a building.
Chapter 4 (d) hollow concrete block masonryKHUSHBU SHAH
The document discusses hollow concrete blocks used in construction. Some key points:
- Hollow concrete blocks are large rectangular bricks made of Portland cement, sand, and gravel aggregates. They come in various standard sizes for different uses.
- Blocks are manufactured using a cement to aggregate ratio of 1:6, with sand and gravel aggregates sized 6-12mm. They are molded, cured for 7 days, and should have a minimum compressive strength of 4N/mm2.
- Advantages of hollow concrete block masonry include lighter weight for easier handling, faster construction, and increased floor area due to thinner walls.
Stone masonry is constructed using stone units bonded together with mortar. There are different types of stone masonry depending on the stone shape and wall coursing, including random rubble, square rubble, polygonal rubble, flint rubble, dry rubble, and ashlar masonry. Stone masonry is used widely in building foundations, walls, arches, and other structural elements due to its load bearing capacity, durability, and availability of stone in some regions.
This document provides information on the manufacturing process of tiles. It discusses the four main stages: preparation of clay, moulding, drying, and burning.
For the preparation of clay, suitable clay is extracted, crushed, and mixed into a homogeneous mixture using a pug mill. There are three main moulding methods: wooden pattern, potter's wheel, and machine moulding. Tiles are then dried under a shed to protect from weather.
Burning is the final and most important stage. Tiles are stacked in kilns and fired at increasing temperatures over 72 hours to vitrify the tiles. Proper temperature control is crucial. The document also discusses various tile types like floor, roof
This document discusses masonry and provides definitions of various masonry terms. It defines masonry as the construction of building units bonded together with mortar. It then discusses different types of masonry including stone masonry, brick masonry, and composite masonry. It also defines important terms used in masonry such as headers, stretchers, courses, bonds, and various types of closers. Finally, it discusses materials used for stone masonry including granite, sandstone, limestone and marble.
This document provides information about different types of stairs. It defines key stair components like steps, treads, and risers. It then describes 8 common types of stairs including straight stairs, dog-legged stairs, quarter turn stairs, and spiral stairs. Each type is defined and the suitable applications are outlined. The document aims to inform about the different shapes, materials, and styles of stairs that can be used in buildings.
This document provides information on common types of construction materials used for flooring in India. It discusses clay tiles, ceramic tiles, vitrified tiles, mosaic floors, marble floors, granite floors, concrete floors and various natural stone floors. For each type, it describes what they are made of, their properties, advantages, disadvantages and common applications. It also provides details on the manufacturing process for tiles, pavers blocks and laying different types of flooring.
All Types of Arches Flat Arch. In a flat arch, the intrados is flat and acts like the base of an equilateral triangle... Round Arch. Segmental Arch. This is considered a basic type of arch, and it is used for buildings where... Horseshoe Arch. Like its name suggests, this arch is in the shape of ...
types of arches in architecture
different types of arches
styles of arches
types of gothic arches
types of archways
types of interior arches
types of arches shapes
arches in architecture
different types of arches
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types of arches in architecture
types of interior arches
types of gothic arches
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Stone masonry uses stones bonded together with mortar to construct various building components. Stones can be dressed and cut into blocks for coursed rubble masonry or remain undressed for uncoursed rubble. Proper stone selection and laying techniques are required, such as using headers that run through the entire wall. Joints must be pointed with mortar and cured adequately. There are different stone masonry types based on finishes, including ashlar for finely dressed stone and rubble for roughly shaped stones. Features like cornices, sills, plinths, and cladding can also be constructed through stone masonry.
Stone masonry uses stones bonded together with mortar to construct various building components. Stones can be dressed and cut into blocks for coursed rubble masonry or remain undressed for uncoursed rubble. Proper stone selection and laying techniques are required, such as using headers that run through the entire wall. Joints must be pointed with mortar and cured adequately. There are different stone masonry types based on finishes, including ashlar for finely dressed stone and rubble for roughly shaped stones. Features like cornices, sills, plinths, and cladding can also be constructed through stone masonry.
This document discusses building stones used for construction. It defines building stones as those suitable for structures like retaining walls, abutments, dams, and roads. Building stones must have strength and durability. Stones are classified as igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic based on their formation. Common building stones include marble, granite, sandstone, limestone, chalk and laterite. Properties like hardness and durability depend on a stone's mineral composition and resistance to weathering. Stones are obtained from rocks through quarrying and are used in construction in various forms such as rubble, dimension stone, flagstone and crushed stone.
Brick masonry has a long history, dating back to at least 4000 BC when the earliest civilizations used sun-dried bricks. Over time, innovations like kilns for firing bricks and lime mortar improved the strength and durability of brick buildings. Major historical civilizations and periods contributed advances, like the Romans developing masonry arches and vaults, and medieval Europeans building fortresses and cathedrals with pointed vaults. Modern developments include Portland cement, cavity walls, and reinforced concrete, allowing masonry construction of even taller buildings. Today, masonry is commonly used for foundations, low-rise structural walls, and facing materials like brick and stone veneers.
The document discusses different types of walls used in buildings including load-bearing walls, non-load bearing walls, cavity walls, and partition walls. It describes the main purposes, materials used, and characteristics of each type of wall. Various finishes that can be applied to walls are also outlined such as plaster, paint, wallpaper, and acoustic treatments that can improve sound absorption.
types of arches in architecture
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This document discusses different types of bricks and brick bonding techniques. It describes common burnt clay bricks, sand lime bricks, fly ash bricks, AAC bricks, hollow bricks, and bio bricks. Each brick type has different properties like strength, weight, insulation, and environmental impact. The document also examines various brick bonds like stretcher bond, header bond, Flemish bond, English bond, and their structural applications in walls. Different bonding patterns help distribute loads and provide stability in masonry construction.
Flooring materials are selected based on factors like cost, appearance, durability, etc. Tile is a common flooring material made from stone or other hard materials. For tile flooring, a sub-floor provides support, tiles are set in mortar and grout is applied between tiles to strengthen the bond and finish. Proper slope, spacing, curing and installation techniques ensure durable and clean tile flooring.
Mortar is a workable paste used to bind construction blocks together and fill gaps. It is typically made of sand, a binder like cement or lime, and water. Mortar hardens after setting to form a rigid structure. Different types of mortar are used depending on the binder, intended use, and required properties. Cement mortar provides high strength and is used for load-bearing walls. Lime mortar is used above ground, while mud mortar is a cheaper option for ordinary buildings. Special mortars include fire-resistant, lightweight, and sound absorbing varieties.
Stone masonry involves shaping stone into geometric shapes and arranging them, often with mortar. There are different types of stonemasons who specialize in tasks like quarrying, sawing, carving, fixing, and memorial carving. Stonemasons use various tools like chisels and mallets to shape igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary stones. They undergo comprehensive training and the trade has existed for thousands of years, playing an important role in building cathedrals, castles, and other stone structures throughout history. Modern tools have made aspects of the work easier but many traditional techniques remain.
Stone masonry uses stones bonded together with mortar to construct various building components such as walls, columns, foundations, arches and lintels. Stones are selected based on availability, ease of working, appearance, strength, polishing characteristics and economy. There are two main types of stone masonry - rubble masonry which uses roughly dressed stones with wider joints, and ashlar masonry which uses accurately dressed stones with fine, uniform joints. Rubble masonry includes uncoursed, coursed, random, dry and polygonal styles based on stone arrangement. Ashlar masonry has fine, rough, rock-faced, block and chamfered styles based on stone dressing. Stone
Brick is a basic building material used in rectangular blocks, with standard sizes including 9x4.5x3 inches, and brick masonry involves laying bricks in mortar to form a strong, homogeneous structure; common brick bonds include running bond, header bond, English bond, and Flemish bond which arrange bricks to break vertical joints; reinforced brick masonry includes rebar embedded in mortar to strengthen brick walls for high load or seismic areas.
The document discusses different types of stones used in construction. It describes various stone materials including granite, basalt, sandstone, limestone, laterite, quartzite, marble, slate, flagstone, and rubble. The document outlines the geological and physical classification of stones. It discusses the quarrying, dressing, preservation, and construction techniques used for stone, including paneling, ashlars, and rubblework. Common applications of stone include use in exterior cladding, flooring, countertops, and roofing.
Pointing - the technique of repairing mortar joints between bricks or other masonry elements.
Finishing - a fine job in building construction process
where it forms the beauty of a building.
Chapter 4 (d) hollow concrete block masonryKHUSHBU SHAH
The document discusses hollow concrete blocks used in construction. Some key points:
- Hollow concrete blocks are large rectangular bricks made of Portland cement, sand, and gravel aggregates. They come in various standard sizes for different uses.
- Blocks are manufactured using a cement to aggregate ratio of 1:6, with sand and gravel aggregates sized 6-12mm. They are molded, cured for 7 days, and should have a minimum compressive strength of 4N/mm2.
- Advantages of hollow concrete block masonry include lighter weight for easier handling, faster construction, and increased floor area due to thinner walls.
Stone masonry is constructed using stone units bonded together with mortar. There are different types of stone masonry depending on the stone shape and wall coursing, including random rubble, square rubble, polygonal rubble, flint rubble, dry rubble, and ashlar masonry. Stone masonry is used widely in building foundations, walls, arches, and other structural elements due to its load bearing capacity, durability, and availability of stone in some regions.
This document provides information on the manufacturing process of tiles. It discusses the four main stages: preparation of clay, moulding, drying, and burning.
For the preparation of clay, suitable clay is extracted, crushed, and mixed into a homogeneous mixture using a pug mill. There are three main moulding methods: wooden pattern, potter's wheel, and machine moulding. Tiles are then dried under a shed to protect from weather.
Burning is the final and most important stage. Tiles are stacked in kilns and fired at increasing temperatures over 72 hours to vitrify the tiles. Proper temperature control is crucial. The document also discusses various tile types like floor, roof
This document discusses masonry and provides definitions of various masonry terms. It defines masonry as the construction of building units bonded together with mortar. It then discusses different types of masonry including stone masonry, brick masonry, and composite masonry. It also defines important terms used in masonry such as headers, stretchers, courses, bonds, and various types of closers. Finally, it discusses materials used for stone masonry including granite, sandstone, limestone and marble.
This document provides information about different types of stairs. It defines key stair components like steps, treads, and risers. It then describes 8 common types of stairs including straight stairs, dog-legged stairs, quarter turn stairs, and spiral stairs. Each type is defined and the suitable applications are outlined. The document aims to inform about the different shapes, materials, and styles of stairs that can be used in buildings.
This document provides information on common types of construction materials used for flooring in India. It discusses clay tiles, ceramic tiles, vitrified tiles, mosaic floors, marble floors, granite floors, concrete floors and various natural stone floors. For each type, it describes what they are made of, their properties, advantages, disadvantages and common applications. It also provides details on the manufacturing process for tiles, pavers blocks and laying different types of flooring.
All Types of Arches Flat Arch. In a flat arch, the intrados is flat and acts like the base of an equilateral triangle... Round Arch. Segmental Arch. This is considered a basic type of arch, and it is used for buildings where... Horseshoe Arch. Like its name suggests, this arch is in the shape of ...
types of arches in architecture
different types of arches
styles of arches
types of gothic arches
types of archways
types of interior arches
types of arches shapes
arches in architecture
different types of arches
types of arches shapes
types of arches in architecture
types of interior arches
types of gothic arches
styles of arches
types of masonry arches
arches in architecture
Stone masonry uses stones bonded together with mortar to construct various building components. Stones can be dressed and cut into blocks for coursed rubble masonry or remain undressed for uncoursed rubble. Proper stone selection and laying techniques are required, such as using headers that run through the entire wall. Joints must be pointed with mortar and cured adequately. There are different stone masonry types based on finishes, including ashlar for finely dressed stone and rubble for roughly shaped stones. Features like cornices, sills, plinths, and cladding can also be constructed through stone masonry.
Stone masonry uses stones bonded together with mortar to construct various building components. Stones can be dressed and cut into blocks for coursed rubble masonry or remain undressed for uncoursed rubble. Proper stone selection and laying techniques are required, such as using headers that run through the entire wall. Joints must be pointed with mortar and cured adequately. There are different stone masonry types based on finishes, including ashlar for finely dressed stone and rubble for roughly shaped stones. Features like cornices, sills, plinths, and cladding can also be constructed through stone masonry.
Stone masonry uses stones bonded together with mortar to construct various building components. Stones can be dressed and cut into blocks for coursed rubble masonry or left rough for uncoursed rubble. Proper stone selection and laying techniques are required, such as using headers that run through the wall. Joints must be pointed with mortar. Different stone finishes include ashlar masonry with smooth dressed stones in uniform patterns, and rubble masonry with roughly shaped stones. Masonry elements like cornices, sills, plinths, and cladding are also constructed using stone.
This document provides information on different types of stone masonry. It discusses the general principles of stone masonry, types including rubble and ashlar masonry. Rubble masonry uses irregular stones and includes uncoursed, coursed random, coursed squared, polygonal, flint, and dry rubble. Ashlar masonry uses dressed stones and includes fine, rough, rock-faced, facing, and block styles. The document also compares stone and brick masonry, noting stone is stronger, more durable but more expensive, while brick requires less skill.
This document discusses types of masonry used in construction. It begins by defining masonry as the construction of building units bonded together with mortar. Masonry can be classified based on the building units used, such as stone, brick, or concrete blocks.
The document then discusses different types of stone masonry in detail. Stone masonry is classified as rubble masonry or ashlar masonry. Rubble masonry includes uncoursed random rubble, uncoursed squared rubble, polygonal rubble, and flint rubble. Ashlar masonry includes fine ashlar, rough tooled ashlar, rock-faced ashlar, and chamfered as
Stone has been used as a building material since prehistoric times. It is obtained from quarries through the process of quarrying. The three main types of stones are igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Igneous stones form from volcanic material, sedimentary stones form from organic materials compressed over millions of years, and metamorphic stones form from other rocks undergoing heat and pressure. Good building stones are strong, durable, hard, fire resistant, and weather resistant. Common stones used in construction include granite, limestone, travertine, marble, sandstone, and slate.
There are several types of stone masonry construction. Rubble masonry uses irregularly shaped stones laid without courses. The different types of rubble masonry include coursed, uncoursed, random, dry, polygonal, and flint rubble. Ashlar masonry uses dressed stone blocks laid in uniform courses. The faces of the stones are smooth or textured. Types of ashlar masonry include fine ashlar, rough tooled ashlar, rock faced ashlar, and chamfered ashlar which are cut at an angle. The document provides details on the characteristics of each stone masonry type.
Stone masonry uses stone blocks for construction. It is used for walls, foundations, columns, staircases, arches, and facing walls. There are different types of stone masonry including rubble masonry and ashlar masonry. Rubble masonry uses irregularly shaped stones while ashlar masonry uses rectangular stone blocks. The document describes the characteristics of various rubble masonry types such as coursed, random, and dry rubble as well as different styles of ashlar masonry based on the dressing of the stones.
This document discusses the characteristics of good building stones. It defines stones as derived from rocks that form the earth's crust and have no definite shape or chemical composition. Stones are commonly used in construction for buildings, dams, roads, and more. The key characteristics of good building stones discussed are appearance, weight, porosity, grain size, texture, hardness, toughness, crushing strength, density, resistance to fire, ability to be dressed, and durability. Stones suitable for construction should score high on these qualities such as having a high density, low porosity, and high crushing strength to withstand forces.
Classification of stone masonry(interior design student work)dezyneecole
This document provides a report on the classification of stone masonry and dressing of stones. It begins with an acknowledgment and then outlines the various types of stone masonry including rubble masonry (uncoursed, random, coursed, dry) and ashlar masonry (fine, rough tool, chamfered, facing). It also discusses the selection of stones for masonry and the different processes for dressing stones, from hammer dressed to polished surfaces. The document concludes by listing references used to complete the project report.
This document provides definitions and terms related to masonry work. It discusses different types of masonry including brick masonry, stone masonry, and concrete block masonry. It describes bonds in brickwork like English bond and Flemish bond. It also classifies stone masonry into rubble masonry and ashlar masonry. Various joints used in stone masonry are explained along with definitions of important terms used in masonry construction.
Coursed rubble masonry uses irregular stones of varying sizes arranged in courses of equal height. Uncoursed rubble uses irregular stones placed directly from the quarry without courses. Pologonal rubble dresses stones into irregular polygons to avoid long vertical joints. Flint rubble uses small silica nodules in areas where flint is plentiful. Dry rubble construction uses stones without mortar for structures like retaining walls. Tests are conducted on stones to determine properties like strength, durability, and absorption, and failures can occur from defects, weathering, or improper construction. Reused stone can be used decoratively in gardens.
Building stones are naturally occurring rocks of igneous, sedimentary or metamorphic origin which are sufficiently consolidated to enable them to be cut or shaped into blocks or slabs for use as walling, paving or roofing materials in the construction of buildings and other structures.
THIS PPT WAS MADE FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSE IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION SUBJECT
1) Masonry is the construction of buildings using bonded building units like stones, bricks or concrete blocks with mortar.
2) There are different types of stone masonry - random rubble, coursed rubble, ashlar masonry. Random rubble uses unevenly sized stones laid irregularly while coursed rubble is laid in courses but with uneven heights.
3) Ashlar masonry uses precisely cut stone blocks with fine joints laid in regular courses with an even height within each course. It can be fine tooled, rough tooled or rock faced.
The document discusses different types of stones used in construction. It describes three main classifications of rocks: geological, physical, and chemical. The geological classification includes igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks. Examples are provided for each type of rock. Physical classification divides stones into stratified, unstratified, and foliated. Chemical classification considers the main chemical constituent, such as silica, clay, or calcium carbonate. Common stones used in construction like granite, basalt, limestone, marble, and slate are then described in detail. The uses, advantages, and disadvantages of natural stones are also summarized. Finally, the document discusses different types of masonry like rubble and ashlar masonry.
This document discusses stone masonry. It describes different types of stone masonry including rubble masonry, ashlar masonry, coursed rubble masonry, dry rubble masonry, and polygonal rubble masonry. It also discusses important considerations for stone masonry construction such as using durable stone, proper dressing, wetting stones, laying techniques, mortar proportions, and curing. Famous examples of stone masonry structures mentioned are the Taj Mahal, Kutub Minar, and Gateway of India.
This document discusses different types of stones commonly used in architecture. It provides details on granite, limestone, marble, travertine, sandstone, and slate. It describes their geologic origins and properties. Stone construction techniques are also outlined, including ashlar, rubble work, bonding patterns, and terms like quoins. Masonry details bricks and their uses in architecture. In summary, the document provides a comprehensive overview of stone and masonry materials and their applications in architectural construction.
This document provides information on different types of masonry construction including concrete block masonry, composite walls, and reinforced brick masonry. It describes the manufacturing process for solid and hollow concrete blocks and their typical sizes. Composite walls combine different materials like stone facing with brick or concrete backing. Reinforced brick masonry incorporates steel reinforcement to increase the tensile strength of brick walls, lintels, columns, and slabs. Specific construction techniques are outlined for reinforced brick lintels, columns, walls, and slabs.
This document discusses various types of stones and tiles used in construction. It describes the composition and formation of different stones like granite, slate, marble and limestone. It also discusses the manufacturing process of ceramic and vitrified tiles and their various applications as flooring and wall coverings. Natural stones are used for building facades, panels, rubblework and trims due to their durability and decorative properties. Ceramic, vitrified and porcelain tiles are commonly used for floors, walls, countertops and other surfaces in homes and buildings due to their moisture resistance, durability and low maintenance.
The document discusses load bearing construction and materials. It begins by explaining that load bearing masonry is one of the oldest construction techniques, using stacked stones or bricks as load-bearing walls. It then discusses limitations like poor earthquake performance. Different materials used for load bearing walls are described like stone, brick, and concrete masonry units. Foundation types, evolution of construction techniques, and retrofitting of existing load bearing structures are also summarized.
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2. MASONRY WALL
A masonry wall is built of individual blocks of materials such as
stone, brick, concrete blocks, hollow blocks, usually in horizontal
courses connected together with some form of binding material
called mortar.
Masonry classification-
1. Stone masonry
2. Brick masonry
3. Hollow block concrete masonry
3. STONE MASONRY
It is the art of building the structures in stones.
Terms used in stone masonry
1. Face- exterior of a wall exposed to weather is called as face
2. Facing-the material used in the face of wall is known as facing
3. Back- the inner surface of wall which is not exposed to weather
4. Backing- the material forming the back is known as backing
5. Hearting- it is the interior portion of a wall between the facing and backing
6. Trough stone- some stones in one piece or in two pieces at regular interval are
placed right across the walls are termed as through stones/bond stones.
increases the bonding capacity between backing and facing.
7. Joint- It is the junction of two or more bricks or stones in a wall
8. Course- is a horizontal layer of bricks or stones in a wall
9. Stretcher- is a brick or stones which lies with its longest side parallel to the face
of work.
10. Header- is a brick or stone which lies with its greatest length at right angles to the
face of the work.
4. Quoin header- it is the block of stone used at the
corner of two walls meeting at 90 degree
Plinth Course- it is the top most layer/ course of
the plinth masonry.
6. SELECTION OF STONE FOR STONE
MASONRY OR PRINCIPLE FOR
STONE MASONRY
Availability of stone-
the stone used for masonry should be easily available from
nearby sources.
Ease of working-
the stone should permit easy dressing and shaping to facilitate
working on it easily
Appearance-
the appearance of the stone should attractive and colour
should be uniform
Strength-
the crushing strength of stone should permit the use of stone in wall
masonry
Polishing characteristics-
the stone when polished should look attractive with shining
texture.
7. CLASSIFICATION OF
STONE MASONRY
Rubble –
1. Dry rubble
2. Uncoursed rubble masonry
3. Coursed rubble
4. Squared rubble (uncoursed)
5. Squared rubble (coursed)
Ashlar
1. Ashlar fine
2. Ashlar chamfered
3. Ashlar rock quarry faced
4. Ashlar facing
10. DRY RUBBLE MASONRY
It is most inferior type of masonry in which
either quarry dressed or undressed stones
are used without help of any mortar.
Bigger pieces of stones are arranged at the
bottom in such a way that these should
have min. of voids and have proper
interlocking with each other.
Smaller pieces of stones are used at the
top.
These walls are generally broader at the
bottom and thinner at the top.
This type of masonry is used for the
construction of retaining walls, breast
walls, boundary walls of a building at
quarry sites etc.
The strength and durability of masonry
does not depend on the quality of materials
used but on the workmanship.
11. UNCOURSED/RANDOM
RUBBLE MASONRY
• Stones or rubbles are used
without any dressing, shape and
size of rubbles or stones used
into the stone masonry is not
same but it varies.
• The mason select the stone at
random from heap and lays them
in line and plumb so as to form a
strong bond.
• Before laying the stones, all
projecting corners are slightly
knocked off with a hammer. The
joints are filled with mortar by
steel travel and finished to flush.
12. • The joints should not exceed 13 mm
tk. Large stones are used at corners
and jambs to increase the strength
• Through stones are also provided at
intervals to interlock the portion in
between facing and backing which
increases the strength of masonry.
• It affords a very rough appearance
• If wall is greater than half a meter in
tk., a line of stone header or through
stones overlapping each other by at
least 15 cm should be laid in the
masonry wall.
• Used for compound wall of jail,
boundary wall, plinth wall, retaining
wall..
13. COURSED RUBBLE MASONRY
Stones are laid to level course in each
course header stones of full course height
are placed at certain intervals.
Each header stone has a width of not less
than its height and inserted into the wall at
least three times its height.
Size-50-200mm
Joints-15mm
Stones used between the head or stone
should not be smaller than 50 mm in
thickness
Header stones in successive courses
should not be placed one above the other
Quoins are of to be same height and about
half meter long
Used in the construction of walls of
residential building, public building, piers,
abutments of small bridges for small height.
14. SQUARED RUBBLE
MASONRY UNCOURSED
Squared stone means stone whose
edges have been made roughly
straight, square does not mean that
the stones are square in section.
The stones are roughly dressed and
are laid at random on their natural
beds so that they are interlocked.
Joints should not exceed 13 mm
The voids filled by mortar and stone
chips
Use- residential building, public
bldg, boundary walls
15.
16. SQUARED RUBBLE
MASONRY COURSED
Semi dressed (sharp at edges but surface are rough) stones
are used
Stones are arranged in regular courses
Stones of equal height should be used in a course or two or
three stones are kept above each other to make the ht. of
course.
Mortar joints should not exceed 13 mm
Stones should be of uniform colour
17. ASHLAR MASONRY
In which well dressed stones
having sharp & straight edges and
smooth faces are used.
Expensive , highly skilled labour
requires
Uniform colour stone with pleasing
apperance dense structure with no
cracks
18.
19.
20. ASHLAR FINE
Stones are dressed to confirm the desired pattern
Height of stone–min. 300mm
Width of stone should not be less than ht.
Length of stones should not be more than two times the ht.
of course
Stones are laid in header and stretcher pattern
Vertical joints in two courses should be staggered
Tk. of joints should be 3mm
21. ASHALAR
CHAMFERED
Similar to ashlar fine
Edges of stones are bevelled off or chamfered at an angle of
39⁰ to 45⁰ for depth of about 2.5cm
The joints are thin and faces are smooth
22. ASHLAR ROCK
QUARRY FACED
Edges are straight and sharp so as to have thin mortar joint
but the faces are left in condition as acquired from quarry (
natural rock like appearance)
It increases the architectural appearance
23. ASHLAR FACING
Best grade of masonry and very expensive
Therefore to achieve economy as well as appearance only
the exposed faces of walls are constructed of ashlar masonry
where backing are constructed with brick/rubble masonry
24. COL-GROUT
MASONRY
The resultant masonry by injection of col grout mortar in
prepacked stones is called as col grout masonry
It is a mixture of cement fine aggregate and water admixture, if
any mixed at high speed in col grout double drum mixer.
It is constructed in UCR masonry it was observed in that
masonry the voids in the rubbles are not filled up properly with
cement mortar which led to heavy seepages through the body of
dam after commission.
This was mainly due to the fact that the placement of mortar was
not done properly by unskilled in experienced masons
Col grout mortar is a flowy mortar and gets filled in each and
every void in rubbles providing dense strong and impermeable
masonry.
25.
26. IMPORTANT POINTS TO BE OBSERVED IN THE
CONSTRUCTION OF STONE MASONRY
Stones should be well seasoned, hard, tough, uniform in
texture, free from defects (cracks, cavities, patches of
loose/soft materials,soil)
Stones should be laid on their natural beds.
Proper bond should be maintained
Vertical joints should be staggered
Vertical faces should be truly in plumb and should be
checked by plumb bob.
Stones should be wetted before use
Masonry should be cured for at least two weeks
27. MORTAR
Definition-
the workable paste prepared by mixing a binding material such
as cement, lime etc. fine aggregates (sand, surkhi,cinder) and water in
suitable proportion is called as mortar.
Types-
1. Cement mortar- (cement+sand+water, 1:2-1:8)
2. Lime mortar- ( lime+sand/surkhi+water, 1:5-1:6)
3. Gauged mortar/composite mortar- ( mixture of cement and lime)
used for bedding and jointing rubble flint
proportion- 1 part cement, 3 parts of lime, 2-12 parts of sand
use within 2 hrs after addition of cement