The Civil War (1861-1865) resulted in a victory for the North over the South. The North had key advantages including a larger population of 22 million, control over 90% of industry and manufacturing especially of munitions, and control of the navy which blockaded Southern ports. However, the South also had advantages in defending familiar territory and capable generals like Robert E. Lee. After major battles like Gettysburg and Vicksburg in 1863, the tide turned in favor of the North. Finally in April 1865, General Grant defeated Robert E. Lee's army, forcing his surrender and effectively ending the Civil War, with over 618,000 deaths during the conflict.

1. 1861-1865

5. -- population - 22 millionpopulation - 22 million
- 90% of ind. goods, esp. munitions- 90% of ind. goods, esp. munitions
- efficient railroad system- efficient railroad system
- controlled the navy, which could be- controlled the navy, which could be
used to blockade s. ports and shutused to blockade s. ports and shut
down the s. eco.down the s. eco.
- but would have to fight an offensive war- but would have to fight an offensive war
(long supply lines, unfamiliar territory...)(long supply lines, unfamiliar territory...)
- capable mil. leaders, inc. Ulysses S. Grant- capable mil. leaders, inc. Ulysses S. Grant

6.  Confederates had excellent generals tooConfederates had excellent generals too
-Robert E. Lee and Thomas Jackson-Robert E. Lee and Thomas Jackson
 Defending is always easier than attackingDefending is always easier than attacking
- (familiar w/climate and territory,- (familiar w/climate and territory,
possible psychological advantages)possible psychological advantages)
 Farmers fight better than factory workersFarmers fight better than factory workers
 Profitable eco. based on cotton exportsProfitable eco. based on cotton exports
 But disadvantages…a smaller pop. of 9But disadvantages…a smaller pop. of 9
million (inc. 3.5 million slaves)million (inc. 3.5 million slaves)
 had to import ind. goods; veryhad to import ind. goods; very
little munitions productionlittle munitions production

7.  The S. was looking for an add. adv., namely anThe S. was looking for an add. adv., namely an
alliance w/ GB (since GB industry was dependentalliance w/ GB (since GB industry was dependent
on "King Cotton")...but GB was wary of eventson "King Cotton")...but GB was wary of events
and did not want to become involved:and did not want to become involved:
 GB had stockpiled cotton as the conflict wasGB had stockpiled cotton as the conflict was
escalating; they had also found other sourcesescalating; they had also found other sources
(Madras, India)(Madras, India)
 most Br. workers who lost their jobs in cottonmost Br. workers who lost their jobs in cotton
factories had been able to find work in thefactories had been able to find work in the
new munitions factories that were mostlynew munitions factories that were mostly
supplying the N.supplying the N.
 most Br. citizens resented slaverymost Br. citizens resented slavery
 Br. crop failures had led to increased grainBr. crop failures had led to increased grain
trade w/ the N.trade w/ the N.

8.  A Br. ship. theA Br. ship. the TrentTrent, was intercepted by the N. on its, was intercepted by the N. on its
way to GB from the S.; it was carrying S.way to GB from the S.; it was carrying S.
"ambassadors"...the N. resented Br. interference,"ambassadors"...the N. resented Br. interference,
leading some to call for war; Lincoln simply defusedleading some to call for war; Lincoln simply defused
the situation by releasing the ship and the southernthe situation by releasing the ship and the southern
"agents""agents"
 GB had also sold several ships to the S., namely theGB had also sold several ships to the S., namely the
FloridaFlorida and theand the AlabamaAlabama - they had sunk many n.- they had sunk many n.
shipsships

9.  A few southerners hadA few southerners had
managed to get into BNA, frommanaged to get into BNA, from
which they launched severalwhich they launched several
raids into the N.; this inc. a # ofraids into the N.; this inc. a # of
bank robberies in Vt. (the bestbank robberies in Vt. (the best
known was theknown was the St. Alban'sSt. Alban's
RaidRaid)...some Northerners)...some Northerners
wanted to invade BNA aswanted to invade BNA as
punishmentpunishment
 this forced the BNA colonies tothis forced the BNA colonies to
begin to consider abegin to consider a
Confederation to protectConfederation to protect
themselves against the US...bythemselves against the US...by
1867, GB agreed w/ the1867, GB agreed w/ the
Canadian "Canadian "Fathers ofFathers of
ConfederationConfederation" (Canada had" (Canada had
become an expensive hasslebecome an expensive hassle
for the Br…)for the Br…)

10.  It freed theIt freed the
slaves only inslaves only in
states that havestates that have
seceded fromseceded from
the Union.the Union.
 It did not freeIt did not free
slaves in borderslaves in border
states.states.

12.  Lee realized that the South was in dire straits and decided that it wasLee realized that the South was in dire straits and decided that it was
crucial to attack the North on its own territorycrucial to attack the North on its own territory
 July 1-3, 1863 -July 1-3, 1863 - BATTLE OF GETTYSBURGBATTLE OF GETTYSBURG, Pa., Pa.
 Confed. bombardment; Union held firmConfed. bombardment; Union held firm
 on July 3, General Pickett led 15,000 Confed. Troops across open fields -on July 3, General Pickett led 15,000 Confed. Troops across open fields -
Union mowed them down (= "Union mowed them down (= "Pickett’s ChargePickett’s Charge")")
 Lee was defeated and retreated to VirgniaLee was defeated and retreated to Virgnia
 Gettysburg is the largest battle in the history of the WesternGettysburg is the largest battle in the history of the Western
hemisphere.hemisphere.
 Over 100, 000 people died in 3 daysOver 100, 000 people died in 3 days It was the last time the SouthIt was the last time the South
invaded the North.invaded the North.

13.  that from these honored dead we takethat from these honored dead we take
increased devotion to that cause forincreased devotion to that cause for
which they gave the last full measure ofwhich they gave the last full measure of
devotion -- that we here highly resolvedevotion -- that we here highly resolve
that these dead shall not have died inthat these dead shall not have died in
vain -- that this nation, under God, shallvain -- that this nation, under God, shall
have a new birth of freedom -- and thathave a new birth of freedom -- and that
government of the people, by the people,government of the people, by the people,
for the people, shall not perish from thefor the people, shall not perish from the
earth.earth.
Abe LincolnAbe Lincoln

14. The Monitor

18.  July 4, 1863 - another Union victory -July 4, 1863 - another Union victory - VICKSBURGVICKSBURG
 won by U.S. Grant, cut South in 1/2 and gave thewon by U.S. Grant, cut South in 1/2 and gave the
Union control of Mississippi RiverUnion control of Mississippi River
 Grant was then given control of all Union armiesGrant was then given control of all Union armies 
began a "began a "scorched earthscorched earth" policy to defeat the South" policy to defeat the South
 General Sheridan decimated Va.'sGeneral Sheridan decimated Va.'s ShenandoahShenandoah
ValleyValley
 GeneralGeneral ShermanSherman given task of taking Atlanta; hisgiven task of taking Atlanta; his
""March through GeorgiaMarch through Georgia "" saw total destructionsaw total destruction
from Atlanta to Savannahfrom Atlanta to Savannah

19.  After the EmancipationAfter the Emancipation
Proclamation blacksProclamation blacks
began to join the Unionbegan to join the Union
ArmyArmy
 Initially they were onlyInitially they were only
used for manual laborused for manual labor
 Eventually, Blacks sawEventually, Blacks saw
live combatlive combat
 5454thth
regiment out ofregiment out of
MassachusettsMassachusetts
William Carney

21.  April 3, 1865 - Grant took Richmond Va. - finalApril 3, 1865 - Grant took Richmond Va. - final
blow to Lee's armyblow to Lee's army
 Lee surrenders on April 9, 1865 atLee surrenders on April 9, 1865 at
APPOMATTOX COURTHOUSEAPPOMATTOX COURTHOUSE
 All Confed. troops forced to take an oath ofAll Confed. troops forced to take an oath of
loyalty to U.S.loyalty to U.S.
 otherwise, terms of surrender were lenientotherwise, terms of surrender were lenient
 Lincoln didn't want a humiliated South andLincoln didn't want a humiliated South and
further conflictfurther conflict
 issue of states' rights now "solved"- fed. gov'tissue of states' rights now "solved"- fed. gov't
had asserted its statushad asserted its status

22. After four bloody years of civil war,
the South was defeated.

23. Over 618,000 military deaths during Civil War.

24.  POLITICAL / ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTSPOLITICAL / ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS
 w/o Southerners in fed. gov't, many changes occurred thatw/o Southerners in fed. gov't, many changes occurred that
benefited the North:benefited the North:
 1)1) Homestead ActHomestead Act passed by Congress in 1862 - encouragedpassed by Congress in 1862 - encouraged
W. expansion w/o slaveryW. expansion w/o slavery
- 165 acres given to anyone who would farm it 5 yrs.- 165 acres given to anyone who would farm it 5 yrs.
 2)2) Union-Pacific RailwayUnion-Pacific Railway was authorized - great tradewas authorized - great trade
potential, focused on the Northern States.potential, focused on the Northern States.
 3)3) TariffsTariffs were put in place to protect Northern industrywere put in place to protect Northern industry

25.  4) Congress established a4) Congress established a
single federal currency - samesingle federal currency - same
value in all states - known asvalue in all states - known as
""GreenbacksGreenbacks""
 5) to cover war debts, Union5) to cover war debts, Union
gov't issuedgov't issued war bondswar bonds andand
intro'dintro'd income taxincome tax
 6) in a further illustration of6) in a further illustration of
fed. gov't power, Lincoln's gov'tfed. gov't power, Lincoln's gov't
restricted civil liberties sorestricted civil liberties so
nothing would detract fromnothing would detract from
Union war effort (suspendedUnion war effort (suspended
Habeas CorpusHabeas Corpus))
- free press/ speech also- free press/ speech also
interruptedinterrupted
 7)7) 1864 Election1864 Election - only in Union- only in Union
- pitted Republican Lincoln- pitted Republican Lincoln
against Democrat Generalagainst Democrat General
McClellanMcClellan  Lincoln wonLincoln won
easily, assuring that war willeasily, assuring that war will
continue (N. Democrats wantedcontinue (N. Democrats wanted

26.  EFFECTS OF CIVIL WAREFFECTS OF CIVIL WAR
 creation of a single unified countrycreation of a single unified country
 abolition of slaveryabolition of slavery
 increased power to fed. gov't – killed theincreased power to fed. gov't – killed the
issue of states rightsissue of states rights
 U.S. now an industrial nationU.S. now an industrial nation
 a stronger sense of nationalisma stronger sense of nationalism
 w. lands increasingly opened to settlementw. lands increasingly opened to settlement
 South was economically and physicallySouth was economically and physically
devastated, w/ the plantation systemdevastated, w/ the plantation system
crippled...thuscrippled...thus ReconstructionReconstruction (rebuilding(rebuilding
the U.S.) - but a deep hatred of the Norththe U.S.) - but a deep hatred of the North
remained...remained...