Thermal power plants generate electricity by burning coal to produce steam that drives turbines connected to generators. The document describes the key components and processes in a thermal power plant, including: 1) Coal is pulverized and blown into boilers to produce high-pressure steam. 2) The steam powers turbines which spin generators to produce electricity. 3) After passing through the turbines, the steam is condensed in condensers and recycled to the boilers using feed pumps. 4) The plant uses various components like economizers, superheaters, condensers, and cooling towers to improve efficiency of the steam cycle.

1. THERMAL POWER PLANT
Presentation By:-
PANKAJ DHIR
11115517
MECHATRONICS Engg.

2. Basic Idea of Electricity Generation
•Coal is unloaded by electric traction system at Coal Yard
•Coal is crushed to finer pieces of order 20 mm
•Pulverization of Coal
•Coal is send to furnace with the help of FD fan
•Steam is generated at 540°C and 135 kg/sq.m
•Steam is send to Super heater
•Superheated steam is send to turbine
•Production of Electricity by the generator

3. THREE MAJOR INPUTS TO POWER STATION:
COAL WATER FUEL OIL

4. FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION

5. Elements Of Thermal Power Station
DM PLANT
DEAERATOR
BOILER FEED PUMP
ECONOMIZER
AIR PRE-HEATER
BOILER
SUPER HEATER
TURBINE
CONDENSER

6. COAL FEEDING SYSTEM
Coal is conveyed through rail wagon from out
side of plant and through conveyor system
collected in hopper and ground to a very fine
powder by large metal spheres in the pulverised
fuel mill.
Wagon Tippler Conveyor Coal Hopper
Pulverised Mill

7. COAL FEEDING SYSTEM
Air Pre-heater Forced Draft Fan
Then it is mixed with preheated air driven by the forced draught fan.
The hot air-fuel mixture is forced at high pressure into the boiler.

8. BOILER
A boiler or steam generator is a device used to create steam
by applying heat energy to water.
Boiler is a device used for producing steam. There are two types of
boilers:
a). Fire tube boiler
b). Water tube boiler
Here, boiler used is of water tube type. In the boiler, heat energy
transfer takes place through tube walls and drum. The gases lose
their heat to water in the boiler or superheated. The escape heat
is used to heat the water through economizer.
ID and FD fans are used to produce artificial draught. The fuel oil is
used to ignite the boiler and pulverized coal is lifted from the coal
mills by PA fans.

9. BOILER FEED PUMP
30 September 2015PMI Revision 009
18

10. ASH HANDLING SYSTEM
At the bottom of the furnace, there is a
hopper for collection of bottom ash. This
hopper is always filled with water to
quench the ash and clinkers falling down
from the furnace. Some arrangement is
included to crush the clinkers and for
conveying the crushed clinkers and
bottom ash to a storage site.
It is very import to control the ash coming
from the furnace.
1. WET ASH HANDLING SYSTEM
2. DRY ASH HANDLING SYSTEM

11. SUPER HEATER
Superheated steam is steam at a temperature higher than water's
boiling point. If saturated stream is heated at constant pressure, it
increases toward 100% Dry Saturated Steam. Continued heat input will
then generate superheated steam. This will occur if saturated steam
contacts a surface with a higher temperature. The steam is then
described as superheated by the number of degrees it has been
heated above saturation temperature
In a power plant, after the steam is conditioned by the drying equipment
inside the steam drum, it is piped from the upper drum area into tubes
inside an area of the furnace known as the super heater, which has an
elaborate set up of tubing where the steam vapor picks up more energy
from hot flue gases outside the tubing and its temperature is now
superheated above the saturation temperature. The superheated steam
is then piped through the main steam lines to the valves before the high
pressure turbine.

12. STEAM TURBINE
The Steam Turbine is a prime mover that converts the stored
mechanical energy in steam into rotational mechanical energy. A
turbine pair consists of a ring of fixed blade and a ring of moving
blades. The blades are so designed that the steam glides overt eh
blade surface without striking it. As the steam floes over the covered
surface of blade, it exerts a pressure on the blade along its
whole length owing to its centrifugal force. The motive force on the
blade will be the resultant of the centrifugal pressures on the blade
length plus the effect of change of the steam as it flows over the
blade.
Steam Turbine Theory:
A turbine, being a form of engine, requires in order functioning a suitable working fluid, a
source of high-grade energy. When the fluid flows through the turbine, apart of the energy
content is continuously extracted and converted into useful mechanical work. Steam and gas
turbines use heat energy. While water turbines use pressure energy.

13. STRUCTURE OF TURBINE

14. Rotor Coupling and Bearings
The rotating elements consisting of three mono block rotors
of HP, IP and LP turbines coupled together solidly by means
of internally forged flanges thus in effect forming a single
shaft system. The critical speed of the HP and IP rotors are
designed to run above the normal rated speed. Each rotor
is subjected to 20% over speed test. The Hp rotor is carried
on tow bearings, a simple journal and thrust bearing at the
other end directly adjacent to the coupling of the IP rotor.
All the bearings are independently supported on separate
bearing pedestals

15. ROTOR

16. CONDENSER
Condenser is a device or unit used to condense a substance from its gaseous to its liquid
state, typically by cooling it.
The steam after working in the turbine is
condensed in condenser in each unit installed below
the LP exhaust. The condenser is of surface type
made of fabricated construction in single shell. The
tube is of divided type double pass arrangement,
having two independent cooling water inlet, outlet
and reserve and water boxes. The condenser is
provided with integral air-cooling zone at the centre
from where air and non-condensable gases are
continuously drawn out with the help of mechanical
vacuum pump.

17. TYPES OF CONDENSER
Water Cooled Condenser
Air Cooled Condenser

18. COOLING TOWER
Cooling towers are heat removal devices used to
transfer process waste heat to the atmosphere. Cooling
towers either use the evaporation of water to remove
process heat and cool the working fluid or in the case of
closed circuit dry cooling towers rely solely on air to cool
the working fluid.
It is a structure of height 110m designed to cool the
water by natural draught. The cross sectional area is less
at the center just to create low pressure so that the air
can lift up due to natural draught and can carry heat
from spherical drops. The upper portion is also diverging
for increasing the efficiency of cooling tower. Hence it is
named as natural draught cooling tower.

19. DE AREATOR
A Deaerator is a device that is widely used for
the removal of air and other dissolved gases
from the feed water to steam-generating boiler.
The condensed water is then passed by a feed
pump through a deaerater.

20. ECONOMISER
Economizer are mechanical devices intended to reduce energy
consumption, or to perform another useful function like
preheating a fluid.
Pre-warmed water first enter in a feed heater powered by steam
drawn from the high pressure set, and then in the economiser
Economizer is a flue gas to water heat exchanger. Usually it is
located below the LPSH in the boiler and above Air pre heater.
Outside surface of the economizer tubes are heated by flue
gases leaving the superheater and reheater which subsequently
transfer heat to feed water flowing inside the tubes.
Advantages of Economizer include
1) Fuel economy: – used to save fuel and increase overall efficiency of boiler plant.
2) Reducing size of boiler: – as the feed water is preheated in the economizer and enter boiler tube at
elevated temperature. The heat transfer area required for evaporation reduced considerably.

21. CHIMNEY
A chimney is a structure for venting hot gases or smoke from a
boiler, furnace or fireplace to the outside atmosphere.
A chimney is a vertical structure for venting hot flue gases or
smoke from a boiler to the outside atmosphere by means of the
stack effect. The space inside a chimney is called aflue. The
height of chimneys plays a role in their ability to transfer flue
gases using stack effect. The dispersion of pollutants at higher
altitude helps to ease down its influence on surroundings and
reduces their concentrations in compliance with regulatory
limits.
The height of chimney is designed with respect to the boiler
layout. The temp. is also maintained in the chimney. It is not
more than 120 c. If it more than 120 c, then boiler will be
corrupt..

22. ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR
Electrostatic Precipitator (ESP) is equipment,
which utilizes an intense electric force to separate
the suspended particle from the flue gases. In India
coal is widely used to generate power. The exhaust
gases from the furnace contains large amount of
smoke and dust. If these gases are emitted directly
into the atmosphere, it will cause great
environmental problems. So it is necessary to extract
this dust and smoke before emitting the exhaust
gases into atmosphere. There are various methods of
extracting dust but electrostatic precipitator is the
most widely used. It involves electric changing of
suspended particles, collection of charge particles
and removal of charged particles from collecting
electrodes.

23. ADVANTAGES OF ESP
Ability to cope with the corrosive atmosphere
It has high efficiency i.e. about 99%
It requires less maintenance
It offers low resistance to the flow of gases
Ability to treat large volume of gases at high temperature

24. SWITCHYARD
A Switch yard is a part of an
electrical generation, transmission,
system.
Switchyard transform voltage from high
to low,
or the reverse, or perform any of several
other important functions

25. CONTROL ROOM
A Control room is a room serving as a centre where a large physical facility or physically
dispersed service can be monitored and controlled.

26. Instrumentation In Thermal Power Plant
• To measure and indicate the amount of deviation.INSTRUMENTS
• To correct the deviation and bring back system to normal.AUTOMATIC CONTROL
• To warn about the excessive deviations, if any.ANNUNCIATION
• To isolate the equipments process from dangerous operating
conditions cause due to such excessive deviations.PROTECTION
When the balance is disturbed, all the process variables deviate from their normal values
thus creating the necessity for the following:-

27. ANY