The document discusses the political and social issues surrounding slavery in the 1850s that contributed to rising sectional tensions between the North and South and eventually led to the American Civil War. It describes the positions of Stephen Douglas and others on popular sovereignty and the Kansas-Nebraska Act, the Dred Scott decision, John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry, and Abraham Lincoln's election in 1860 which prompted Southern secession and the outbreak of war.

1.  Proslavery and antislavery factions disagree over the
treatment of fugitive slaves and the spread of slavery to
the territories.

2.  Popular Sovereignty – people in the territories can
decide whether or not to have slavery by voting
 Douglas wants railroad west in Chicago
 Douglas feels popular sovereignty on slavery is best
 Thinks slavery unworkable in prairie farms but seeks
South’s support
Stephen Douglas
US Senator – IL
1813 – 1861

3.  Two new territories are created: Kansas and Nebraska
 Allows popular sovereignty on slavery
 Repeals Missouri Compromise; bitter debate ensues

5.  Northern, Southern settlers pour into Kansas Territory
 Kansas holds election for territorial legislature
 Proslavery “border ruffians” vote illegally, win
fraudulent majority
 Proslavery government in Lecompton; antislavery rival
in Topeka

6. Peace Convention-Fort Scott, KS

7.  Nativism—belief in favoring
native-born Americans over
immigrants
 Nativists form American Party,
known as Know-Nothing Party
Citizen Know Nothing
The Know Nothing Party's nativist ideal

8.  Violence in the Senate
 Senator Charles Sumner verbally attacks colleagues,
slavery
 Congressman Preston S. Brooks beats Sumner on the
head with his cane for insults to uncle
 Southerners applaud Brooks; Northerners condemn
him
Senator
Charles Sumner
1811 - 1874
Congressman
Preston S Brooks
1819 - 1857

9. This 1856 cartoon shows Preston Brooks attacking Charles Sumner
in the U.S. Senate chamber.

10.  Dred Scott, slave who had lived in
free areas sues for freedom
 Chief Justice Roger B. Taney
hands down decision
 Slaves are property not citizens
 Slaves do not have rights of
citizens
 Missouri Compromise was
unconstitutional – there is no
such thing as free territory.
Dred Scott - 1799 - 1858

11.  Republican Abraham Lincoln runs for Douglas’s
Senate seat in Illinois
 Douglas:
 slavery backward
 not immoral
 Lincoln:
 slavery immoral
 Douglas thinks popular sovereignty will undo slavery
 Lincoln thinks legislation needed to stop spread of
slavery

12. The Lincoln - Douglas
debates created quite
a spectacle, partly due to
the opponents’ difference in
height.

13.  Douglas’s Freeport Doctrine - elect leaders who do not
enforce slavery
 Douglas wins seat; doctrine worsens regional split
between Democrats
 Lincoln’s attacks on “vast moral evil” of slavery draw
attention

14.  Abolitionist John Brown believes God wants
him to fight slavery
 Brown, followers violently kill 5 men – chops
off their hands
 Territory called Bleeding Kansas for
incidents that kill some 200
Abolitionist
John Brown
1800 - 1859

15.  John Brown plans to start a slave uprising, needs
weapons
 Leads band to federal arsenal in Harpers Ferry to
get arms
 U.S. Marines put down rebellion, capture Brown
 Brown is hanged for high treason, December 1859
 Many Northerners admire Brown; Southerners fear
future uprisings
Drawing of John Brown’s Raid on
Harpers Ferry - 1858

16.  The issue of slavery and other factors split political
parties and lead to the birth of new ones.
 Slavery Divides Whigs:
 Whig Party splinters after Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854

18.  Liberty Party pursues abolition through laws;
 Free-Soil Party opposes extension of slavery into
territories
 Object to slavery’s impact on white wage-based labor
force
 Convinced of conspiracy to spread slavery throughout
U.S.

19.  Unhappy Whigs, Democrats, Free-Soilers form
Republican Party
 Republicans oppose the extension of slavery in
territories
 Main competition for voters is Know-Nothing Party

20.  Abolitionist Harriet
Beecher Stowe’s Uncle
Tom’s Cabin stirs protest
 Uncle Tom’s Cabin shows
slavery as moral problem,
not just political

21.  Industry and Immigration in the North
 1850s North industrialized; makes large amount,
variety of products
 Railroads carry raw materials east, manufactures and
settlers west
• small towns quickly become cities
• telegraph wires provide fast communication
 Immigrants become industrial workers, fear expansion
of slavery
• slave labor might compete with free labor
• could reduce status of white workers unable to compete

22.  South predominantly rural, mostly plantations and
small farms
 Economy relies on cash crops; manufacture under 10%
of U.S. goods
 Few immigrants; free, enslaved African Americans
meet labor needs
 In 3 states, blacks are majority; in 2, are half of
population
 Whites fear restriction of slavery will change society,
economy

24.  The Election of 1860 (immediate cause of secession)
 Democrats split over slavery
 Lincoln wins with less than half of popular vote
 gets no Southern electoral votes
Abraham Lincoln
16th President of the
United States

25.  South Carolina and 6 other states secede:
 want complete independence from federal
control
 fear end to their way of life
 want to preserve slave labor system
 Confederacy or Confederate States of
America forms
 Confederacy permits slavery, recognizes
each state’s sovereignty
 Former senator Jefferson Davis
unanimously elected president
Jefferson Davis
President of the Confederate
States of America

27.  Four Border States did not secede: Maryland,
Delaware, Kentucky and Missouri
 They are unique because they stayed with the Union
even though they owned slaves.

28.  Fort Sumter—Union outpost in Charleston harbor
 Confederates demand surrender of Fort Sumter
 Lincoln’s Dilemma:
 Reinforcing fort by force would lead rest of slave states
to secede
 Evacuating fort would legitimize Confederacy, endanger
Union

29.  First Shots
 Lincoln does not reinforce or evacuate, just sends food
 For South, no action would damage sovereignty of
Confederacy
 Jefferson Davis chooses to turn peaceful secession into
war
 fires on Sumter April 12, 1861
 Three more states secede; border states remain in
Union

30. Bombardment of Fort Sumter.
Perine, George Edward, 1837-1885, engraver

31. North’s Advantages
 Population
 Money
 Strong Government
 Army/Navy
 Factories
 Food Supplies
 Railroads
 Telegraphs
 Defensive Plan
 Better Military Leaders
 Motivation
 Experienced
Outdoorsmen
 Potential Allies from
King Cotton Diplomacy
South’s Advantages

32. Union Goal: Preserve
the Union
 Anaconda plan: Union
strategy to conquer
South
 blockade Southern
ports
 capture the Mississippi
River and divide
Confederacy in two
 capture Richmond,
Confederate capital
 Confederate strategy:
defense: hold until the
enemy is worn down or
allies arrive
Confederate Goal:
Maintain Independence

33.  Ironclads splinter wooden ships,
withstand cannon, resist
burning
 North’s Monitor, South’s
Merrimack fight to a draw
 Ironclads make wooden
warships obsolete
 New Weapons:
 Rifles more accurate, faster
loading, fire more rounds than
muskets
 Minié ball (more destructive
bullet), grenades, land mines are
used
Battle of the Monitor and the Merrimac at
Hampton Roads

34.  Gatlin guns
 Artillery
 Submarines
 Crude Flamethrowers
 Hot Air Balloons

35.  Bull Run—first battle, near Washington, D.C.;
Confederate victory, proves war will be neither short
nor glorious.
 Thomas J. Jackson (Confederate general) called
Stonewall Jackson for firm stand in battle
General Thomas “Stonewall”
Jackson - CSA

36.  Lee wins Second Battle
of Bull Run; marches
into Maryland
 Antietam - bloodiest
single-day battle
 Battle a standoff;
Confederates retreat;
McClellan does not
pursue
 Lincoln fires McClellan
Battle of Antietam by Kurz and Allison.

37.  Britain has cotton inventory, new sources; does not
need South
 Needs Northern wheat, corn; chooses neutrality

38.  By issuing the Emancipation Proclamation, President
Lincoln makes slavery the focus of the war.
 Lincoln’s View of Slavery:
 Federal government has no power to abolish slavery
where it exists
 Emancipation discourages Britain from supporting the
South

39.  Emancipation
Proclamation - issued by
Lincoln in 1863:
 frees slaves behind
Confederate lines
 does not apply to areas
occupied by Union or
slave states in Union

40.  Proclamation has symbolic value, gives war high moral
purpose
 Free blacks can join the Union army, welcome ability
to fight against slavery
 Confederacy becomes more determined to preserve
way of life
 Compromise no longer possible; one side must defeat
the other

41.  African Americans 1% of North’s
population, by war’s end 10% of
army
 Lower pay than white troops for
most of war; limits on military
rank
 High mortality from disease;
POWs killed or returned to
slavery
 Fort Pillow, TN - Confederates
massacre over 200 African-
American POWs

42.  Slaves seek freedom behind Union army lines
 On plantations, destroy property, refuse to go with
fleeing owners

43.  Living conditions in prisons worse
than in army camps
 Andersonville—worst Confederate
prison, in Georgia
 has no shelter, sanitation; 1/3 of
prisoners die
 Northern prisons more space, food,
shelter than Southern
 12% of Confederate prisoners, 15% of
Union prisoners die
Andersonville Prison

44.  U.S. Sanitary Commission works to better hygiene;
hire, train nurses
 Dorothea Dix superintendent of women nurses
 Union death rate drops
 Union nurse Clara Barton serves on front lines and was
later the founder of the American Red Cross
 Southern women also volunteer as Confederate nurses
Clara Barton Dorothea Dix

45.  General Ulysses S. Grant (Union)—brave,
tough, decisive commander in West
 Grant captures Confederate Forts Henry,
Donelson
 Admiral Farragut on the Lower Mississippi
 David G. Farragut commands fleet that takes
New Orleans
David G Farragut

46.  Prelude to Gettysburg: Stonewall Jackson mistakenly
shot by own troops, dies 8 days later of pneumonia
 Lee invades North to get supplies, support of
Democrats
 Gettysburg: Turning point battle of the war.
 Three-day battle at Gettysburg cripples South

47. Battle of Gettysburg
Currier & Ives

48.  Vicksburg Under Siege
 Starving Confederates surrender on
July 4
 Union has complete control of the
Mississippi River, Confederacy
completely divided
 Grant is named Commander of the
Union Army General Ulysses S Grant

49.  Grant appoints William Tecumseh Sherman
commander of Mississippi division
 Grant and Sherman believe in total war to destroy
South’s will to fight
William Tecumseh Sherman Sherman’s Sentinels

50.  March starts in Chattanooga, TN and ends in
Savannah, GA
 Sherman takes Atlanta; burns it down
 Sherman cuts wide path of destruction in Georgia;
lives off land
 December, takes Savannah, turns north to help Grant
fight Lee
 inflicts even more destruction in South Carolina

51.  Democrats want immediate armistice,
nominate McClellan
 Radical Republicans—harsh conditions for
readmission to Union
 Lincoln pessimistic; Northern victories,
troops’ votes give him win
 Lincoln chooses War Democrat Andrew
Johnson as running mate.
General George McClellan

52.  Neither side completely unified; both sides face
divided loyalties
 Lincoln suspends habeas corpus:
 order to bring accused to court, name charges
 Seizes telegraph offices so cannot be used for
subversion
 Copperheads—Northern Democrats advocating peace
 Lincoln expands presidential powers, sets precedent

53.  Casualties, desertions lead to
conscription—draft to serve in
army
 Both armies allow draftees to
hire substitutes to serve for
them
 Planters with more than 20
slaves exempted
 90% eligible Southerners serve;
92% Northern soldiers volunteer

54.  White workers fear
Southern blacks will
come North,
compete for jobs
 Angry at having to
free slaves, mobs
rampage through
New York City
Rioters and Federal troops clash

55.  Lee surrenders April 1865 at village of Appomattox
Court House
 Lee’s soldiers paroled on generous terms
Picture of Robert E. Lee's
Surrender at Appomattox from
the pages of Harper's Weekly

56.  Lincoln is shot at Ford’s Theatre
 Assassin John Wilkes Booth escapes, is trapped by
Union cavalry, shot

58.  Southern Shortages
 Food shortages from lost manpower, Union
occupation, loss of slaves
 Blockade creates other shortages; some Confederates
trade with enemy
 Northern Economic Growth
 Industries that supply army boom; some contractors
cheat and profit
 Wages do not keep up with prices; workers’ standard
of living drops
 Women replace men on farms, city jobs, government
jobs
 Congress establishes first income tax on earnings to
pay for war

59.  Political Changes
 War ends threat of secession; increases power of
federal government
 Economic Changes
 Gap between North and South widens
 North: industry booms; commercial agriculture takes
hold
 South: industry, farms destroyed

60.  Hundreds of thousands dead, wounded;
lives disrupted
 Financially, war costs the government
estimated $3.3 billion
Though both Union and Confederate soldiers
were lucky to escape the war with their lives,
thousands - like this young amputee – faced an
uncertain future.

62.  Physically and Economically Devastated
 Buildings, infrastructure, farms destroyed throughout
South
 Almost ½ of all livestock was destroyed
 People poor; property value plummets, Confederate
bonds worthless
 1/5 white males dead, many maimed; tens of
thousands black males dead

63. Charleston, South Carolina, lies in ruins following the war between the states.

64.  1865, Thirteenth Amendment abolishes slavery in all
states
 Civilians Follow New Paths
 Some soldiers stay in army; others become civilians;
many go west
 Women can now pursue careers as nurses.

65.  Lincoln’s Ten-Percent Plan
 Reconstruction—period of rebuilding after Civil War,
1865–1877
 Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction calls for
10% allegiance
 Radical Republicans led by Charles Sumner, Thaddeus
Stevens
 want to destroy power of former slaveholders
 give full citizenship, suffrage to African Americans

66.  Wade-Davis Bill makes Congress responsible for
Reconstruction
 Lincoln uses pocket veto to kill Wade-Davis; Radicals
outraged

67.  President Andrew Johnson proposes
own Presidential Reconstruction:
 states must swear allegiance, annul war
debts, ratify 13th Amendment
 does not address voting rights, land, laws
for former slaves
 States that had not applied under
Lincoln agree to Johnson’s terms
 some states do not fully comply
Andrew Johnson
17th President of the United States

68.  Radical Republicans in
Congress refuse new
Southern legislators
 Congress enlarges
Freedmen’s Bureau -
helps former slaves, poor
whites
 gives social services,
medical care, education

69.  Grants citizenship to African Americans
 Forbids black codes or discriminatory laws
 Black codes restore many restrictions of slavery
 Whites use violence to prevent blacks from improving
their lives
 Johnson vetoes Freedmen’s Bureau and Civil Rights
Act
 Alienates moderate Republicans; angers Radicals

70.  Draft Fourteenth Amendment—makes African
Americans full citizens
 Most Southern states reject amendment; not ratified
until 1868
 1866 Congressional Elections
 Johnson jeered on tour urging election of supporters of
his plan
 Moderates, Radicals win 2/3 majority in Congress, can
override veto

71.  Reconstruction Act doesn’t recognize most new state
governments
 divides South into military districts
 sets new conditions for reentry in Union
 Johnson believes act unconstitutional, vetoes;
Congress overrides

73.  Radicals seek to impeach -
formally charge with
misconduct in office
 Johnson fires Stanton - test
constitutionality of Tenure
of Office Act
 House Radicals impeach
Johnson; Senate does not
convict

74.  Grant wins presidency with help of
African-American vote
 Fifteenth Amendment— gives voting
rights to all, regardless of color
 South does not enforce 14th, 15th
Amendments
 White Southerners use violence to
prevent blacks from voting
 Enforcement Act of 1870—federal
government can punish violators
Ulysses S Grant
18th President of
the United States

75.  Democrats call Southern white
Republicans scalawags
 most are small farmers
 want better economic position
 Carpetbaggers - Northerners who
moved to South after war
 African Americans are largest group of
Southern Republicans
 In many areas, 90% of African-
American voters vote

76.  New-Won Freedoms
 At first, former slaves cautious about testing limits of
freedom
 Some travel to new places
 Many leave plantations to find work in Southern towns
 Reunification of Families
 Many search for loved ones on different plantations
 Couples can marry legally and be sure of keeping their
children
 Education
 Freed people of all ages seek education
 African Americans establish schools and universities
 Initially, most teachers Northern whites; by 1869, most are
black

77.  Churches and Volunteer Groups
 Many African Americans found churches; mostly
Baptist, Methodist
 Black ministers become influential community leaders
 African Americans form thousands of volunteer
organizations:
 foster independence
 give financial, emotional support
 offer leadership opportunities

78.  1865–1877, African Americans hold local, state, federal
office
 At first, most officeholders freeborn; by 1867 some
former slaves
 Almost as many black as white citizens; black
officeholders minority
 only 16 African Americans in Congress
 Hiram Revels is first black senator
Hiram Revels

79.  By 1866, Republican governments repeal most black
codes
 Anti-segregation laws created, but many not enforced
 Blacks focus on building up their community, not total
integration

80.  Landless African Americans sign labor contracts with
planters
 neither freedmen nor planters happy with system
 Sharecropping—owner gives land, seed, tools for part
of crops
 Tenant farming—rent land from owner; buy own tools
 Designed to keep southern blacks in debt and tied to
the land. A form of economic slavery.

81.  Other countries increase cotton production; South
creates oversupply
 Try to diversify—textiles, tobacco products; wages
lower than North
 Banks hold Confederate debt, mounting planters’
debts; many fail

82.  Southern opposition to Radical Reconstruction, along
with economic problems in the North, end
Reconstruction.

83.  Ku Klux Klan (KKK)—Confederate veterans group that
turns terrorist
 Grows rapidly; aims to restore white supremacy
 Anti-Black Violence
 Klan, others kill thousands, burn schools, churches,
homes
 Klan works to force Republican state governments out
of power
 Southern Democrats use violence to intimidate black
voters
 White Democratic candidates win state elections in
1875, 1876

84. Etching of Ku Klux
Klan Members

85.  Economic Pressure
 Black landowners, non-farmers attacked, have
property destroyed
 Need forces freedmen into wage labor, sharecropping
for whites
 Legislative Response
 1870, 1871 Enforcement Acts passed to curtail Klan,
Democrats
 Klan violence decreases because restore white
supremacy in South
 Shifts in Political Power
 Amnesty Act returns voting rights to many former
Confederates
 Congress allows Freedmen’s Bureau to expire

86.  Fraud and Bribery
 Grant considered honest; appoints friends to political
office
 Series of Grant administration scandals exposed
 Republican Unity Shattered
 Liberal Republicans weaken Radicals, make
Reconstruction difficult

87.  The Panic of 1873
 Business opportunities in South lead
investors to excessive debt
 banks, businesses close; stock market
collapses
 Panic triggers 5-year economic
depression
 Currency Dispute
 financial experts want return to gold
standard
 South, West want more greenbacks to
pay debts
 Specie Resumption Act puts country
back on gold standard

88.  Supreme Court decisions undermine 14th, 15th
Amendments
 Federal government loses power to protect African-
American rights
 Northerners grow indifferent to events in South:
 shift attention to national problems
 want reconciliation between regions
 begin to dislike Reconstruction policies
 Republicans conclude government cannot impose
moral, social changes

89.  Redemption—return of Democrats to power in the
South, 1869–1875
 Election of 1876
 Republicans nominate Governor Rutherford B. Hayes
 Democrats choose Governor Samuel J. Tilden
 Tilden wins popular vote, 1 shy of electoral; 20
electoral disputed
 Compromise of 1877—Hayes gets presidency,
Democrats get:
 federal troops leave south
 funding for Southern railroad, waterways
 Compromise means end of Reconstruction
Rutherford B Hayes
19th President of the United States

90.  Home Rule in the South
 After Hayes removes federal troops, Democrats take
over states
 Home rule—running state government without
federal intervention
 Republicans fail to protect rights they gave to former
slaves
 Unwillingness to distribute land blocks economic
independence
 Amendments abolish slavery, give basis for civil rights
legislation
 African-American schools, civic groups increase
literacy, opportunity