1. The document discusses various topics related to physics, including electric current, resistance, Ohm's law, and circuits.
2. Key concepts covered include how current is determined by charge, time, and current density equations. Resistance is explained to depend on length, resistivity, and cross-sectional area of a conductor based on experimental results.
3. Circuits are examined including series and parallel configurations, and Kirchhoff's laws are introduced to analyze current and voltage in circuits.
The document provides the solution to a physics problem involving two resistors connected in series and parallel configurations. When connected in series, their effective resistance is 3 ohms, and when connected in parallel it is 2/3 ohms. Using these values and equations for series and parallel resistances, the problem determines that the individual resistances of the two resistors are 2 ohms and 1 ohm.
1. The document discusses various topics in electrostatics including line integrals of electric fields, electric potential and potential differences, Gauss's theorem, and applications of Gauss's theorem.
2. Key concepts covered are the definitions of electric potential and potential difference, the relationship between electric field and potential via line integrals, and Gauss's theorem that the electric flux through any closed surface is equal to the enclosed charge divided by the permittivity of free space.
3. Examples are given of using Gauss's theorem to calculate electric fields, such as for an infinite line charge, planar sheet of charge, and spherical shell of charge.
This document provides information about electricity and magnetism, specifically resistance and heating effects of currents. It explains that resistance depends on the material and cross-sectional area of a conductor. It also describes Ohm's law, which states that current is directly proportional to voltage in a conductor. Resistors can be made of nichrome wire or ceramic and carbon. Kirchhoff's laws are introduced to help solve circuit problems using conservation of charge and energy.
Current is defined as the rate of flow of electric charge measured in amperes and is calculated using the formula I=Q/T where I is current, Q is electric charge, and T is time. Voltage is defined as potential difference or electromotive force and is calculated using the formula V=E/Q where V is voltage, E is energy, and Q is electric charge. Resistance is defined as the ratio of the potential difference across a component to the current flowing through it and is calculated using the formulas R=V/I or R=ρl/A where R is resistance, V is voltage, I is current, ρ is resistivity, l is length, and A is area. Power is
ANURAG TYAGI CLASSES (ATC) is an organisation destined to orient students into correct path to achieve
success in IIT-JEE, AIEEE, PMT, CBSE & ICSE board classes. The organisation is run by a competitive staff comprising of Ex-IITians. Our goal at ATC is to create an environment that inspires students to recognise and explore their own potentials and build up confidence in themselves.ATC was founded by Mr. ANURAG TYAGI on 19 march, 2001.
MEET US AT:
www.anuragtyagiclasses.com
The document discusses electricity and magnetism, specifically resistance and heating effects of currents. It explains that resistance depends on the material and structure of a conductor, with tungsten filament lamps having high resistance and copper wires having low resistance. It also covers Ohm's law, defining resistance as the ratio of potential difference to current, and how resistors, circuits, and resistor combinations work based on this relationship. Kirchhoff's laws for analyzing electric circuits are also summarized.
1. The document discusses electricity, including electric charge, current, potential difference, and circuits. It defines key terms and concepts and provides examples of calculations.
2. Series and parallel circuits are analyzed and compared. Equations for current, voltage, and resistance in each type of circuit are provided.
3. The relationship between potential difference and current is explored through Ohm's Law. Factors that affect resistance are also described.
The document provides information on electric current, including definitions of conventional current, drift velocity, current density, and Ohm's law. It discusses resistance, resistivity, conductance, and conductivity and how they relate to temperature, length, and other factors. The document also covers color codes for carbon resistors, and series and parallel combinations of resistors and cells. It defines emf and potential difference, and discusses the internal resistance of cells and how series and parallel connections of cells affect total emf, internal resistance, and current.
The document provides the solution to a physics problem involving two resistors connected in series and parallel configurations. When connected in series, their effective resistance is 3 ohms, and when connected in parallel it is 2/3 ohms. Using these values and equations for series and parallel resistances, the problem determines that the individual resistances of the two resistors are 2 ohms and 1 ohm.
1. The document discusses various topics in electrostatics including line integrals of electric fields, electric potential and potential differences, Gauss's theorem, and applications of Gauss's theorem.
2. Key concepts covered are the definitions of electric potential and potential difference, the relationship between electric field and potential via line integrals, and Gauss's theorem that the electric flux through any closed surface is equal to the enclosed charge divided by the permittivity of free space.
3. Examples are given of using Gauss's theorem to calculate electric fields, such as for an infinite line charge, planar sheet of charge, and spherical shell of charge.
This document provides information about electricity and magnetism, specifically resistance and heating effects of currents. It explains that resistance depends on the material and cross-sectional area of a conductor. It also describes Ohm's law, which states that current is directly proportional to voltage in a conductor. Resistors can be made of nichrome wire or ceramic and carbon. Kirchhoff's laws are introduced to help solve circuit problems using conservation of charge and energy.
Current is defined as the rate of flow of electric charge measured in amperes and is calculated using the formula I=Q/T where I is current, Q is electric charge, and T is time. Voltage is defined as potential difference or electromotive force and is calculated using the formula V=E/Q where V is voltage, E is energy, and Q is electric charge. Resistance is defined as the ratio of the potential difference across a component to the current flowing through it and is calculated using the formulas R=V/I or R=ρl/A where R is resistance, V is voltage, I is current, ρ is resistivity, l is length, and A is area. Power is
ANURAG TYAGI CLASSES (ATC) is an organisation destined to orient students into correct path to achieve
success in IIT-JEE, AIEEE, PMT, CBSE & ICSE board classes. The organisation is run by a competitive staff comprising of Ex-IITians. Our goal at ATC is to create an environment that inspires students to recognise and explore their own potentials and build up confidence in themselves.ATC was founded by Mr. ANURAG TYAGI on 19 march, 2001.
MEET US AT:
www.anuragtyagiclasses.com
The document discusses electricity and magnetism, specifically resistance and heating effects of currents. It explains that resistance depends on the material and structure of a conductor, with tungsten filament lamps having high resistance and copper wires having low resistance. It also covers Ohm's law, defining resistance as the ratio of potential difference to current, and how resistors, circuits, and resistor combinations work based on this relationship. Kirchhoff's laws for analyzing electric circuits are also summarized.
1. The document discusses electricity, including electric charge, current, potential difference, and circuits. It defines key terms and concepts and provides examples of calculations.
2. Series and parallel circuits are analyzed and compared. Equations for current, voltage, and resistance in each type of circuit are provided.
3. The relationship between potential difference and current is explored through Ohm's Law. Factors that affect resistance are also described.
The document provides information on electric current, including definitions of conventional current, drift velocity, current density, and Ohm's law. It discusses resistance, resistivity, conductance, and conductivity and how they relate to temperature, length, and other factors. The document also covers color codes for carbon resistors, and series and parallel combinations of resistors and cells. It defines emf and potential difference, and discusses the internal resistance of cells and how series and parallel connections of cells affect total emf, internal resistance, and current.
The document discusses electricity and circuits. It will cover circuits, Ohm's law, resistance, electrical energy and power, electromagnetism and electronic components. Key terms include electrons, conductors, insulators, charge, and current. By the end of the unit, students will be able to describe electrical current in terms of the movement of charges, distinguish between conductors and insulators, and perform calculations involving charge, current, and time.
This document discusses several topics related to electricity including:
1. Current is defined as the rate of flow of charge, and varies with time according to the equation if the rate is not constant. Drift velocity is the average velocity of electrons moving through a metal.
2. Resistance is proportional to the length of a wire and inversely proportional to its cross-sectional area. Resistivity is a constant for a given material that relates these factors in determining resistance.
3. Heat developed in a conductor is equal to the electrical power, which is calculated as the product of current, voltage, and time based on Ohm's law and Joule's heating effect.
4. Kirchhoff
This document discusses circuit and network theory. It covers topics such as circuit elements and laws, magnetic circuits, network analysis, network theorems, AC circuits and resonance, coupled circuits, transients, two-port networks, and filters. Mesh analysis is introduced as a technique for network analysis that is applicable to planar networks containing voltage sources. The key steps are selecting mesh currents, then writing and solving KVL equations in terms of the unknown currents.
CURRENT ELECTRICITY/ELECTROSTATICS FOR CBSE FREE REVISION SHEET BY ANURAG TY...ANURAG TYAGI CLASSES (ATC)
This document contains a sample physics exam paper on electrostatics for Class 12. It has questions ranging from 1 to 5 marks testing various concepts related to electric field, electric potential, electric dipoles, capacitors and electrostatics. The paper tests calculations of electric field, potential, capacitance and energy for different electrostatic configurations. It also has questions on Gauss's law, parallel plate capacitors, charging of capacitors, Van de Graaff generator and motion of electric dipoles in uniform electric fields.
This document provides an introduction and overview of basic electricity concepts. It begins by outlining the objectives of electricity training which are to understand Ohm's law, electrical terms, and the relationship between voltage, current and resistance. It then discusses the basics of electricity including different types of energy, current, voltage, resistance, and Ohm's law. The document also covers topics like series and parallel circuits, AC/DC power, and introduces the use of a digital multimeter for electrical measurements.
MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS FOR CURRENT ELECTRICITY CBSE XII BY ATCDeepankur Rastogi
This document contains a 30 question physics exam on topics related to current and electricity for Class XII. The exam covers concepts such as superconductors, current, resistance, Ohm's law, circuits, and applications of electricity. Questions involve calculations related to resistors, current, power, and electric cells. Diagrams and derivations of formulas are also assessed. The exam is designed based on the new CBSE board examination pattern for 2013-14.
This document provides an introduction to electricity and electronics concepts including:
1) Atoms are composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons and free electrons allow electric current to flow through conductors.
2) Insulators have tightly bound electrons and conductors allow free electron movement, transferring electrical energy.
3) Static electricity is caused by an excess or deficiency of electrons on objects and leads to attractive or repulsive electrostatic forces.
4) Current, voltage, and resistance follow Ohm's Law relationships in electric circuits.
This document discusses Ohm's law, which states that current through a conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference across its ends if temperature and other parameters remain unchanged. It can be expressed as V=IR, where V is voltage, I is current, and R is resistance. Resistance depends on the material's resistivity and geometry. Conductors have low resistivity while insulators have high resistivity. Resistance increases with temperature for most materials. Resistors in series have their total resistance as the sum of individual resistances, while resistors in parallel have their total resistance as the reciprocal of the sum of the reciprocals of individual resistances.
This document discusses electric current and related concepts like conventional current, drift velocity of electrons, Ohm's law, and drift of electrons. It defines current as the rate of flow of electric charge and explains direct and alternating current. The document also discusses drift velocity, current density, Ohm's law, and how a small potential difference causes electron drift velocity in conductors. Several examples are included to illustrate concepts like calculating number of electrons and current density.
This document outlines the key learning objectives and content covered in Chapter 20 on Electric Circuits. The chapter covers current, resistance, power, Ohm's law, series and parallel circuits, capacitors, and more. The learning objectives are to understand concepts like current, conductivity, resistance, Ohm's law, and how resistors behave in series and parallel combinations. Students should be able to apply concepts like equivalent resistance, voltage division, and Kirchhoff's rules to solve circuit problems. The chapter also covers capacitors and RC circuits.
1) The inductance of a coil depends on permeability, cross-sectional area, number of turns, and length. It is represented by the formula L = μ0 μr A N2/l.
2) Mutual inductance occurs between two coils that are in close proximity, and is represented by the formula M = μ0 μr AN1 N2/l.
3) An inductor offers inductive reactance XL to an alternating current, which increases with frequency and inductance based on the formula XL = 2πfL.
1. The document discusses Ohm's Law and describes how voltage, current, and resistance are related. It defines key concepts like voltage, current, resistance, direct current, alternating current, series and parallel circuits.
2. Formulas for calculating current, voltage, resistance and power in series and parallel circuits are presented along with examples of using Ohm's Law to solve circuit problems.
3. The document concludes with exercises to test the reader's understanding of concepts covered.
The document is the question paper for a CBSE Board Examination for Physics (Theory).
[1] It contains 30 questions ranging from very short answer to long answer questions. [2] The questions cover various topics in Physics including electromagnetism, optics, semiconductor properties, and magnetic materials. [3] Instructions are provided on how to attempt the paper and the marking scheme for different types of questions.
Alternating current signal
AC means Alternating Current and DC means Direct Current. AC and DC are also used when referring to voltages and electrical signals which are not currents! For example: a 12V AC power supply has an alternating voltage (which will make an alternating current flow).
Okay, let's think through this step-by-step:
* When just the resistor is connected, power is 1.000 W
* When the capacitor is added, power is 0.500 W
* When the inductor is added (without the capacitor), power is 0.250 W
* Power delivered depends on the impedance of the circuit. Adding more reactive elements (capacitor, inductor) increases the total impedance.
* When both the capacitor and inductor are added, they will combine to further increase the total impedance compared to having just one of them.
* Based on the trend so far, we can infer that adding both reactive elements will deliver even less power than having just one.
Electric current is the flow of electric charge through a conducting material. It is measured in amperes and defined as the rate of flow of positive charge from high to low electric potential. Resistance is a material property that impedes current flow and depends on resistivity, area, and length. Ohm's law states that current is directly proportional to voltage and inversely proportional to resistance. Direct current flows in one direction from positive to negative, while alternating current periodically reverses direction.
Faraday's law of induction states that a changing magnetic field induces an electromotive force (emf) in a nearby conductor. Michael Faraday discovered this phenomenon through experiments in 1831. Specifically, he found that moving a magnet toward or away from a coil of wire induces a temporary current in the coil. This led to the development of Faraday's law, which describes the relationship between the induced emf and the rate of change of the magnetic flux through a circuit. Applications of Faraday's law include electric generators, motors, and eddy current brakes.
This document contains a series of ConcepTests (conceptual multiple choice questions) from a physics textbook on circuits and electricity. The questions cover topics like series and parallel resistors, short circuits, Kirchhoff's rules, and Wheatstone bridges. For each question, the correct answer is provided along with a brief explanation of the reasoning.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in electric circuits including:
1. An electric circuit connects an energy source to an energy consuming device through conducting wires that allow electric charges to move. Electromotive force drives current, measured in amperes, through a circuit.
2. Ohm's law defines the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance. Resistance depends on the material's resistivity and dimensions. Components like resistors control current in circuits.
3. Electric power, measured in watts, is calculated by multiplying voltage by current. This relates to the energy delivered by a circuit over time for devices that function as resistors.
The document discusses compatibility testing, which tests an application's compatibility with different computing environments including operating systems, browsers, and other software. It provides examples of test cases focusing on browser compatibility that check for proper text display and alignment across browsers. Tips are given to use simple tests, virtual machines, identify browsers, and leverage existing tools for compatibility testing.
This document provides information about setting up and using a Python harness with TestArchitect. It describes installing Python and related modules, the structure of the Python harness folder and files, how the harness works with TestArchitect to execute test cases, and provides an example of Python code for harness actions and debugging actions using Eclipse.
This document provides instructions for using a Python harness in TestArchitect, including importing the harness folder into Eclipse, the contents of the TestArchitect harness package, and how to declare and write custom TestArchitect actions by creating Python modules and registering them in the ta_main file.
The document discusses electricity and circuits. It will cover circuits, Ohm's law, resistance, electrical energy and power, electromagnetism and electronic components. Key terms include electrons, conductors, insulators, charge, and current. By the end of the unit, students will be able to describe electrical current in terms of the movement of charges, distinguish between conductors and insulators, and perform calculations involving charge, current, and time.
This document discusses several topics related to electricity including:
1. Current is defined as the rate of flow of charge, and varies with time according to the equation if the rate is not constant. Drift velocity is the average velocity of electrons moving through a metal.
2. Resistance is proportional to the length of a wire and inversely proportional to its cross-sectional area. Resistivity is a constant for a given material that relates these factors in determining resistance.
3. Heat developed in a conductor is equal to the electrical power, which is calculated as the product of current, voltage, and time based on Ohm's law and Joule's heating effect.
4. Kirchhoff
This document discusses circuit and network theory. It covers topics such as circuit elements and laws, magnetic circuits, network analysis, network theorems, AC circuits and resonance, coupled circuits, transients, two-port networks, and filters. Mesh analysis is introduced as a technique for network analysis that is applicable to planar networks containing voltage sources. The key steps are selecting mesh currents, then writing and solving KVL equations in terms of the unknown currents.
CURRENT ELECTRICITY/ELECTROSTATICS FOR CBSE FREE REVISION SHEET BY ANURAG TY...ANURAG TYAGI CLASSES (ATC)
This document contains a sample physics exam paper on electrostatics for Class 12. It has questions ranging from 1 to 5 marks testing various concepts related to electric field, electric potential, electric dipoles, capacitors and electrostatics. The paper tests calculations of electric field, potential, capacitance and energy for different electrostatic configurations. It also has questions on Gauss's law, parallel plate capacitors, charging of capacitors, Van de Graaff generator and motion of electric dipoles in uniform electric fields.
This document provides an introduction and overview of basic electricity concepts. It begins by outlining the objectives of electricity training which are to understand Ohm's law, electrical terms, and the relationship between voltage, current and resistance. It then discusses the basics of electricity including different types of energy, current, voltage, resistance, and Ohm's law. The document also covers topics like series and parallel circuits, AC/DC power, and introduces the use of a digital multimeter for electrical measurements.
MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS FOR CURRENT ELECTRICITY CBSE XII BY ATCDeepankur Rastogi
This document contains a 30 question physics exam on topics related to current and electricity for Class XII. The exam covers concepts such as superconductors, current, resistance, Ohm's law, circuits, and applications of electricity. Questions involve calculations related to resistors, current, power, and electric cells. Diagrams and derivations of formulas are also assessed. The exam is designed based on the new CBSE board examination pattern for 2013-14.
This document provides an introduction to electricity and electronics concepts including:
1) Atoms are composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons and free electrons allow electric current to flow through conductors.
2) Insulators have tightly bound electrons and conductors allow free electron movement, transferring electrical energy.
3) Static electricity is caused by an excess or deficiency of electrons on objects and leads to attractive or repulsive electrostatic forces.
4) Current, voltage, and resistance follow Ohm's Law relationships in electric circuits.
This document discusses Ohm's law, which states that current through a conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference across its ends if temperature and other parameters remain unchanged. It can be expressed as V=IR, where V is voltage, I is current, and R is resistance. Resistance depends on the material's resistivity and geometry. Conductors have low resistivity while insulators have high resistivity. Resistance increases with temperature for most materials. Resistors in series have their total resistance as the sum of individual resistances, while resistors in parallel have their total resistance as the reciprocal of the sum of the reciprocals of individual resistances.
This document discusses electric current and related concepts like conventional current, drift velocity of electrons, Ohm's law, and drift of electrons. It defines current as the rate of flow of electric charge and explains direct and alternating current. The document also discusses drift velocity, current density, Ohm's law, and how a small potential difference causes electron drift velocity in conductors. Several examples are included to illustrate concepts like calculating number of electrons and current density.
This document outlines the key learning objectives and content covered in Chapter 20 on Electric Circuits. The chapter covers current, resistance, power, Ohm's law, series and parallel circuits, capacitors, and more. The learning objectives are to understand concepts like current, conductivity, resistance, Ohm's law, and how resistors behave in series and parallel combinations. Students should be able to apply concepts like equivalent resistance, voltage division, and Kirchhoff's rules to solve circuit problems. The chapter also covers capacitors and RC circuits.
1) The inductance of a coil depends on permeability, cross-sectional area, number of turns, and length. It is represented by the formula L = μ0 μr A N2/l.
2) Mutual inductance occurs between two coils that are in close proximity, and is represented by the formula M = μ0 μr AN1 N2/l.
3) An inductor offers inductive reactance XL to an alternating current, which increases with frequency and inductance based on the formula XL = 2πfL.
1. The document discusses Ohm's Law and describes how voltage, current, and resistance are related. It defines key concepts like voltage, current, resistance, direct current, alternating current, series and parallel circuits.
2. Formulas for calculating current, voltage, resistance and power in series and parallel circuits are presented along with examples of using Ohm's Law to solve circuit problems.
3. The document concludes with exercises to test the reader's understanding of concepts covered.
The document is the question paper for a CBSE Board Examination for Physics (Theory).
[1] It contains 30 questions ranging from very short answer to long answer questions. [2] The questions cover various topics in Physics including electromagnetism, optics, semiconductor properties, and magnetic materials. [3] Instructions are provided on how to attempt the paper and the marking scheme for different types of questions.
Alternating current signal
AC means Alternating Current and DC means Direct Current. AC and DC are also used when referring to voltages and electrical signals which are not currents! For example: a 12V AC power supply has an alternating voltage (which will make an alternating current flow).
Okay, let's think through this step-by-step:
* When just the resistor is connected, power is 1.000 W
* When the capacitor is added, power is 0.500 W
* When the inductor is added (without the capacitor), power is 0.250 W
* Power delivered depends on the impedance of the circuit. Adding more reactive elements (capacitor, inductor) increases the total impedance.
* When both the capacitor and inductor are added, they will combine to further increase the total impedance compared to having just one of them.
* Based on the trend so far, we can infer that adding both reactive elements will deliver even less power than having just one.
Electric current is the flow of electric charge through a conducting material. It is measured in amperes and defined as the rate of flow of positive charge from high to low electric potential. Resistance is a material property that impedes current flow and depends on resistivity, area, and length. Ohm's law states that current is directly proportional to voltage and inversely proportional to resistance. Direct current flows in one direction from positive to negative, while alternating current periodically reverses direction.
Faraday's law of induction states that a changing magnetic field induces an electromotive force (emf) in a nearby conductor. Michael Faraday discovered this phenomenon through experiments in 1831. Specifically, he found that moving a magnet toward or away from a coil of wire induces a temporary current in the coil. This led to the development of Faraday's law, which describes the relationship between the induced emf and the rate of change of the magnetic flux through a circuit. Applications of Faraday's law include electric generators, motors, and eddy current brakes.
This document contains a series of ConcepTests (conceptual multiple choice questions) from a physics textbook on circuits and electricity. The questions cover topics like series and parallel resistors, short circuits, Kirchhoff's rules, and Wheatstone bridges. For each question, the correct answer is provided along with a brief explanation of the reasoning.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in electric circuits including:
1. An electric circuit connects an energy source to an energy consuming device through conducting wires that allow electric charges to move. Electromotive force drives current, measured in amperes, through a circuit.
2. Ohm's law defines the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance. Resistance depends on the material's resistivity and dimensions. Components like resistors control current in circuits.
3. Electric power, measured in watts, is calculated by multiplying voltage by current. This relates to the energy delivered by a circuit over time for devices that function as resistors.
The document discusses compatibility testing, which tests an application's compatibility with different computing environments including operating systems, browsers, and other software. It provides examples of test cases focusing on browser compatibility that check for proper text display and alignment across browsers. Tips are given to use simple tests, virtual machines, identify browsers, and leverage existing tools for compatibility testing.
This document provides information about setting up and using a Python harness with TestArchitect. It describes installing Python and related modules, the structure of the Python harness folder and files, how the harness works with TestArchitect to execute test cases, and provides an example of Python code for harness actions and debugging actions using Eclipse.
This document provides instructions for using a Python harness in TestArchitect, including importing the harness folder into Eclipse, the contents of the TestArchitect harness package, and how to declare and write custom TestArchitect actions by creating Python modules and registering them in the ta_main file.
This document contains instructions for four Python exercises for automating TestArchitect actions. The first exercise has the objective of overriding an existing "check control exist" action to add a warning argument using a new Python module. The second exercise involves creating four new actions - "does control exist", "check url", "get tree node coordinates", and "get selected item" - with the objective of creating TA actions with return values and using the Control package classes. The document is copyrighted by LogiGear Corporation.
This document discusses installation testing, including its definition, methodology, sample test cases, and tips. Installation testing ensures all installed features function properly and all necessary components are installed. The methodology section outlines points to check like dependencies, installation path, uninstallation, and compatibility. Sample test cases verify the correct installation folder and correct display of installation instructions. Tips include using flow diagrams, forcing installation breaks, and verifying expected registry changes.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang infeksi saluran kemih dan cystitis, termasuk gejala, penyebab, diagnosis, dan pengobatan. Jenis infeksi saluran kemih antara lain cystitis dan pielonefritis, yang disebabkan bakteri seperti E. coli. Diagnosis didasarkan pada pemeriksaan urin dan biakan bakteri. Pengobatan dilakukan dengan antibiotik oral atau parenteral seperti sulfonamida, trimetoprim, dan aminglikosida.
The document discusses configuration testing, which involves testing different variations of an integrated application against its configurability requirements. The objectives of configuration testing are to validate the application's ability to handle different functional variants, internationalization features, and personalization, and to identify failures related to these requirements. The document outlines preconditions for configuration testing, provides examples of test cases related to display configuration, and notes some tips for focusing testing on areas most relevant to the application.
This document provides an overview of Selenium, an open source tool for automating web application testing. It describes Selenium IDE for recording and debugging tests in Firefox, Selenium RC for controlling browsers, and how to install and use Selenium IDE. The document also covers creating and running tests in Selenium IDE, locating elements, and introduces object-oriented programming concepts in Java. It presents TestNG as a testing framework for Java and outlines how to set up TestNG in Eclipse.
Danau Toba merupakan danau terbesar di Asia Tenggara dan salah satu tujuan wisata utama di Sumatera Utara. Danau ini memiliki pemandangan alam yang indah dan menjadi sumber mata pencaharian bagi masyarakat sekitarnya.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in electricity including:
1. Electric current is the flow of electrons through a conductor. Current is measured in amperes and flows from positive to negative terminals.
2. An electric circuit is a closed loop that allows current to flow. A circuit includes a power source, conducting wires, and components like light bulbs.
3. Resistance is a material's opposition to current flow. It is measured in ohms and depends on a material's length, cross-sectional area, and resistivity.
1. The document summarizes an experiment on arranging resistors in series and parallel circuits. The objectives were to learn about and measure current and voltage in such circuits.
2. Key concepts covered include how current and voltage are distributed in series versus parallel circuits based on Ohm's law. In series circuits, the same current flows through each resistor while the voltages add up. In parallel circuits, the same voltage is applied to each resistor while the currents combine.
3. The experiment involved assembling series and parallel circuits on a project board using colored resistors, a power supply, and multimeter. Current and voltage measurements were taken for each circuit and recorded in tables to analyze.
The document discusses electric current and related concepts. It defines current as the flow of electric charge from one place to another, measured in amperes. Current can be direct or alternating. Resistance is a property that weakens current flow and is measured in ohms. Ohm's law states current is directly proportional to voltage and inversely proportional to resistance. Kirchhoff's laws govern the analysis of electric circuits.
The document discusses electric current and related concepts. It defines current as the flow of electric charge from one place to another, measured in amperes. Current can be direct or alternating. Resistance is a property that weakens current flow and is measured in ohms. Ohm's law states current is directly proportional to voltage and inversely proportional to resistance. Circuits can have one or more loops and resistors can be connected in series or parallel. Power is the rate at which electrical energy is transferred by a current.
Electric current is defined as the flow of electric charge. It is measured in amperes (A), which is equal to one coulomb of charge passing through an area in one second. Current can be direct, where the direction of flow is constant, or alternating, where the direction and magnitude continuously changes. Resistance is a property that weakens current flow and is measured in ohms. According to Ohm's law, current is directly proportional to voltage and inversely proportional to resistance.
Electric current is defined as the flow of electric charge. It is measured in amperes (A), which is equal to one coulomb of charge passing through an area in one second. Current can be direct, where the direction of flow is constant, or alternating, where the direction and magnitude continuously changes. Resistance is a material property that impedes current flow and is measured in ohms. Ohm's law states that current is directly proportional to voltage and inversely proportional to resistance.
This document defines electric current and describes it at both the macroscopic and microscopic levels. It defines current as the rate of flow of electric charge and gives its standard unit as the ampere. At the microscopic level, current is described in terms of the drift velocity and charge of free electrons in a conductor. The document also discusses other related concepts such as resistivity, resistance, and their relationships based on the material and dimensions of the conductor. It provides examples to illustrate these concepts.
1. Electric current is the flow of electric charge, usually carried by moving electrons through a conductor. The direction of conventional current is opposite to the direction of electron flow.
2. An electric circuit is a closed path formed by conductors through which electric current can flow.
3. Resistance is a property of conductors that opposes the flow of electric current. The resistance of a conductor depends on its material, length, and cross-sectional area.
This document provides information on different electrical concepts including:
- Voltage, current, and resistance definitions.
- Electric power formula using voltage, current, energy, and time.
- Active and passive electronic components and their definitions.
- Ohm's law relating voltage, current, and resistance.
- Current and voltage division rules for circuits with parallel and series resistors.
- Ideal and non-ideal voltage and current sources and their characteristics.
- Examples of calculations using the concepts covered.
Current Electricity and Effects of CurrentOleepari
Electric current, potential difference and electric current. Ohm’s law; Resistance, Resistivity,
Factors on which the resistance of a conductor depends. Series combination of resistors,
parallel combination of resistors and its applications in daily life. Heating effect of electric
current and its applications in daily life. Electric power, Interrelation between P, V, I and R
- The document provides an overview of key concepts related to electric current and circuits, including Ohm's law, resistance, current, voltage, power, and Kirchhoff's laws.
- It defines key terms, formulas, and units such as amps, volts, ohms, watts, and explains relationships like current being directly proportional to voltage and inversely proportional to resistance.
- Examples are given of circuit calculations and different ways circuits can be connected, such as series and parallel, and how this affects equivalent resistance.
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6. The electric current strength
flowing through a section of
conductor can be determined by
the equation as follow :
I = electric current strength (A)
Q = the amount of electric charges flowing (C)
t = time (s)
7. 1.5 A electric current in 240 second determined the electric
charges.
Known
Asked
Answer
: I = 1.5 A
t = 240 s
: Q…?
:Q=I.T
=1.5 x 240
=360 coulomb
Sample problem
8. When a charge of 56 C flows past any point along
a circuit in 8 seconds, the current is ???
Known : Q = 56
t=8
Asked : I…?
Answer :
I = 56 C / 8 S
=7A
Sample problem
9. section of wire, then
the electric current
strength can also be
determined by using
the equation as folow.
I = electric current strength (A)
v = speed of electron (m/s)
e=electron charges (1.6 x 10-19 c)
n=amount of electron per unit of volume
A=area of wire section (m2)
10. Cu r r e n t
d e f i n e d
p o we r p e r
c o n d u c t
d e
a s
u n
o r
n s i t y
e l e c t
i t
a r
s e c t i
i s
r i c
e a o f
o n .
= e l e c t r i c c u r r e n t
s t r e n g t h (A )
J = c u r r e n t d e n s i t y (A /m 2)
A= a r e a o f c o n d u c t o r
s e c t i o n (m 2)
CURRENT DENSITY
I
11. 0.5 A electric current passes through a wire
(conductor) which has section area 4 mm2.
Calculate current density ?
Known
: I= 0.5 A
A= 4 mm2 = 4x10-6 m2
Asked
: J ...?
Answer
:J = I / A
= 0.5 A / 4x10-6 m2
= 0.125 x 10-6 A/m2
Sample problem
12. Electric current that flows in conductor is proportional to
potential different between both the edge of conductor,
and influence by its resistance
George Simon Ohm (1787-1854)
13. HUKUM OHM
Klik
KKlik
Kli
k
0,40
0,54
0,2
0
1,
4,0
2,6
2
Klik
Klik
Klik
From the table above, we can
know if the potential different
is increased then the electric
current strength is also
increased.
The
number
of battery
1
2
3
V
I
What relationship can we get
between potential different
and electric current strength?
Make the graphic’s
relationship between potential
different and electric current
14. Klik
Graphic of
Potential different (V) to
electric current strength ( I )
Data
V
1,2
2,6
4,0
V(volt)
5,0
4,0
3,0
V ~
2,0
I
0,2
0,4
0,54
V = R
V= Potential different
1,0
I
Klik
Klik
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
I= Electric current strength
R= Resistance ( Ω )
15. KlIk
Graphic of Resistance (R)
Klik
to electric current strength
Data
(I)
R(Ω)
Klik
50
R 10
20
30
40
I 1,0 0,5 0,3 0,25
40
If V is constant = 10 V
V
R
V
I2 =
R
V
I3 =
R
V
I4 =
R
I( A)
I1 =
30
20
10
0,25 0,50 0,75
1,0
1,5
10
10
10
I2 =
20
10
I3 =
30
10
I4 =
40
I1 = 1,0 A
I1 =
R=
I2 = 0,5 A
I3 = 0,3 A
I4 = 0,25 A
V
I
16. Purpose : To investigate factors that
influence wire resistance
Klik
1
Klik
B
A
Klik
1. Length of wire
Klik
2. Wire resistivity
3. section area of wire
IA > IB
RA < RB
lA < lB
If the wire is longer then the resistance of wire is larger.
The wire resistance is proportional to length
of wire.
R~ℓ
17. 2
Klik
A
B
Alluminiu
m
IA < IB
1. Type of wire
Klik
Tembaga
RA > RB
2. Resistance
3. Length of wire, section area
Aℓ
>
Cu
If the resistivity of wire is larger then the resistance of wire larger
Resistance of wire is proportional to resistivity.
R ~
18. 3
Klik
A
B
IA < IB
1. Section area of wire
2. Resistance of wire
3. Resistivity of wire, length of wire
RA > R B
AA < AB
If the area section of wire is larger then the resistance of wire is smaller.
Resistance of wire is inversely to area section.
R
1
~
A
19. Klik
Factors that influence the
resistance on wire is:
1. Length of wire ( l )
2. Section area of wire( A )
3. Resistivity of wire ( r )
R
ρ
A
R
l
= Resistance (Ω )
= Length of wire ( m )
Area section of wire( m2 )
= Resistivity of wire ( Ω m )
20. Resistivity of a certain substance is the
property of substance which influenced
by the change of temperature, then
Δρ= ρ₀αΔT
ρt= ρ₀(1+αΔT)
ρt= resistivity at temperature T
ρ₀= resistivity at temperature To
α = temperature coefficient of resistivity
ΔT= change of temperature
21. The electric resistance (R) is directly
proportional with resistivity (ρ), then
ΔR= R₀αΔT
Rt= R₀(1+αΔT)
Rt= final resistance
R₀= initial resistance
α = temperature coefficient of resistivity
ΔT= change of temperature
31. A wire has a length of 100 m, a diameter of 2mm,
and a resistivity of 6,28 x 10-8 Ωm. Determine the
resistance of the wire?
Known
Asked
: L = 100 m
r = 6,28 x 10-8 Ωm
r = 2mm = 1mm = 10-3 m
2
: resistivity
Answer : R = r ℓ/ A
= 6,28 x 10-8 Ωm x 100 m
3,14 (10-3 m )
= 2Ω
32.
33. When the wire coil becomes hot and burn red, lamp
becomes dimmer. This indicated that the current going through
the lamp is reduce.
wire resistance
increase with temperature.
So, we can conclude that
34. T
resistivity at temperature
T
O α
O
t =
R
O
(1+
RO
T)
α=
T
α
Rt =R O ( 1 +
α
α
= resistivity at temperature T0
T)
temperature coeficien of resistivity
35. EXAMPLE
A metal has resistance 50 Ω at 20 C and
76,8 Ω at 157 C. Calculate its temperature
coeficient of resistivity
known : R0 = 50 Ω
Rt
= 76,8 Ω
T0 = 20 C
Tt
= 157 C
asked
:
Answer :
α
T = 137
R = 26,8
26,8/ 50 x 137
= 3,9 x 10-3
α =
36.
37. “at any node or junction in an electrical
circuit, the sum or currents flowing into that
node is equal to the sum of currents flowing
out of that node”
“ the algebraic sum of currents in a
network of conductors meeting at a point is
zero”
Kirchhoff's first law
11/9/2013
38. Kirchhoff's first law can be expressed
mathematically by the equation as follow :
11/9/2013
39. Series Circuit
of Resistor
The electric current
which flowing circuits
are the same
IR1 = IR2 = IR3
The voltage source
(V) is divided into V1
V 2 and V3
V = V 1 + V2 + V 3
11/9/2013
40.
The series circuit can be used to
increase the resistance of the circuit
V = V1 + V2
I.Rs = I.R1 + I.R2
Rs = R1 + R2
for n Resistor :
Rs = R1 + R2 + … + Rn
11/9/2013
41.
Parallel circuit can be used to reduce the
resistance of the circuit
I = I1 + I2
V= V+V
Rp R1 + R2
1=1 + 1 +…+
1
Rp R1
R2
Rn
11/9/2013
43. If a parallel circuit (look at the
picture) with; R1 = 10 Ω, R2 =
15 Ω and R3 = 30 Ω, Find the
total resistor !
Answer :
Rp = 1 + 1 + 1 = 1 + 1 + 1
R1 R2 R3
10 15 30
= 6/30
=5Ω
11/9/2013
44. Electromotive Force and Clamping
Potential
Electromotive force is defined as the
energy used to transfer the positive
charge from low potential point to higher
potential point per unit of charge
tranferred.
= electromotive force (volt)
45.
Basically, every electric source, such as
battery has the internal resistance (r),
which simplify can be shown by the
following figure.
R
46. If the seat of electromotive force is connected to the
certain electric component(suppose resistor), then
there are two important things which must be
considered but before that study the figure below
r
A
I
R
B
S
47.
If the switch (S) is not connected, then
there is no electric current flowing through
the circuit(I=0), therefore potential
difference between A and B(VAB) is equal
to the electromotive force ( ).
But is the switch (S) is connected, then
there is electric current flowing through
the circuit, therefore the potential
difference between A and B(VAB) is not
equal to the electromotive force ( ).
48.
At the moment, the switch is connected
(I 0), the potential difference between A
and B is : called CLAMPING POTENTIAL,
which can be determined by the following
equation :
VAB =
- Ir = IR
VAB = clamping potential (volt)
= electromotive force (volt)
I = electric current (A)
r = internal resistance ( )
R = external resistance ( )
49. • Free electrons can flow in a conductor because of the
presence of the electromotive force or electric voltage.
• Also they can flow because of the presence of
potential different.
• The flow is from a lower potential to the higher
potential.
51. • Electromotive force (EMF) of an electric current source is
the potential difference between the ends of the electric
current source when the electric current source doesn’t
conduct electric current.
• Batteries are one of electric current source.
• The electric voltage or potential difference between the
poles of an electric current source in an electric circuit can
be measured by using an instrument called voltmeter.
• So, Electromotive force (EMF) is a potential different
between the poles of an element before conducting electric
current.
52. • The potential difference measured by a using a voltmeter
when electric circuit is closed shows the value of clamping
voltage.
Voltmeter
53.
The clamping potential between the poles of
voltage source is not constant, but depends on
the resistance value of the circuit.
Clamping voltage is potential difference between
the poles of an element while conducting electric
current.
The clamping voltage can be stated by the
following equation:
V= ɛ - V1
V= ɛ - Ir
54. In which:
V
= Clamping voltage (volt)
ɛ
= EMF
V1 = Voltage in internal resistance (volt)
I
= Electric current flowing through the
internal resistance in electric current
sources (ampere)
r
= Internal resistance in electric current
sources (volt)
57. 2. Calculate the clamping voltage of an electric circuit
the EMF of which is 15 volts and the voltage in an
internal resistor is 4 volts!
Solution:
Given
Asked
Answer
: ɛ = 15 volt
Vr= 4 volt
:V=?
: V = ɛ - Vr
= 15 volt – 4 volt
= 11 volt
So, the clamping voltage is 11 volt.
58. Source voltage circuit
Kinds of source of voltage connection
Series
,
,
1
,
2
3
r1
r2
r3
if several voltage source are connected
by series, then the total electromotive
force is :
s
=
1
+
2
+
3
+…+
n
s = total (substitute) electromotive force in
series circuit (volt)
59. While the total(substitute) internal resistance of
a series circuit of voltage source can be
determined by the following equation :
rs = internal resistance in series circuit ( )
rs = r1 + r2 + r3 + … + rn
60. • The amount of electric current in the main circuit in a
serial circuit of electric element or electric voltage source
can be determined by the following equation:
I=
nɛ
R + nr
In which:
I
= electric current in a circuit
R
= external resistance of circuit
r
= internal resistance of voltage source
62. 1. If ɛ = 1,5 volts, r = 0,2 Ω, and R = 3Ω calculate the current
flowing in the following circuits!
I
+
+
-
+
ɛ, r ɛ, r
-
ɛ, r
+
-
ɛ, r
63. Solution:
Given
Asked
Answer
: ɛ = 1,5 volt; r = 0,2 Ω; R = 3 Ω; n = 4
: I in the serial circuit of electric element.
:
a. I = n ɛ = 4(1,5 volt) = 6 Volt = 1,6 A
R + nr 3Ω + 4(0,2Ω) 3,8Ω
So, the current flowing is 1,6 A.
65. while the total(substitute) internal resistance
of a parallel circuit of voltage source can be
determined by the following equation :
rp = internal resistance in parallel circuit ( )
66. The total voltage in the parallel circuit of electric element
is as follow:
V = ɛ = ɛ = ɛ3 = ɛ
1
2
The amount of electric current in a circuit in the parallel
connection of voltage sources can be determined by the
following equation:
I=
ɛ
R+1 r
n
74. If Kirchhoff’s 1 law
relates with electric
current in the branched
electric circuit, then
Kirchhoff’s 2 law relates
with voltage and
electromotive force in
closed elecric circuit.
Kirchhoff’s law states that
Kirchhoff’s ii law
in the closed electric
circuit, the algebraic sum
76. In using the loop theorem to
solve problems in the closed
electic circuit, we have to
consider the following several
things :
a.Pick a loop for each closed
circuit in a certain direction (
the direction of the loop is
free)
b.If the direction of the loop is
the same as the direction of
electric current then the
77.
78. Sample problem
If R1= 4ῼ, R2 = 2ῼ, R3= 6ῼ, r1=r2=0, ɛ1= 8 v
and ɛ2= 18 , determine the electric
current in each branch!
Solution:
determine the direction of electric
current assumption in each branch and
also determine the direction of the loop
79. Solve the problem in each loop using the loop
theorem ( Kirchhoff’s ii law )
Loop 1
ΣE +Σ(I.R) = 0
-ɛ+ I₁R₁+ I₃R₃ = 0
ɛ = I₁R₁ + I₃R₃
8 =4 I₁+6I₃... (1)
Loop 2
Σɛ + ΣIR =0
-ɛ+ I₁R₁+ I₃R₃ = 0
ɛ₂ = 0
18 = 2 I₂ + 6 I₃... (2)
81. Therefore
8 = 4 I₁ + 6(2)
-4 I₁ = 4
I₁ =-1 A
Because I₃ = 2A, and I₁ = -1 A, then
I₂ = I₃ – I₁
= 2A - (-1A)
= 3A
Thus, I₁ = -1A, I₂ = 3A and I₃ = 2A
82. To measure electric quantities are used
certain electric meters which have the
measuring limit to the value of the
electric quantities measured.
Electric meters are instruments
for measuring and indicating magnitudes
of electric quantities values, such as
current, charge, potential and power
along with the electrical characteristic of
circuit such as resistance capacitance and
inductance.
83. Measurement of Electric Quantities
Measurement of Current
Measurement of Voltage
Measurement of Resistance
84. Measurement of Current
To measure the electric current strength in circuit is used an instrument
which is called ammeter.
Basically ammeter consist of:
Galvanometer
One or more resistors which are called shunt resistor
85.
86. To obtain accurate measurements of current, then the resistance of
ammeter is made much smaller than the circuit resistance. While for
upgrade the ability of measurement of an ammeter , then a shunt
resistor much be set parallel with to galvanometer , therefore the
surplus of electric current will flow pass through the shunt resistor
87. If the current of complete scale is ammeter is expressed with I which has
value n times greater than the current of complete scale in
galvanometer( Ig ) , then the multiple of the maximum measuring limit
of the ammeter can be determined by the equation as follow:
88. The ammeter circuit in the figure above shows that Rg and Rsh are
connected bu parallel, therefore
•
•
•
•
•
Ig : Ish =1/Rg : 1/Rsh
I = Ig + Ish
nIg = Ig + Ish
Ish = ( n – 1 ).Ig
Because the parallel circuits are current divider circuit, the
• Ig = Rsh /(Rg + Rsh)
• Ig = Rsh /(Rg + Rsh) nIg
• Rg + Rsh = n Rsh
• Rg = (n-1)Rsh Rsh = Rg/(n-1)
Where :
• Ish = current in the shunt resistor
• Rsh = shunt resistance
• Rg = galvanometer resistance
89. In it`s using the measure electric
current in a circuit, ammeter must
be set in series to the circuit,
therefore in this case the
substitude resistance of Rsh and Rg
is the internal resistance of
ammeter, which the value is :
RA =(Rg x Rsh):(Rg + Rsh)
Where :
RA = internal resistance of
ammeter
90.
91. A galvanometer which its
resistance is 30 Ω ohm will
experience the complete
scale deflection at 500 mA,
calculate the resistance of
shunt resistor so that can be
used to measure the current
of 3A !
Known : R = 30 Ω
Ig = 500 mA = 0,5 A
92. • The instrument used to measure the
potential difference or voltage is voltmeter.
Voltmeter is arranged by a galvanometer
and one or more resistors which are
connected in series.
• To obtain the accurate measurement of
voltage, then the resistance of a voltmeter
is made much greater than the circuit
resistance. Therefore to upgrade the ability
of measurement of a certain voltmeter,
then must be set a series resistor which are
connected in series with the galvanometer,
it will cause the surplus of voltage will given
to the series resistor.
93. If the voltage of complete scale in voltmeter is expressed with V which has
values of times greater than the voltage of complete scale in
galvanometer (Vg ) can be determined by the equation as follow :
n = V/Vg
• or
•
•
•
•
•
V = n.Vg
Where :
n = multiple of the maximum measuring limit
V = voltage of complete scale in voltmeter
Vg = voltage of the complete scale in galvanometer
The voltmeter circuit in the vigure above, shows that Rs and Rg is
connected in series, therefore :
• Vs : Vg = Rs.Rg
94. Because the series circuits are the voltage divider circuit, then
:
Vg = Rg/(Rs + Rg) . V
Vg = Rg/(Rs + Rg) .nVg
Rs + Rg = nRg
Rs = (n-1)Rg Rg = Rs/(n-1)
• Where :
Vs = voltage in the series resistor
Rs = resistance of series resistor
Rg = galvanometer resistance
In it`s using to measure the voltage in the circuits, voltmeter
must set in parallel to the circuits, therefore in this case the
substitude resistance of Rs and Rg is the internal resistance
of voltmeter, which the value is :
RV = Rs + Rg
• Where :
RV = internal resistance of voltmeter
95.
96. A galvanometer has the resistance of 50 Ω and has
the maximun deflection if passed through a
current of 0.01 A. For measuring voltage up to 100
V, calculate the resitance of the series resistor
which must be set!
Known
: Rg= 50 Ω
Ig = 0.01 A
Asked
Answer
:Rs= ?
:
97. To measure electric resistance we can be
use an instrument which is called
ohmmeter. Basically ohmmeter is made
by ammeter circuit, where the electric
current measured by the ammeter and
the emf ( ) known can be used to
determine the value of a certain
resistance (Rx) by a certain calibration.
98. Usually the function of voltmeter,
ammeter and ohmmeter is combined in an
instrument called multimeter.
Voltmeter, ammeter and ohmmeter
principle explained above is the analogue of
voltmeter, ammeter, and ohmmeter principle.
However, now beside those there are digital
voltmeter, ammeter, and ohmmeter which
can show the measurement value of voltage,
current and resistence in form of numbers.