Thermal power plants generate electricity through a Rankine cycle where water is heated to steam to drive a steam turbine connected to an electrical generator. Key components include a boiler that heats water to steam, a steam turbine that converts the steam's energy to rotate the generator, a condenser that cools the steam back to water, and an alternator that converts the rotational energy to electricity. Air preheaters increase efficiency by transferring heat from flue gases to the air entering the boiler. Forced and induced draft fans control air and flue gas flow through the system.
A steam power plant generates electrical power through a process of converting the chemical energy in fossil fuels into mechanical energy that drives electric generators. Coal is burned to produce steam and raise the steam's temperature and pressure in boilers. The high-pressure steam spins turbines that are coupled to generators, converting the mechanical energy to electrical energy. Steam power plants provide electric power and steam for industrial processes like manufacturing.
This document provides information about an 8-unit coal-fired thermal power station located in Panipat, India. It details that the power station has a total capacity of 810MW generated across its 8 units, which were commissioned between 1979-2005. It requires 15,000 metric tons of coal daily and has cooling towers ranging in height from 123.5-143.5 meters. The document then proceeds to describe the various components and processes within the power station that enable the conversion of coal to electricity.
The document provides information on key components and processes at a thermal power plant. It discusses three major inputs - water, fuel oil, and coal - and how they are transported and stored. It then describes key equipment like fans, boilers, turbines, generators, cooling towers, circuit breakers, and relays. Measurement of shaft voltage is also summarized.
The Thermal Power Station burns fuel & uses the resultant to make the steam, which derives the turbo generator. The Fuel i.e. coal is burnt in pulverized from. The pressure energy of the steam produce is converted into mechanical energy with the help of turbine. The mechanical energy is fed to the generator where the magnet rotate inside a set of stator winding & thus electricity is produced in India 65% of total power is generated by thermal power stations. To understand the working of the Thermal Power Station plant, we can divide the whole process into following parts.
Thermal power plants generate electricity by burning coal to produce steam that drives turbines connected to generators. The document describes the key components and processes in a thermal power plant, including:
1) Coal is pulverized and blown into boilers to produce high-pressure steam.
2) The steam powers turbines which spin generators to produce electricity.
3) After passing through the turbines, the steam is condensed in condensers and recycled to the boilers using feed pumps.
4) The plant uses various components like economizers, superheaters, condensers, and cooling towers to improve efficiency of the steam cycle.
Explore the dynamic world of #PowerPlants with this comprehensive presentation. Delve into the various types of power plants, including fossil fuel, renewable energy, and nuclear. Gain insights into the processes that generate electricity to power our modern world. From turbines to transformers, understand the key components that make these plants efficient sources of energy. Discover the environmental considerations and technological advancements shaping the future of power generation.
INTRODUCTION
THERMODYNAMIC CYCLE OF STEAM FLOW
RANKINE CYCLE (IDEAL , ACTUAL ,REHEAT)
LAYOUT OF STEAM POWER PLANT
MAJOR COMPONENTS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS
ALTERNATOR
EXCITATION SYSTEM
GOVERNING SYSTEM
A steam power plant generates electrical power through a process of converting the chemical energy in fossil fuels into mechanical energy that drives electric generators. Coal is burned to produce steam and raise the steam's temperature and pressure in boilers. The high-pressure steam spins turbines that are coupled to generators, converting the mechanical energy to electrical energy. Steam power plants provide electric power and steam for industrial processes like manufacturing.
This document provides information about an 8-unit coal-fired thermal power station located in Panipat, India. It details that the power station has a total capacity of 810MW generated across its 8 units, which were commissioned between 1979-2005. It requires 15,000 metric tons of coal daily and has cooling towers ranging in height from 123.5-143.5 meters. The document then proceeds to describe the various components and processes within the power station that enable the conversion of coal to electricity.
The document provides information on key components and processes at a thermal power plant. It discusses three major inputs - water, fuel oil, and coal - and how they are transported and stored. It then describes key equipment like fans, boilers, turbines, generators, cooling towers, circuit breakers, and relays. Measurement of shaft voltage is also summarized.
The Thermal Power Station burns fuel & uses the resultant to make the steam, which derives the turbo generator. The Fuel i.e. coal is burnt in pulverized from. The pressure energy of the steam produce is converted into mechanical energy with the help of turbine. The mechanical energy is fed to the generator where the magnet rotate inside a set of stator winding & thus electricity is produced in India 65% of total power is generated by thermal power stations. To understand the working of the Thermal Power Station plant, we can divide the whole process into following parts.
Thermal power plants generate electricity by burning coal to produce steam that drives turbines connected to generators. The document describes the key components and processes in a thermal power plant, including:
1) Coal is pulverized and blown into boilers to produce high-pressure steam.
2) The steam powers turbines which spin generators to produce electricity.
3) After passing through the turbines, the steam is condensed in condensers and recycled to the boilers using feed pumps.
4) The plant uses various components like economizers, superheaters, condensers, and cooling towers to improve efficiency of the steam cycle.
Explore the dynamic world of #PowerPlants with this comprehensive presentation. Delve into the various types of power plants, including fossil fuel, renewable energy, and nuclear. Gain insights into the processes that generate electricity to power our modern world. From turbines to transformers, understand the key components that make these plants efficient sources of energy. Discover the environmental considerations and technological advancements shaping the future of power generation.
INTRODUCTION
THERMODYNAMIC CYCLE OF STEAM FLOW
RANKINE CYCLE (IDEAL , ACTUAL ,REHEAT)
LAYOUT OF STEAM POWER PLANT
MAJOR COMPONENTS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS
ALTERNATOR
EXCITATION SYSTEM
GOVERNING SYSTEM
Kota super thermal power plant,kstps ppt,RTUManohar Nagar
Rajasthan's first major coal-fired power plant, the KSTPS, was established in 1983 near Kota with a total installed capacity of 1240 MW across 7 units ranging from 110-210 MW each. Located on the left bank of the Chambal River, the KSTPS uses a steam turbine generator process utilizing a Rankine cycle to convert the heat from burning coal into electrical energy.
A power station generates electric power by converting mechanical energy into electrical energy using a generator. The mechanical power is usually produced from heat generated by combustion of fuels like coal, natural gas, or oil in a boiler. In thermal power stations, a heat engine like a steam turbine transforms the thermal energy from combustion into rotational energy used to power the generator. The main components of a coal-fired thermal power plant are the coal conveyor, pulverizer, boiler, steam turbine, condenser and cooling towers which work together to generate electricity.
Panipat thermal power station training pptMohit Verma
This training report summarizes the Panipat Thermal Power Station, which has a total generation capacity of 1360MW constructed in 5 stages from 110MW units to 250MW units. It describes the basic process of electricity generation including coal feeding, pulverization, combustion in the boiler, steam generation, superheating, steam turbine generation, and condensing. It provides details on the key elements of the plant including the deaerator, boiler feed pump, economizer, air preheater, boiler, superheater, turbine, and condenser. It also summarizes the instrumentation used for temperature, pressure, and process control.
This document provides information about Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL) and a summer internship completed there in the Steam Turbine Manufacturing department. It includes descriptions of:
- The basic workings of a steam turbine and how it converts thermal energy from pressurized steam into rotary motion.
- The history and development of steam turbines since ancient times.
- The main types and components of modern steam turbines, including impulse and reaction turbines.
- Details about the construction, steam flow, bearings, expansion, seals, valves, controls, and lubrication system of the specific steam turbine studied during the internship.
- An overview of the Rankine cycle that steam turbines are based on
This document provides an overview of a training seminar on a summer internship at the Dholpur Combined Cycle Power Plant. It discusses the organization and various components of the power plant, including the gas turbine, heat recovery steam generator, steam turbine, condenser, turbo generator, excitation system, and 220kV switchyard. Key details are provided on the selection of the plant site, plant specifications and costs, equipment ratings, theories of operation, components and functions of the various systems. The document aims to educate interns on the technical aspects and working of the combined cycle power plant.
This document describes the key components and processes involved in a thermal power plant. Water is heated to produce steam, which spins turbines connected to generators to produce electricity. The main components are the boiler, turbines, condenser, cooling tower and auxiliary systems. Coal is pulverized and burned in the boiler to heat water and produce high pressure steam. The steam powers high, intermediate and low pressure turbines in succession to generate electricity before being condensed back into water in the condenser. The water is cooled in the cooling tower and recycled to the boiler to repeat the process.
This document discusses the key components and processes involved in a steam power plant. It describes the essential equipment which includes a furnace, boiler, turbine, piping system, and circuits for feed water, coal/ash, air/gas, and cooling water. The document outlines the basic Rankine cycle used in steam power plants and lists different types of components like boilers, condensers, coal handling systems, and more. It also discusses classification of steam power plants and the functions of important equipment like superheaters, reheaters, soot blowers, condensers, and cooling towers.
A thermal power plant uses steam to generate electricity. Coal is burned in a boiler to produce steam, which spins a turbine connected to a generator. The steam is then condensed in a condenser and recycled to the boiler to repeat the process. The main components are the boiler, turbine, generator, condenser and cooling system. Thermal power plants have the advantages of low cost and reliability but also have the disadvantage of air pollution from coal combustion.
SUMMER INTERNSHIP(INDUSTRAIL REPORT) ON THERMAL POWER PLANT Amit Gupta
The document describes the key components and processes involved in a typical coal-fired thermal power plant, including coal handling, pulverizing, combustion in the boiler, steam generation, power generation in the turbine, and condensing spent steam. It also provides details on equipment like draft fans, superheaters, reheaters, the ash handling system, feedwater heaters, and installed capacity of thermal power plants in Rajasthan.
This document provides information about the key components and processes involved in a steam power plant. It discusses the essential equipment needed like the furnace, boiler, turbine, and piping system. It also describes the main circuits for feed water/steam, coal/ash, air/gas, and cooling water. The document outlines the basic Rankine cycle used in steam power plants and lists the common types of components used.
Introduction To Thermal Power Plant (Steam power plant)
GENERAL LAYOUT OF THERMAL POWER PLANT
COAL HANDLING PLANT
Power Plant cycles
1. Feed Water Cycle
2. Steam Cycle
3. Condensate Cycle
4. Cooling Water Cycle
5. Air And Flue Gas Cycle
Important Power plant equipment
Deaerator
Boiler Feed Water Pump
Heaters
Economiser
Boiler
BOILER DRUM ( STEAM DRUM)
SUPER HEATER
TURBINE
CONDENSER
The document summarizes the regenerative feed water heating cycle used in steam power plants. It describes how steam from the turbine is used to preheat feedwater in heat exchangers before it enters the boiler. This improves the efficiency of the Rankine cycle by reducing the heat added from the boiler at the lower feedwater temperatures. The regenerative cycle captures additional heat from the steam that would otherwise be lost, improving the overall thermodynamic efficiency of the steam power generation process.
The document discusses a study on the manufacturing of steam turbines. It provides an outline that includes an abstract, introduction, literature review, classifications of steam turbines, results and conclusions, and references. The introduction describes steam turbines and how they work, as well as heat exchangers, pumps, and ferrous foundries which are involved in steam turbine manufacturing. It also classifies steam turbines as either impulse or reaction turbines and describes the key components of each type. The results and conclusions sections summarize the learning from an internship in steam turbine manufacturing.
Thermal power stations generate electricity by converting the thermal energy from burning fossil fuels into mechanical energy using steam turbines connected to electric generators. The document provides details on the key components and processes in a thermal power plant, including:
1) Coal is burned to produce high pressure steam in boilers, which powers steam turbines connected to alternators to generate electricity.
2) The steam is then condensed in a condenser and recycled to the boilers using feedwater pumps.
3) Factors like plant location, efficiency, costs, environmental impacts are considered in thermal power plant design and operation.
The document provides an overview of the major components of a steam power plant, including:
1. The boiler, which heats water into steam, and includes accessories like air preheaters, superheaters, and economizers.
2. The steam turbine, which is spun by the steam to drive an electrical generator.
3. The condenser, which condenses the steam from the turbine.
4. The feedwater pump, which pumps water back to the boiler to repeat the steam cycle.
Gas turbines work by compressing air, mixing it with fuel, and igniting the mixture to produce hot gases. These gases are used to spin a turbine, generating mechanical power. There are two main types - open cycle plants which exhaust gases to the atmosphere, and closed cycle plants which circulate working fluid. Gas turbines find application in aviation, power generation, and marine propulsion due to their compact size and ability to use various fuels.
Thermal power plants operate using the Rankine cycle. Water is heated into steam in a boiler using heat from burning fuel. The high-pressure steam drives turbines which are coupled to generators, producing electricity. The low-pressure exhaust steam from the turbines is condensed into water in a condenser, where it is pumped back into the boiler to repeat the cycle. Thermal power plants contribute the majority of electricity generation in India due to their ability to efficiently convert fuel into power on a large scale.
The Kota Super Thermal Power Station (KSTPS) in Rajasthan, India has a total installed capacity of 1240MW. It was established in 1983 on the banks of the Chambal River near Kota. The document then describes the basic processes and components involved in a coal-fired thermal power plant, including coal handling, pulverization, combustion in the boiler, steam generation, superheating, power generation in the turbine and alternator, condensing spent steam, and ash handling. It emphasizes the importance of transitioning to more sustainable energy sources due to finite fossil fuel reserves.
The need is for a plant delivering 1 MW of power. The soccer field i.pdfarpitcollections
The need is for a plant delivering 1 MW of power. The soccer field is used pretty much
continually during the day, with many grown-up leagues during the night hours and many youth
leagues in the earlier hours.
Given the fact that we are next to a River, it is reasonable to assume that water is an appropriate
medium for the power plant. However, that the temperature in the river really should not increase
by more than 1 degree C, to minimize the growth of algae.
Can you prepare a preliminary technical outline that outlining the main aspects of the proposed
design? Can you also include the carbon footprint analysis, as well as the expected cost for
running the plant for a full 24-hr day? Although the prices fluctuate, let’s assume that electricity
is at $0.15/kW.h and natural gas at $1.30/therm.
Can you prepare a preliminary technical report outlining the main aspects of the proposed design
Some additional technical details that you should keep in mind. Any turbine can have an
isentropic efficiency of no more than 94%. Likewise any pump no more than 70%.
Solution
After studying the fundamental thermodynamic cycles of steam power plants and considering the
characteristics and thermochemistry of fuels, it is appropriate to consider the design of the
systems and flow processes that are operative in steam plants and other large-scale power
production facilities. This chapter will focus first on the processing of several fundamental
streams that play a major role in power plant operation. Up to this point, a great deal of attention
has been focused on the water path from the point of view of the thermodynamics of the steam
cycle. Additional aspects of the water path related to plant design are considered here. Another
fundamental flow in the power plant, the gas stream, includes the intake of combustion air, the
introduction of fuel to the air stream, the combustion process, combustion gas cooling in the
furnace heat exchange sections, and processing and delivery of the gas stream to the atmosphere
through a chimney or stack. A third important stream involves the transportation and preparation
of fuel up to the point that it becomes part of the combustion gas. A major non-physical aspect of
power production is the economics of power plant design and operation. This is considered in
conjunction with some preliminary design analyses of a prototype plant. Environmental
considerations also play an important part in planning and design. The chapter concludes with
back-of-the-envelope type calculations that define the magnitudes of the flows in a large plant
and identify major design aspects of steam power plants.
The Water Path
The Liquid-Water-to-Steam Path Several pumps are employed in the feedwater path of a steam
power plant to push the working fluid through its cycle by progressively elevating the pressure of
the water from the condenser to above the turbine throttle pressure. These pumps are usually
driven by electric motors powered by electricity .
Kota super thermal power plant,kstps ppt,RTUManohar Nagar
Rajasthan's first major coal-fired power plant, the KSTPS, was established in 1983 near Kota with a total installed capacity of 1240 MW across 7 units ranging from 110-210 MW each. Located on the left bank of the Chambal River, the KSTPS uses a steam turbine generator process utilizing a Rankine cycle to convert the heat from burning coal into electrical energy.
A power station generates electric power by converting mechanical energy into electrical energy using a generator. The mechanical power is usually produced from heat generated by combustion of fuels like coal, natural gas, or oil in a boiler. In thermal power stations, a heat engine like a steam turbine transforms the thermal energy from combustion into rotational energy used to power the generator. The main components of a coal-fired thermal power plant are the coal conveyor, pulverizer, boiler, steam turbine, condenser and cooling towers which work together to generate electricity.
Panipat thermal power station training pptMohit Verma
This training report summarizes the Panipat Thermal Power Station, which has a total generation capacity of 1360MW constructed in 5 stages from 110MW units to 250MW units. It describes the basic process of electricity generation including coal feeding, pulverization, combustion in the boiler, steam generation, superheating, steam turbine generation, and condensing. It provides details on the key elements of the plant including the deaerator, boiler feed pump, economizer, air preheater, boiler, superheater, turbine, and condenser. It also summarizes the instrumentation used for temperature, pressure, and process control.
This document provides information about Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL) and a summer internship completed there in the Steam Turbine Manufacturing department. It includes descriptions of:
- The basic workings of a steam turbine and how it converts thermal energy from pressurized steam into rotary motion.
- The history and development of steam turbines since ancient times.
- The main types and components of modern steam turbines, including impulse and reaction turbines.
- Details about the construction, steam flow, bearings, expansion, seals, valves, controls, and lubrication system of the specific steam turbine studied during the internship.
- An overview of the Rankine cycle that steam turbines are based on
This document provides an overview of a training seminar on a summer internship at the Dholpur Combined Cycle Power Plant. It discusses the organization and various components of the power plant, including the gas turbine, heat recovery steam generator, steam turbine, condenser, turbo generator, excitation system, and 220kV switchyard. Key details are provided on the selection of the plant site, plant specifications and costs, equipment ratings, theories of operation, components and functions of the various systems. The document aims to educate interns on the technical aspects and working of the combined cycle power plant.
This document describes the key components and processes involved in a thermal power plant. Water is heated to produce steam, which spins turbines connected to generators to produce electricity. The main components are the boiler, turbines, condenser, cooling tower and auxiliary systems. Coal is pulverized and burned in the boiler to heat water and produce high pressure steam. The steam powers high, intermediate and low pressure turbines in succession to generate electricity before being condensed back into water in the condenser. The water is cooled in the cooling tower and recycled to the boiler to repeat the process.
This document discusses the key components and processes involved in a steam power plant. It describes the essential equipment which includes a furnace, boiler, turbine, piping system, and circuits for feed water, coal/ash, air/gas, and cooling water. The document outlines the basic Rankine cycle used in steam power plants and lists different types of components like boilers, condensers, coal handling systems, and more. It also discusses classification of steam power plants and the functions of important equipment like superheaters, reheaters, soot blowers, condensers, and cooling towers.
A thermal power plant uses steam to generate electricity. Coal is burned in a boiler to produce steam, which spins a turbine connected to a generator. The steam is then condensed in a condenser and recycled to the boiler to repeat the process. The main components are the boiler, turbine, generator, condenser and cooling system. Thermal power plants have the advantages of low cost and reliability but also have the disadvantage of air pollution from coal combustion.
SUMMER INTERNSHIP(INDUSTRAIL REPORT) ON THERMAL POWER PLANT Amit Gupta
The document describes the key components and processes involved in a typical coal-fired thermal power plant, including coal handling, pulverizing, combustion in the boiler, steam generation, power generation in the turbine, and condensing spent steam. It also provides details on equipment like draft fans, superheaters, reheaters, the ash handling system, feedwater heaters, and installed capacity of thermal power plants in Rajasthan.
This document provides information about the key components and processes involved in a steam power plant. It discusses the essential equipment needed like the furnace, boiler, turbine, and piping system. It also describes the main circuits for feed water/steam, coal/ash, air/gas, and cooling water. The document outlines the basic Rankine cycle used in steam power plants and lists the common types of components used.
Introduction To Thermal Power Plant (Steam power plant)
GENERAL LAYOUT OF THERMAL POWER PLANT
COAL HANDLING PLANT
Power Plant cycles
1. Feed Water Cycle
2. Steam Cycle
3. Condensate Cycle
4. Cooling Water Cycle
5. Air And Flue Gas Cycle
Important Power plant equipment
Deaerator
Boiler Feed Water Pump
Heaters
Economiser
Boiler
BOILER DRUM ( STEAM DRUM)
SUPER HEATER
TURBINE
CONDENSER
The document summarizes the regenerative feed water heating cycle used in steam power plants. It describes how steam from the turbine is used to preheat feedwater in heat exchangers before it enters the boiler. This improves the efficiency of the Rankine cycle by reducing the heat added from the boiler at the lower feedwater temperatures. The regenerative cycle captures additional heat from the steam that would otherwise be lost, improving the overall thermodynamic efficiency of the steam power generation process.
The document discusses a study on the manufacturing of steam turbines. It provides an outline that includes an abstract, introduction, literature review, classifications of steam turbines, results and conclusions, and references. The introduction describes steam turbines and how they work, as well as heat exchangers, pumps, and ferrous foundries which are involved in steam turbine manufacturing. It also classifies steam turbines as either impulse or reaction turbines and describes the key components of each type. The results and conclusions sections summarize the learning from an internship in steam turbine manufacturing.
Thermal power stations generate electricity by converting the thermal energy from burning fossil fuels into mechanical energy using steam turbines connected to electric generators. The document provides details on the key components and processes in a thermal power plant, including:
1) Coal is burned to produce high pressure steam in boilers, which powers steam turbines connected to alternators to generate electricity.
2) The steam is then condensed in a condenser and recycled to the boilers using feedwater pumps.
3) Factors like plant location, efficiency, costs, environmental impacts are considered in thermal power plant design and operation.
The document provides an overview of the major components of a steam power plant, including:
1. The boiler, which heats water into steam, and includes accessories like air preheaters, superheaters, and economizers.
2. The steam turbine, which is spun by the steam to drive an electrical generator.
3. The condenser, which condenses the steam from the turbine.
4. The feedwater pump, which pumps water back to the boiler to repeat the steam cycle.
Gas turbines work by compressing air, mixing it with fuel, and igniting the mixture to produce hot gases. These gases are used to spin a turbine, generating mechanical power. There are two main types - open cycle plants which exhaust gases to the atmosphere, and closed cycle plants which circulate working fluid. Gas turbines find application in aviation, power generation, and marine propulsion due to their compact size and ability to use various fuels.
Thermal power plants operate using the Rankine cycle. Water is heated into steam in a boiler using heat from burning fuel. The high-pressure steam drives turbines which are coupled to generators, producing electricity. The low-pressure exhaust steam from the turbines is condensed into water in a condenser, where it is pumped back into the boiler to repeat the cycle. Thermal power plants contribute the majority of electricity generation in India due to their ability to efficiently convert fuel into power on a large scale.
The Kota Super Thermal Power Station (KSTPS) in Rajasthan, India has a total installed capacity of 1240MW. It was established in 1983 on the banks of the Chambal River near Kota. The document then describes the basic processes and components involved in a coal-fired thermal power plant, including coal handling, pulverization, combustion in the boiler, steam generation, superheating, power generation in the turbine and alternator, condensing spent steam, and ash handling. It emphasizes the importance of transitioning to more sustainable energy sources due to finite fossil fuel reserves.
The need is for a plant delivering 1 MW of power. The soccer field i.pdfarpitcollections
The need is for a plant delivering 1 MW of power. The soccer field is used pretty much
continually during the day, with many grown-up leagues during the night hours and many youth
leagues in the earlier hours.
Given the fact that we are next to a River, it is reasonable to assume that water is an appropriate
medium for the power plant. However, that the temperature in the river really should not increase
by more than 1 degree C, to minimize the growth of algae.
Can you prepare a preliminary technical outline that outlining the main aspects of the proposed
design? Can you also include the carbon footprint analysis, as well as the expected cost for
running the plant for a full 24-hr day? Although the prices fluctuate, let’s assume that electricity
is at $0.15/kW.h and natural gas at $1.30/therm.
Can you prepare a preliminary technical report outlining the main aspects of the proposed design
Some additional technical details that you should keep in mind. Any turbine can have an
isentropic efficiency of no more than 94%. Likewise any pump no more than 70%.
Solution
After studying the fundamental thermodynamic cycles of steam power plants and considering the
characteristics and thermochemistry of fuels, it is appropriate to consider the design of the
systems and flow processes that are operative in steam plants and other large-scale power
production facilities. This chapter will focus first on the processing of several fundamental
streams that play a major role in power plant operation. Up to this point, a great deal of attention
has been focused on the water path from the point of view of the thermodynamics of the steam
cycle. Additional aspects of the water path related to plant design are considered here. Another
fundamental flow in the power plant, the gas stream, includes the intake of combustion air, the
introduction of fuel to the air stream, the combustion process, combustion gas cooling in the
furnace heat exchange sections, and processing and delivery of the gas stream to the atmosphere
through a chimney or stack. A third important stream involves the transportation and preparation
of fuel up to the point that it becomes part of the combustion gas. A major non-physical aspect of
power production is the economics of power plant design and operation. This is considered in
conjunction with some preliminary design analyses of a prototype plant. Environmental
considerations also play an important part in planning and design. The chapter concludes with
back-of-the-envelope type calculations that define the magnitudes of the flows in a large plant
and identify major design aspects of steam power plants.
The Water Path
The Liquid-Water-to-Steam Path Several pumps are employed in the feedwater path of a steam
power plant to push the working fluid through its cycle by progressively elevating the pressure of
the water from the condenser to above the turbine throttle pressure. These pumps are usually
driven by electric motors powered by electricity .
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...Joshua Orris
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
3. THERMAL POWER STATION
• A Thermal Power Station is a power
plant in which the prime mover is steam
driven. Water is heated, turns into steam
and spins a Steam Turbine which drives
an electrical generator(Alternator). After
it passes through the turbine, the steam is
condensed in a Condenser; this is known
as a Rankine cycle.
5. Rankine Cycle
• There are four processes in the Rankine cycle, each changing
the state of the working fluid. These states are identified by
number in the diagram to the right.
• Process 1-2: The working fluid is pumped from low to high
pressure, as the fluid is a liquid at this stage the pump
requires little input energy.
• Process 2-3: The high pressure liquid enters a boiler where it
is heated at constant pressure by an external heat source to
become a dry saturated vapor.
• Process 3-4: The dry saturated vapor expands through a
turbine, generating power. This decreases the temperature
and pressure of the vapor, and some condensation may
occur.
• Process 4-1: The wet vapor then enters a condenser where it
is condensed at a constant pressure and temperature to
become a saturated liquid. The pressure and temperature of
the condenser is fixed by the temperature of the cooling coils
as the fluid is undergoing a phase-change.
6. What is a boiler?
• The steam generating Boiler is basically a
heat exchanger which has to produce
steam at the high purity, pressure and
temperature required for the steam turbine
that drives the electrical generator.
7. Boiler Parts
• The Boiler includes the Economizer, the steam
drum, the chemical dosing equipment, and the
furnace with its steam generating tubes and the
super heater coils. Necessary safety valves are
located at suitable points to avoid excessive
boiler pressure. The air and flue gas path
equipment include: forced draft (FD) fan, air
preheater (APH), boiler furnace, induced draft
(ID) fan, fly ash collectors (electrostatic
precipitator or baghouse) and the flue gas stack.
8. Air Pre-Heater (APH)
• APH is a heat exchanger in which air
temperature is raised by transferring
heat from other fluid such as flue
gases.
9. APH TYPES
1. Recuperative Type : Heating medium is on one side & air
is on the other side of tube /plate & heat transfer is by
conduction through the material which separates the
media.
2. Regenerative Type : Heating medium flows through a
closely packed rotating matrix to raise its temperature and
then air is passed through the matrix to take up the heat.
10. APH(TRISECTOR TYPE)
• Tri-sector types are the most common in modern power
generation facilities.In the tri-sector design, the largest sector
(usually spanning about half the cross-section of the casing) is
connected to the boiler hot gas outlet. The hot exhaust gas flows
over the central element, transferring some of its heat to the
element, and is then ducted away for further treatment in dust
collectors and other equipment before being expelled from the
flue gas stack. The second, smaller sector, is fed with ambient air
by a fan, which passes over the heated element as it rotates into
the sector, and is heated before being carried to the boiler
furnace for combustion. The third sector is the smallest one and
it heats air which is routed into the pulverizers and used to carry
the coal-air mixture to coal boiler burners. Thus, the total air
heated in the RAPH provides: heating air to remove the moisture
from the pulverised coal dust, carrier air for transporting the
pulverised coal to the boiler burners and the primary air for
combustion.
11. Boiler Draft Control
• Induced draft: This is obtained one of three ways, the first being the
"stack effect" of a heated chimney, in which the flue gas is less dense than
the ambient air surrounding the boiler. The denser column of ambient air
forces combustion air into and through the boiler. The second method is
through use of a steam jet. The steam jet oriented in the direction of flue
gas flow induces flue gasses into the stack and allows for a greater flue gas
velocity increasing the overall draft in the furnace. This method was
common on steam driven locomotives which could not have tall chimneys.
The third method is by simply using an induced draft fan (ID fan) which
removes flue gases from the furnace and forces the exhaust gas up the
stack. Almost all induced draft furnaces operate with a slightly negative
pressure.
• Forced draft: Draft is obtained by forcing air into the furnace by means
of a fan (FD fan) and ductwork. Air is often passed through an air heater;
which, as the name suggests, heats the air going into the furnace in order to
increase the overall efficiency of the boiler. Dampers are used to control the
quantity of air admitted to the furnace. Forced draft furnaces usually have a
positive pressure.
• Balanced draft: Balanced draft is obtained through use of both
induced and forced draft. This is more common with larger boilers where the
flue gases have to travel a long distance through many boiler passes. The
induced draft fan works in conjunction with the forced draft fan allowing the
furnace pressure to be maintained slightly below atmospheric
12. ESP
• An electrostatic precipitator is a large, industrial emission-control
unit. It is designed to trap and remove dust particles from the
exhaust gas stream of an industrial process.
13. Steam turbine
• A steam turbine is a mechanical device
that extracts thermal energy from
pressurized steam, and converts it into
rotary motion.
• Because the turbine generates rotary
motion, it is particularly suited to be used
to drive an electrical generator – about
80% of all electricity generation in the
world is by use of steam turbines.
15. Principle of Operation
• An ideal steam turbine is considered to be an isentropic
process, or constant entropy process, in which the
entropy of the steam entering the turbine is equal to the
entropy of the steam leaving the turbine. No steam
turbine is truly “isentropic”, however, with typical
isentropic efficiencies ranging from 20%-90% based on
the application of the turbine. The interior of a turbine
comprises several sets of blades, or “buckets” as they
are more commonly referred to. One set of stationary
blades is connected to the casing and one set of rotating
blades is connected to the shaft. The sets intermesh with
certain minimum clearances, with the size and
configuration of sets varying to efficiently exploit the
expansion of steam at each stage .
16. Impulse Turbines
– An impulse turbine has fixed nozzles that orient the steam flow
into high speed jets. These jets contain significant kinetic energy,
which the rotor blades, shaped like buckets, convert into shaft
rotation as the steam jet changes direction. A pressure drop
occurs across only the stationary blades, with a net increase in
steam velocity across the stage.
– As the steam flows through the nozzle its pressure falls from
steam chest pressure to condenser pressure (or atmosphere
pressure). Due to this relatively higher ratio of expansion of
steam in the nozzle the steam leaves the nozzle with a very high
velocity. The steam leaving the moving blades is a large portion
of the maximum velocity of the steam when leaving the nozzle.
The loss of energy due to this higher exit velocity is commonly
called the "carry over velocity" or "leaving loss".
17. Reaction Turbines
– In the reaction turbine, the rotor blades themselves
are arranged to form convergent nozzles. This type of
turbine makes use of the reaction force produced as
the steam accelerates through the nozzles formed by
the rotor. Steam is directed onto the rotor by the fixed
vanes of the stator. It leaves the stator as a jet that
fills the entire circumference of the rotor. The steam
then changes direction and increases its speed
relative to the speed of the blades. A pressure drop
occurs across both the stator and the rotor, with
steam accelerating through the stator and
decelerating through the rotor, with no net change in
steam velocity across the stage but with a decrease
in both pressure and temperature, reflecting the work
performed in the driving of the rotor.
18. Steam Condenser
• Surface condenser is the commonly used term for a
water cooled shell and tube heat exchanger installed on
the exhaust steam from a steam turbine in thermal
power stations. These condensers are heat exchangers
which convert steam from its gaseous to its liquid state
at a pressure below atmospheric pressure. Where
cooling water is in short supply, an air-cooled condenser
is often used. An air-cooled condenser is however
significantly more expensive and cannot achieve as low
a steam turbine exhaust pressure as a surface
condenser
19. Alternator
• An alternator is an electromechanical device that
converts mechanical energy to alternating current
electrical energy. Most alternators use a rotating
magnetic field but linear alternators are occasionally
used. In principle, any AC electrical generator can be
called an alternator, but usually the word refers to small
rotating machines driven by automotive and other
internal combustion engines
20. Principle of operation
• Alternators generate electricity by the same principle as DC generators,
namely, when the magnetic field around a conductor changes, a current is
induced in the conductor. Typically, a rotating magnet called the rotor turns
within a stationary set of conductors wound in coils on an iron core, called
the stator. The field cuts across the conductors, generating an electrical
current, as the mechanical input causes the rotor to turn.
• The rotating magnetic field induces an AC voltage in the stator windings.
Often there are three sets of stator windings, physically offset so that the
rotating magnetic field produces three phase currents, displaced by one-
third of a period with respect to each other.
• The rotor magnetic field may be produced by induction (in a "brushless"
alternator), by permanent magnets (in very small machines), or by a rotor
winding energized with direct current through slip rings and brushes. The
rotor magnetic field may even be provided by stationary field winding, with
moving poles in the rotor. Automotive alternators invariably use a rotor
winding, which allows control of the alternator generated voltage by varying
the current in the rotor field winding. Permanent magnet machines avoid the
loss due to magnetizing current in the rotor, but are restricted in size, owing
to the cost of the magnet material. Since the permanent magnet field is
constant, the terminal voltage varies directly with the speed of the
generator. Brushless AC generators are usually larger machines than those
used in automotive applications.and the large alternators in power station
which are driven by steam turbine are called turbo alternators
21. Poles verses RPM
• The output frequency of an
alternator depends on the
number of poles and the
rotational speed. The speed
corresponding to a particular
frequency is called the
synchronous speed for that
frequency. This table gives
some examples:
Poles RPM at
50Hz
2 3000
4 1500
6 1000
8 750
10 600
12 500
14 428.6
16 375
18 333.3
20 300
22. CLZS Parameters
• Captive Power Plant in Chanderiya consists of 3
units (2X77 MW + 1X80 MW).
• All three units are supplied by BHEL,
Hyderabad.
• While supplying uninterrupted and reliable
power to Chanderiya Lead Zinc Smelter, the
CPP has been additionally wheeling power to its
Agucha, Debari and Dariba units of Hindustan
Zinc Limited.
• Recently sale of power has also been initiated
with both RSEB and power exchange.
23. • In the Financial year 2008-’09,the 234 MW CPP the
operating parameters for U1,2,3 were PLF (100.2%,
93.4% and 95.0 % respectively), Availability
(98.5%,97.3% and 88.9% respectively), Auxiliary
consumption(8.93%,9.35% and 9.53% respectively.
• With a vision to reduce Cost of generation, usage of
Indian Coal has been increased.
• The Plant is actually designed for pulverized fuel with
coal imported from Indonesia and South Africa having
10% moisture,12% ash,55% fixed carbon,23% volatile
matter and 6000Kcal/Kg.
• In comparison to pure imported coal being used earlier,
blending of around 40 % Indian coal was started thereby
reducing the cost of coal significantly.
24. • Day-to-Day operational and maintenance
hurdles were faced as per an action plan and
overcome.
• Usage of linkage coal, which has a potential to
reduce coal cost by around Rs.1200/MT has
been started.
• Chanderiya CPP has upheld highest standard of
Environmental consciousness by discharging
minimum effluents, both gaseous and liquid, into
the atmosphere.
• The SPM, SOX, NOx and other gaseous
effluents have been maintained well below the
pre-defined norms set by the governing bodies.
25. AWARDS
• The Captive Power Plant of Hindustan Zinc Limited won Asian
Power Plant of the year and Best Emission reductions project in
Asia in the year 2006-07
• CPP, HZL was proud to receive awards in two categories from
the “Confederation of Indian Industry” at “National Competition
for Excellence in Water Management”. The Categories in which
CPP, HZL excelled were Innovative Case Study and Water
Efficient Unit.
• Operation and Maintenance of CPP has been outsourced to KPS
(Korea Plant Engineering & Services).
• KPS has deputed around 10 Korean persons who are stationed
in Chanderiya. They hold managerial positions of various
technical and non-technical departments.
• They have also recruited specialized/experienced Operation and
maintenance personnel who look after the operation and
maintenance part of the CPP.)
28. OPERATIONAL BOILER PARAMETERS
1. Furnace Draft
2. Oxygen at APH inlet
3. Feed water flow
4. Steam flow
5. Air flow
6. Coal flow
7. Oil flow
8. Deaerator level
9. Drum level
10.MS Temperature
11.MS Pressure
29. BOILER TRIPPINGS
• Boiler trips on M. F. T.
• Drum level Very Low : -375mmwc
• Drum level Very high : -25mmwc
• Furnace draft very High : 150mmwc :
• Loss of I.D. Fans
• Loss of F. D. Fans
• Loss of P. A. Fans
• Furnace Slagging
• High Super-heater temperature : >540 deg. C
• Low super-heater temperature : 480 deg.C
• Ignitor fails to ignite
• Mill trip
• Flame instability : (Flame failure)
• Water wall tube failure
• Economizer Tube Failure
• Super-heater tube failure