The document discusses three-phase circuits and provides information on:
- The advantages of three-phase supply systems such as higher efficiency of power transfer and smoother load characteristics.
- Key concepts like phase sequence, balanced/unbalanced supply and load, and the relationships between line and phase voltages and currents.
- How to calculate power in a balanced three-phase system and use two wattmeters to measure total power and power factor.
This document discusses Thévenin's theorem in electrical circuit theory. It begins with an abstract and introduction to circuit theorems and their scope. Next, it describes the origination of Thévenin's theorem by Léon Charles Thévenin in 1882. The document then explains Thévenin's equivalent circuit, how to calculate the Thévenin voltage and resistance, and some applications and limitations of the theorem, including that it is not applicable to non-linear circuits. It also discusses how the theorem can be applied to AC circuits and proven in a lab.
In this slide I have explained how two watt meters can be used to measure 3 phase power. Some of the added advantage of this method is that we can calculate 3 phase reactive power and power factor of load as well.
This document section describes alternating current (AC) circuits containing a single circuit element: resistor, inductor, or capacitor, connected to an AC voltage source. For a resistive circuit, the current and voltage are in phase. For an inductive circuit, the current lags the voltage by 90 degrees. For a capacitive circuit, the current leads the voltage by 90 degrees. The document defines important concepts such as reactance, impedance, and phasor diagrams for analyzing AC circuits.
This document discusses per unit systems and symmetrical components for power system analysis. It defines a per unit system as expressing quantities as fractions of a defined base unit to simplify calculations when referring values across transformers. Advantages of per unit systems include similar impedances for similar apparatus and improved numerical stability. The document also defines symmetrical components as representing unbalanced three-phase quantities as the sum of three balanced components to analyze unbalanced faults.
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Engineering review on AC Power.
Presentation lecture for energy engineering class.
Course: MS in Renewable Energy Engineering, Oregon institute of technology
The document discusses three-phase circuits and provides information on:
- The advantages of three-phase supply systems such as higher efficiency of power transfer and smoother load characteristics.
- Key concepts like phase sequence, balanced/unbalanced supply and load, and the relationships between line and phase voltages and currents.
- How to calculate power in a balanced three-phase system and use two wattmeters to measure total power and power factor.
This document discusses Thévenin's theorem in electrical circuit theory. It begins with an abstract and introduction to circuit theorems and their scope. Next, it describes the origination of Thévenin's theorem by Léon Charles Thévenin in 1882. The document then explains Thévenin's equivalent circuit, how to calculate the Thévenin voltage and resistance, and some applications and limitations of the theorem, including that it is not applicable to non-linear circuits. It also discusses how the theorem can be applied to AC circuits and proven in a lab.
In this slide I have explained how two watt meters can be used to measure 3 phase power. Some of the added advantage of this method is that we can calculate 3 phase reactive power and power factor of load as well.
This document section describes alternating current (AC) circuits containing a single circuit element: resistor, inductor, or capacitor, connected to an AC voltage source. For a resistive circuit, the current and voltage are in phase. For an inductive circuit, the current lags the voltage by 90 degrees. For a capacitive circuit, the current leads the voltage by 90 degrees. The document defines important concepts such as reactance, impedance, and phasor diagrams for analyzing AC circuits.
This document discusses per unit systems and symmetrical components for power system analysis. It defines a per unit system as expressing quantities as fractions of a defined base unit to simplify calculations when referring values across transformers. Advantages of per unit systems include similar impedances for similar apparatus and improved numerical stability. The document also defines symmetrical components as representing unbalanced three-phase quantities as the sum of three balanced components to analyze unbalanced faults.
FellowBuddy.com is an innovative platform that brings students together to share notes, exam papers, study guides, project reports and presentation for upcoming exams.
We connect Students who have an understanding of course material with Students who need help.
Benefits:-
# Students can catch up on notes they missed because of an absence.
# Underachievers can find peer developed notes that break down lecture and study material in a way that they can understand
# Students can earn better grades, save time and study effectively
Our Vision & Mission – Simplifying Students Life
Our Belief – “The great breakthrough in your life comes when you realize it, that you can learn anything you need to learn; to accomplish any goal that you have set for yourself. This means there are no limits on what you can be, have or do.”
Like Us - https://www.facebook.com/FellowBuddycom
Engineering review on AC Power.
Presentation lecture for energy engineering class.
Course: MS in Renewable Energy Engineering, Oregon institute of technology
Includes Introduction, Derivation of power flow through transmission line, Single line diagram of three phase transmission, methods of finding the performance of transmission line. 1.Analytical Method 2.Graphical method (circle diagram)., circle diagram of receiving end side and sending end side.
This presentation introduces Thevenin's theorem. It will define and explain the theorem, provide an example circuit, and show how to calculate the equivalent Thevenin resistance and voltage source. The presentation is given by two students, Ashaduzzaman kanon and Syed Ashraful Alam, and includes an agenda, definition of the theorem, example circuit calculations, and references.
Chapter 2: Fundamentals of Electric Circuitmurniatis
This document provides an overview of fundamental electrical engineering concepts including:
- Independent and dependent voltage/current sources and ideal sources that maintain constant voltage/current.
- Kirchhoff's laws for circuits - KVL states the net voltage around any closed loop is zero and KCL states the algebraic sum of currents at any node is zero.
- Series and parallel resistor circuits and how to calculate equivalent resistance and current/voltage in each component.
- Ohm's law relating voltage, current, and resistance and the power formula.
- Examples are provided to demonstrate applying concepts like nodal analysis, mesh analysis, and voltage divider rule to solve for values in circuits.
This ppt is more useful for Civil Engineering students.
I have prepared this ppt during my college days as a part of semester evaluation . Hope this will help to current civil students for their ppt presentations and in many more activities as a part of their semester assessments.
I have prepared this ppt as per the syllabus concerned in the particular topic of the subject, so one can directly use it just by editing their names.
This document summarizes a seminar on single phase converters. It discusses different types of single phase converters including half wave and full wave rectifiers as well as controlled rectifiers using thyristors. It provides equations for calculating the average output voltage and current for resistive and resistive-inductive loads. The operation and triggering of thyristors in a single phase converter is explained. Graphs of input voltage and output voltage and current are shown. The effect of an output inductor and finite commutation interval are also discussed.
1) There are several types of losses that reduce the efficiency of DC machines, including electrical or copper losses, core losses, brush losses, mechanical losses, and stray load losses.
2) Electrical losses include losses from the armature winding resistance, shunt field winding resistance, series field winding resistance, and interpole winding resistance.
3) Core losses are hysteresis and eddy current losses and account for around 20% of full load losses.
4) Brush losses are due to the voltage drop and current at the brush contact with the commutator.
The document discusses AC power concepts including real power, reactive power, and apparent power. It defines real power as power dissipated in resistance, reactive power as power exchanged between reactive components like inductors and capacitors, and apparent power as total power flowing in a circuit. Real power is calculated using resistance, reactive power using reactance, and apparent power using impedance. A power triangle is used to show the relationships between real, reactive, and apparent power components of AC power. Several examples are provided to demonstrate calculating power values in AC circuits.
The document discusses three-phase circuits and their analysis. It covers balanced and unbalanced three-phase configurations, power in balanced systems, and analyzing unbalanced systems using PSpice. The objectives are to understand different three-phase connections, distinguish balanced and unbalanced circuits, calculate power in balanced systems, analyze unbalanced systems, and apply the concepts to measurement and residential wiring. Key points covered include wye-wye, wye-delta, delta-delta, and delta-wye connections for both sources and loads.
The document repeatedly provides contact information for Awab Sir, including a website and phone number. It lists www.awabsir.com and the phone number 8976104646 nine separate times, suggesting this is the primary information being conveyed.
1) Streamer theory was proposed in 1940 by Rather, Meek and Loeb to explain phenomena not accounted for by Townsend's theory of gas breakdown, such as dependence on gas pressure and geometry.
2) Streamer theory describes how a single avalanche can develop into a spark discharge through distortion of the electric field by space charge, generating further avalanches cumulatively at the avalanche head.
3) Positive ions are left behind the rapidly advancing avalanche head, enhancing the field in front and reducing it behind, while the field is also enhanced between the tail and cathode. This leads to further space charge increase and field enhancement around the anode, forming a streamer connecting anode to cathode.
This document discusses symmetrical faults in power systems. It begins by defining a symmetrical or three-phase fault as one where all three conductors are shorted simultaneously, resulting in equal fault currents with 120 degree displacement. Methods for calculating symmetrical fault current are presented, including using percentage reactance and a common base kVA. Several examples demonstrate calculating fault current and kVA at different points in sample systems. The importance of determining fault levels is discussed to select properly rated protective devices and switchgear.
Generation of High D.C. Voltage (HVDC generation)RP6997
Generation of high dc voltage using different methods like half wave and full wave rectifier, voltage doubler circuits, voltage multiplier circuits, cockcroft-walton circuits and van de graaff generators.
Three phase power distribution has advantages over single phase power distribution. It requires less copper, allows for smaller and self-starting motors, and has more uniform power transfer. There are three main methods to measure power in a three phase system: single wattmeter, three wattmeter, and two wattmeter. The two wattmeter method is commonly used, connecting the current coils of two wattmeters in series across two lines to measure the total power irrespective of the load type or connection.
This Slide is made of many important information which are very easily discussed in this slide briefly. I hope, after watching this slide , you will get some analytical information on Alternative Current(AC).Actually, this slide was made for my University Presentation.
It covers all the Maxwell's Equation for Point form(differential form) and integral form. It also covers Gauss Law for Electric Field, Gauss law for magnetic field, Faraday's Law and Ampere Maxwell law. It also covers the reason why Gauss Laws are also known as Maxwell's Equation.
The document describes different testing methods for DC machines. It discusses the simple/direct test method, Swinburne's indirect test method, and Hopkinson's regenerative test method. The simple/direct test method calculates efficiency by directly loading the DC machine, but it is only suitable for small machines. Swinburne's method measures no-load losses to determine efficiency indirectly. Hopkinson's method couples two identical DC machines together to test them simultaneously, with one acting as a motor and the other as a generator.
The document is from a solutions manual for a power electronics textbook. It provides step-by-step solutions to example problems from Chapter 2 on power semiconductor diodes and circuits and Chapter 3 on diode rectifiers. The problems cover topics like calculating diode voltage and current characteristics, analyzing diode circuits, designing rectifier circuits, and calculating output voltages and currents for various rectifier configurations.
This document discusses Norton's theorem for circuit analysis. It begins by listing reference books on the topic. It then states that Norton's theorem allows any linear DC circuit to be replaced by an equivalent circuit with a single current source (IN) in parallel with a single resistance (RN). It provides the procedure to calculate the Norton equivalent current and resistance by opening independent current sources, shorting independent voltage sources, and calculating the current and resistance as seen by the terminals. An example problem demonstrates finding the current through a 3 ohm resistor using Norton's theorem.
This document discusses alternating current (AC) sources and characteristics. It begins by defining AC as an electrical current whose magnitude and direction vary sinusoidally over time. Common AC waveforms include sine, square, triangle, and sawtooth waves. The sine wave is considered the fundamental AC waveform and is characterized by its amplitude and period. Other key concepts covered include frequency, phase, average and effective (RMS) values, and using phasors to represent sinusoidal waveforms in the frequency domain.
Basic Electrical Engineering Module 1 Part 1Divya15121983
This document provides an overview of basic electrical engineering concepts including Ohm's Law, series and parallel circuits, and Kirchhoff's Laws. It defines Ohm's Law as stating that current is directly proportional to voltage and inversely proportional to resistance. Kirchhoff's Current Law and Voltage Law are introduced as the principles that the algebraic sum of currents at a junction is zero and the algebraic sum of voltages around a closed loop is also zero. An example circuit problem is worked through using these laws to solve for unknown currents.
This document provides an overview of 3-phase power, including its advantages over single-phase power. It discusses the phase angle of 3-phase power and explains that 3-phase power provides greater output than single-phase with benefits like self-starting motors and more uniform torque. The document also covers several methods for measuring power in a 3-phase circuit using one, two, or three wattmeters and notes potential errors from improper wattmeter connections.
The document discusses methods for measuring active and reactive power in three-phase systems using one or two wattmeters. It defines active and reactive power, explaining that active power is consumed by the load while reactive power is due to the reactive component of current. The one wattmeter method can be used for balanced loads and involves connecting the wattmeter current coil to one line and taking readings by connecting the voltage coil to each line. The total power is three times the wattmeter reading. The two wattmeter method requires two wattmeters and does not depend on a balanced or unbalanced load. It involves connecting the wattmeters in a star or delta configuration.
Includes Introduction, Derivation of power flow through transmission line, Single line diagram of three phase transmission, methods of finding the performance of transmission line. 1.Analytical Method 2.Graphical method (circle diagram)., circle diagram of receiving end side and sending end side.
This presentation introduces Thevenin's theorem. It will define and explain the theorem, provide an example circuit, and show how to calculate the equivalent Thevenin resistance and voltage source. The presentation is given by two students, Ashaduzzaman kanon and Syed Ashraful Alam, and includes an agenda, definition of the theorem, example circuit calculations, and references.
Chapter 2: Fundamentals of Electric Circuitmurniatis
This document provides an overview of fundamental electrical engineering concepts including:
- Independent and dependent voltage/current sources and ideal sources that maintain constant voltage/current.
- Kirchhoff's laws for circuits - KVL states the net voltage around any closed loop is zero and KCL states the algebraic sum of currents at any node is zero.
- Series and parallel resistor circuits and how to calculate equivalent resistance and current/voltage in each component.
- Ohm's law relating voltage, current, and resistance and the power formula.
- Examples are provided to demonstrate applying concepts like nodal analysis, mesh analysis, and voltage divider rule to solve for values in circuits.
This ppt is more useful for Civil Engineering students.
I have prepared this ppt during my college days as a part of semester evaluation . Hope this will help to current civil students for their ppt presentations and in many more activities as a part of their semester assessments.
I have prepared this ppt as per the syllabus concerned in the particular topic of the subject, so one can directly use it just by editing their names.
This document summarizes a seminar on single phase converters. It discusses different types of single phase converters including half wave and full wave rectifiers as well as controlled rectifiers using thyristors. It provides equations for calculating the average output voltage and current for resistive and resistive-inductive loads. The operation and triggering of thyristors in a single phase converter is explained. Graphs of input voltage and output voltage and current are shown. The effect of an output inductor and finite commutation interval are also discussed.
1) There are several types of losses that reduce the efficiency of DC machines, including electrical or copper losses, core losses, brush losses, mechanical losses, and stray load losses.
2) Electrical losses include losses from the armature winding resistance, shunt field winding resistance, series field winding resistance, and interpole winding resistance.
3) Core losses are hysteresis and eddy current losses and account for around 20% of full load losses.
4) Brush losses are due to the voltage drop and current at the brush contact with the commutator.
The document discusses AC power concepts including real power, reactive power, and apparent power. It defines real power as power dissipated in resistance, reactive power as power exchanged between reactive components like inductors and capacitors, and apparent power as total power flowing in a circuit. Real power is calculated using resistance, reactive power using reactance, and apparent power using impedance. A power triangle is used to show the relationships between real, reactive, and apparent power components of AC power. Several examples are provided to demonstrate calculating power values in AC circuits.
The document discusses three-phase circuits and their analysis. It covers balanced and unbalanced three-phase configurations, power in balanced systems, and analyzing unbalanced systems using PSpice. The objectives are to understand different three-phase connections, distinguish balanced and unbalanced circuits, calculate power in balanced systems, analyze unbalanced systems, and apply the concepts to measurement and residential wiring. Key points covered include wye-wye, wye-delta, delta-delta, and delta-wye connections for both sources and loads.
The document repeatedly provides contact information for Awab Sir, including a website and phone number. It lists www.awabsir.com and the phone number 8976104646 nine separate times, suggesting this is the primary information being conveyed.
1) Streamer theory was proposed in 1940 by Rather, Meek and Loeb to explain phenomena not accounted for by Townsend's theory of gas breakdown, such as dependence on gas pressure and geometry.
2) Streamer theory describes how a single avalanche can develop into a spark discharge through distortion of the electric field by space charge, generating further avalanches cumulatively at the avalanche head.
3) Positive ions are left behind the rapidly advancing avalanche head, enhancing the field in front and reducing it behind, while the field is also enhanced between the tail and cathode. This leads to further space charge increase and field enhancement around the anode, forming a streamer connecting anode to cathode.
This document discusses symmetrical faults in power systems. It begins by defining a symmetrical or three-phase fault as one where all three conductors are shorted simultaneously, resulting in equal fault currents with 120 degree displacement. Methods for calculating symmetrical fault current are presented, including using percentage reactance and a common base kVA. Several examples demonstrate calculating fault current and kVA at different points in sample systems. The importance of determining fault levels is discussed to select properly rated protective devices and switchgear.
Generation of High D.C. Voltage (HVDC generation)RP6997
Generation of high dc voltage using different methods like half wave and full wave rectifier, voltage doubler circuits, voltage multiplier circuits, cockcroft-walton circuits and van de graaff generators.
Three phase power distribution has advantages over single phase power distribution. It requires less copper, allows for smaller and self-starting motors, and has more uniform power transfer. There are three main methods to measure power in a three phase system: single wattmeter, three wattmeter, and two wattmeter. The two wattmeter method is commonly used, connecting the current coils of two wattmeters in series across two lines to measure the total power irrespective of the load type or connection.
This Slide is made of many important information which are very easily discussed in this slide briefly. I hope, after watching this slide , you will get some analytical information on Alternative Current(AC).Actually, this slide was made for my University Presentation.
It covers all the Maxwell's Equation for Point form(differential form) and integral form. It also covers Gauss Law for Electric Field, Gauss law for magnetic field, Faraday's Law and Ampere Maxwell law. It also covers the reason why Gauss Laws are also known as Maxwell's Equation.
The document describes different testing methods for DC machines. It discusses the simple/direct test method, Swinburne's indirect test method, and Hopkinson's regenerative test method. The simple/direct test method calculates efficiency by directly loading the DC machine, but it is only suitable for small machines. Swinburne's method measures no-load losses to determine efficiency indirectly. Hopkinson's method couples two identical DC machines together to test them simultaneously, with one acting as a motor and the other as a generator.
The document is from a solutions manual for a power electronics textbook. It provides step-by-step solutions to example problems from Chapter 2 on power semiconductor diodes and circuits and Chapter 3 on diode rectifiers. The problems cover topics like calculating diode voltage and current characteristics, analyzing diode circuits, designing rectifier circuits, and calculating output voltages and currents for various rectifier configurations.
This document discusses Norton's theorem for circuit analysis. It begins by listing reference books on the topic. It then states that Norton's theorem allows any linear DC circuit to be replaced by an equivalent circuit with a single current source (IN) in parallel with a single resistance (RN). It provides the procedure to calculate the Norton equivalent current and resistance by opening independent current sources, shorting independent voltage sources, and calculating the current and resistance as seen by the terminals. An example problem demonstrates finding the current through a 3 ohm resistor using Norton's theorem.
This document discusses alternating current (AC) sources and characteristics. It begins by defining AC as an electrical current whose magnitude and direction vary sinusoidally over time. Common AC waveforms include sine, square, triangle, and sawtooth waves. The sine wave is considered the fundamental AC waveform and is characterized by its amplitude and period. Other key concepts covered include frequency, phase, average and effective (RMS) values, and using phasors to represent sinusoidal waveforms in the frequency domain.
Basic Electrical Engineering Module 1 Part 1Divya15121983
This document provides an overview of basic electrical engineering concepts including Ohm's Law, series and parallel circuits, and Kirchhoff's Laws. It defines Ohm's Law as stating that current is directly proportional to voltage and inversely proportional to resistance. Kirchhoff's Current Law and Voltage Law are introduced as the principles that the algebraic sum of currents at a junction is zero and the algebraic sum of voltages around a closed loop is also zero. An example circuit problem is worked through using these laws to solve for unknown currents.
This document provides an overview of 3-phase power, including its advantages over single-phase power. It discusses the phase angle of 3-phase power and explains that 3-phase power provides greater output than single-phase with benefits like self-starting motors and more uniform torque. The document also covers several methods for measuring power in a 3-phase circuit using one, two, or three wattmeters and notes potential errors from improper wattmeter connections.
The document discusses methods for measuring active and reactive power in three-phase systems using one or two wattmeters. It defines active and reactive power, explaining that active power is consumed by the load while reactive power is due to the reactive component of current. The one wattmeter method can be used for balanced loads and involves connecting the wattmeter current coil to one line and taking readings by connecting the voltage coil to each line. The total power is three times the wattmeter reading. The two wattmeter method requires two wattmeters and does not depend on a balanced or unbalanced load. It involves connecting the wattmeters in a star or delta configuration.
- AC power transmission is more economical than DC transmission due to lower line losses and easier fault protection.
- In AC circuits, voltage and current can be represented as phasors to analyze the relationship between instantaneous and average power.
- Reactive power in inductive and capacitive circuits averages to zero over each cycle but increases apparent power. Power factor correction reduces reactive power.
- Three-phase systems are more efficient than single-phase as they transmit more power using three conductors with constant power output. Star and delta connections determine the relationship between phase and line voltages/currents.
Three phase delta connection, Three phase delta connection,, how delta connection works, What is Delta Connection, WHY DELTA CONNECTION IS USED, DELTA ADVANTAGES
Introduction of travelling wave & magnetronsVISHNUBEN
Microwave tubes generate and amplify microwaves using velocity modulation of electron beams. There are two main types: linear beam tubes like klystrons that use parallel electric and magnetic fields, and crossed-beam tubes like magnetrons that use perpendicular fields. Crossed-field tubes directly involve the magnetic field in RF interactions. Magnetrons are common crossed-field oscillators that produce high power for radar via electron bombardment in a crossed electric and magnetic field structure. Crossed-field amplifiers also use perpendicular fields and can achieve high efficiency broadband amplification or oscillation.
This document provides instruction on establishing three-phase circuits and measuring power in single-phase and three-phase circuits. It discusses the theory of three-phase circuits including line and phase voltages and currents. Formulas are given for calculating active, reactive, and apparent power in balanced wye- and delta-connected three-phase circuits using line voltages and currents. The document describes using a power meter to measure power in single-phase circuits and measuring total power in four-wire, three-phase circuits.
This document discusses methods for measuring power in three-phase systems. It describes three methods: the three wattmeter method, which uses three wattmeters connected across each phase; the two wattmeter method, which uses two wattmeters connected to two lines and the third line respectively; and the single wattmeter method, which uses one wattmeter connected to a single phase for a balanced star-connected load. The three wattmeter and two wattmeter methods can be used for balanced or unbalanced loads, while the single wattmeter method is only for balanced loads. The document provides details on the connections and calculations for each method.
1. The document discusses various topics related to physics, including electric current, resistance, Ohm's law, and circuits.
2. Key concepts covered include how current is determined by charge, time, and current density equations. Resistance is explained to depend on length, resistivity, and cross-sectional area of a conductor based on experimental results.
3. Circuits are examined including series and parallel configurations, and Kirchhoff's laws are introduced to analyze current and voltage in circuits.
This document discusses voltage and current division in circuits with series and parallel resistors. It provides equations to calculate the voltage across each resistor in a series circuit and the current through each resistor in a parallel circuit. Examples are included to demonstrate calculating equivalent resistances, voltages across resistors, and currents through resistors in circuits with both series and parallel components. The key principles of voltage and current division - that voltages and currents are distributed in proportion to resistances - are explained.
The document discusses three-phase circuits, including their advantages over single-phase circuits. It covers wye-connected and delta-connected systems, defining line and phase voltages and currents for each. It provides examples of calculating current, power, and power factor for loads in both wye and delta configurations. It also discusses power measurement using wattmeters and power factor correction by adding capacitance to an inductive load.
The document discusses three-phase circuits, including their advantages over single-phase circuits. It covers wye-connected and delta-connected systems, defining line and phase voltages and currents for each. It provides examples of calculating current, power, and power factor for three-phase loads. Power can be measured using two or three wattmeters depending on the system configuration. Power factor correction is also discussed as adding capacitance to counteract an inductive load.
The document discusses various 3-phase controlled rectifier and converter circuits with resistive and inductive loads. It describes the operation of half-wave and fully controlled bridge converters, explaining how the firing angle (α) affects the output voltage waveform. For fully controlled bridges, it shows the voltage waveform for α values of 0°, 30°, 60°, 90°, 120°, and 150° in converter and inverter modes. It also discusses when the load current becomes discontinuous and the appropriate firing angles for starting and controlling the speed of a DC motor load.
1) Transmission lines carry electrical power as waves of voltage and current from generating stations to distribution points. They can be modeled as parallel wires with distributed inductance, capacitance, resistance, and conductance per unit length.
2) Wave equations can be derived for the voltage and current on an ideal lossless transmission line. These equations have wave solutions that propagate down the line at a characteristic velocity.
3) The ratio of the voltage and current amplitudes of a propagating wave gives the characteristic impedance of the transmission line. Mismatches with the load impedance cause wave reflections at the terminating end.
The document provides the solution to a physics problem involving two resistors connected in series and parallel configurations. When connected in series, their effective resistance is 3 ohms, and when connected in parallel it is 2/3 ohms. Using these values and equations for series and parallel resistances, the problem determines that the individual resistances of the two resistors are 2 ohms and 1 ohm.
Three common methods are used to measure power in three-phase circuits: the three-wattmeter method, two-wattmeter method, and single-wattmeter method. The three-wattmeter method uses three wattmeters to measure the power consumed by each load separately. The two-wattmeter method uses two wattmeters to measure the total power in a three-phase balanced or unbalanced load. The single-wattmeter method measures the power per phase and multiplies it by three to obtain the total power for a three-phase balanced star-connected load.
This document provides details on the design of a 500kV extra high voltage transmission line that is 600 miles long. It discusses selecting an economic conductor size, calculating line parameters such as resistance, inductance and capacitance, and ensuring safety clearances are met. The selected conductor is a bundle of 3 ACSR conductors with a cross-sectional area of 468 mm2 each. Line losses are calculated to be 51.23 MW, which is 5.123% of the 1000MW transmission capacity. Surge impedance is determined to be 276.6 ohms. Safety clearances are in accordance with National Electrical Safety Code specifications.
This document discusses transmission line modeling and calculations. It explains that transmission line constants should be considered uniformly distributed for long lines over 150 km to obtain accurate performance calculations. It provides the circuit model for a 3-phase long line with distributed parameters and defines the series and shunt elements. Examples are given to show calculations using distributed parameter models and generalized circuit constants to determine sending end voltage, current, regulation and power factor for long transmission lines.
Ohm's law defines the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance in a circuit. It states that current is directly proportional to voltage and inversely proportional to resistance. The amount of current, voltage, or resistance in a circuit can be calculated if two of the three values are known using the equation: I = V/R
Some key points about Ohm's law include:
- Voltage is measured in volts (V), current in amps (A), and resistance in ohms (Ω)
- Ohm's law can be rearranged to solve for any of the three circuit variables
- Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating unknown values given two known values
Similar to Power Measurement In 3-phase AC Circuits (20)
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
Elevate Your Nonprofit's Online Presence_ A Guide to Effective SEO Strategies...TechSoup
Whether you're new to SEO or looking to refine your existing strategies, this webinar will provide you with actionable insights and practical tips to elevate your nonprofit's online presence.
CapTechTalks Webinar Slides June 2024 Donovan Wright.pptxCapitolTechU
Slides from a Capitol Technology University webinar held June 20, 2024. The webinar featured Dr. Donovan Wright, presenting on the Department of Defense Digital Transformation.
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ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
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تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
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2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
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3. THREE-WATTER METHOD
3 wattmeter's are connected in such a
way that each has its current coil in one
line and its potential coil between that
line and some common point.
5. THE TRICK
Total power : w1 + w2 + w3
• If neutral wire available, the common point X
should be the neutral wire.
• Note: Total power does not depends upon
whether the load is balanced or not.
6. WHERE TO PLACE ‘X’
The point
X may be specified
point in the three phase system or
it may be merely a paint in space at
which the three potential coils have
a common junction
7. TWO-WATTER METHOD
Current coils of two wattmeter's are
connected in any two lines and the
potential coil of each joined to the
third line
9. THE TRICK
Total power : w1 + w2 + w3
• If the neutral wire is available, it should carry
no current.
• Or else the neutral of the load should be
isolated from the neutral of the source.
15. ANSWER
PF :
tan ɸ = √3
(w2-w1)
(w2+w1)
• Since ɸ can vary between 900 to 00
• So, tan ɸ vary between 0 to 1.
• Therefore, whose reading is proportional to
(300- ɸ) is greater and positive
16. EFFECT OF LOAD PF ON
WATTMETER READINGS
ɸ
00
600
More than 600 900
Cos ɸ
1
o.5
<0.5
0
W2
+ve
+ve
+ve
+ve
W1
+ve
0
-ve
-ve
Conclusion
W1 = W2
Total Power:
W1+W2
W1 =0
Total Power:
W2
Total Power:
W1-W2
W2=-W1
Total Power:0
17. Lagging p.f
TRICK
tan ɸ = √3
: tan ɸ = √3
Leading p.f
(w2-w1)
(w2+w1)
(Higher reading - Lower Reading)
(Higher reading + Lower Reading)
tan ɸ = √3
(w1-w2)
(w1+w2)
21. THE TRICK
• Two wattmeter’s readings are taken with the help
of one.
• The current coil is connected in any one line and
the pressure coil is connected in any one line and
the pressure coil is connected alternately
between this and the other two lines.
• Algebraic sum of the two readings give the total
power drawn by the balanced 3-phase load.