This document provides an overview of power line carrier communication (PLCC). PLCC uses existing power lines to transmit speech, data, and teleprotection signals between electric substations over long distances at speeds up to 9.6Kbits/sec. It requires coupling devices like capacitors and line matching units to connect communication equipment to high voltage power lines safely. Wave traps are also used to prevent carrier currents from interfering with equipment in power stations. PLCC provides a cost-effective communication solution for power systems.
Power Line Carrier Communication (PLCC) is a communication method that uses electrical wiring to simultaneously carry both data and electric power. This makes power line communication one of the best means for networking. It is also known as power line carrier, power line digital subscriber line (PDSL), mains communication, power line telecommunications, or power line networking (PLN).
Power Line Carrier Communication (PLCC) is a communication method that uses electrical wiring to simultaneously carry both data and electric power. This makes power line communication one of the best means for networking. It is also known as power line carrier, power line digital subscriber line (PDSL), mains communication, power line telecommunications, or power line networking (PLN).
PLCC system uses the same High Voltage transmission line connecting
two sub-stations for telecommunication purpose too.
PLCC is used in all power utilities as a primary communication service to transmit speech, telemetry and protection tripping commands. This is economic and reliable for inter grid message transfer as well as low bit rate RTU signals.
The voice/data are mixed with radio frequency carrier (40-500kHz), amplified to a level of 10-80W RF power and injected in to high voltage power line using a suitable coupling capacitor. The power line as a rigid long conductor parallel to ground, guides the carrier waves to travel along the transmission line. Point to point communication takes place between two SSB transceivers at both ends.
PLCC: A promising futuristic technology!!!.. still in India we do not use it due to many reasons.... because PLCC, Power Line Carrier Communication, is an approach to utilize the existing power lines for the transmission of information.
Generation of High D.C. Voltage (HVDC generation)RP6997
Generation of high dc voltage using different methods like half wave and full wave rectifier, voltage doubler circuits, voltage multiplier circuits, cockcroft-walton circuits and van de graaff generators.
After going through this presentation one can understand the effects undergoing on Transmission Line
Following are some effects...
1. Skin effect
2. Proximity effect
3. Ferranti effect
Disadvantages of corona, radio interference, inductive interference between p...vishalgohel12195
Disadvantages of corona, radio interference, inductive interference between power and communication lines
Introduction
Disadvantages of corona.
Radio interference.
Inductive interference between power and communication lines
A reactor is a type of coil which has numerous turns and larger ohmic resistance rate. Electrical Reactors are usually used to limit the short-circuit currents which can possibly cause harm to a few apparatus of the power system. https://teee-inductors.com/reactors/
PLCC system uses the same High Voltage transmission line connecting
two sub-stations for telecommunication purpose too.
PLCC is used in all power utilities as a primary communication service to transmit speech, telemetry and protection tripping commands. This is economic and reliable for inter grid message transfer as well as low bit rate RTU signals.
The voice/data are mixed with radio frequency carrier (40-500kHz), amplified to a level of 10-80W RF power and injected in to high voltage power line using a suitable coupling capacitor. The power line as a rigid long conductor parallel to ground, guides the carrier waves to travel along the transmission line. Point to point communication takes place between two SSB transceivers at both ends.
PLCC: A promising futuristic technology!!!.. still in India we do not use it due to many reasons.... because PLCC, Power Line Carrier Communication, is an approach to utilize the existing power lines for the transmission of information.
Generation of High D.C. Voltage (HVDC generation)RP6997
Generation of high dc voltage using different methods like half wave and full wave rectifier, voltage doubler circuits, voltage multiplier circuits, cockcroft-walton circuits and van de graaff generators.
After going through this presentation one can understand the effects undergoing on Transmission Line
Following are some effects...
1. Skin effect
2. Proximity effect
3. Ferranti effect
Disadvantages of corona, radio interference, inductive interference between p...vishalgohel12195
Disadvantages of corona, radio interference, inductive interference between power and communication lines
Introduction
Disadvantages of corona.
Radio interference.
Inductive interference between power and communication lines
A reactor is a type of coil which has numerous turns and larger ohmic resistance rate. Electrical Reactors are usually used to limit the short-circuit currents which can possibly cause harm to a few apparatus of the power system. https://teee-inductors.com/reactors/
Вы наверняка посещали сайты китайских товаров и находили там целые горы интересных вещиц. Однако, не всегда получается разобраться с доставкой и получить желаемое. Мы уже обо всем позаботились и доставили все самые сочные Китайские товары, вам остается только выбирать. В этой презентации собраны наши лучшие «экспонаты» поднебесной.
Catalogo Quesería la Antigua de Fuentesaúco. Es/En.
La Antigua da nombre a la selección de nuestros mejores quesos de oveja en un packaging deluxe.
Naturaleza viva, el encanto del campo Zamorano, oro blanco, el saber hacer del hombre castellano y su espíritu más tradicional.
Флешка – самый популярный подарок на любом мероприятии. Надо поздравить сотрудников – ПВХ флешка в виде бухгалтера, менеджера, повара или официанта. Вы кондитерская компания и вам надо рассказать о себе – делаем флешки в форме пирожных и раздаем их гостям. Сделать можно все, что только вообразите, и к тому же любая флешка может носить ваш логотип.
Когда приходит время ехать на природу и готовить шашлыки, приходит и время подарков. Что делать, если все идеи иссякли и, казалось бы, что все возможное уже подарено лет 10 тому назад. Самые свежие ответы можно найти в этой презентации посвященной времяпровождению на природе. Здесь вы найдете зажигалки, соусы, приспособления для барбекю, игры и спальные наборы.
подборка товаров до 50 руб. (гифтспрод)GiftsPro.Ru
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Let's face it: the choices that designers make on a daily basis often seem completely arbitrary to developers. Typefaces, colors, and layouts are apparently plucked out of thin air. Why those ones? Who knows! There's a general impression that you have to be "artsy" and "gifted" to be a designer. While I'm sure that helps, the fact of the matter is that designers aren't pulling this stuff out of the ether. In fact, most design choices can be boiled down to four basic design principles. Together they're known (affectionately) as C.R.A.P., and just being aware of their existence will help you make better design judgements no matter where you rate on the dev-to-designer continuum.
подборка товаров до 100 руб. (гифтспрод)GiftsPro.Ru
Не всегда бюджет позволяет закупать дорогие подарки для раздачи клиентам и партнерам на выставках, корпоративных праздниках и других мероприятиях. В этом случае стоит присмотреться к менее дорогостоящим варрантам. В этой подборке вы найдете разнообразные товары на любой случай, по демократическим ценам, а главное достойного качества.
A brief description about the components of the Distribution System. The components that are described below briefly are:-
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2. Current Transformer (CT)
3. Wave Trap
4. Isolators
5. Circuit Breakers
6. Surge arrester
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Wireless charging (also known as " Inductive charging ") uses an electromagnetic field to transfer energy between two objects.
This is usually done with a charging station.
Energy is sent through an inductive coupling to an electrical device, which can then use that energy to charge batteries or run the device.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
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Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
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introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
3. POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION is the technology which is used
to communicate between electric substations through existing electrical cables.
POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION is mainly used for
telecommunication, tele-monitoring and tele-protection between electric
substations through power lines at high voltages. The data can be transfer at
9.6Kbits/sec over many miles of electrical cable.
It’s equipment are used to send/receive speech/data/teleprotection signals.
It is the most economical and reliable method of communication for medium or
long distance
4. Since telephone communication system can not be directly connected to
the high voltage lines, suitably designed coupling devices have to be
employed.
Coupling devices consists of high voltage capacitors in conjunction
with suitable line matching units(LMU’s) for line impedance matching to
that of the co-axial cable connecting the unit to the PLC transmit-receive
equipment.
Carrier currents used for communication have to be prevented from
entering the power equipment used in GSS as this would results in complete
loss of power system.
5. The signals that can be transmitted over the PLCC can
include:
1)Speech signal(300-2000Hz)
2)Data signal(2000-3000Hz)
6.
7.
8. PLCC station
Line matching circuit
CVT/CC
Earth switch
Lightening Arrestor
Wave Trap
Co axial Cable
9. It is the station where (modulation)Transmission,
Receiving(Demodulation), Amplification and Filtration are
performed.
Frequency Range : 40 – 500 KHz
Audio Bandwidth : 4 KHz
Output Power : 10 – 80 W
ABB PLCC TERMINAL ETL-41
11. For impedance matching between line and coaxial cable,
includes high voltage protection devices like drainage
coil(20mH), lightening arrestor(500V) and an earth switch.
12.
13. It is connected between the line matching unit and the power
lines to block the high voltage entering to PLCC equipment.
It couples high frequency carries with power line.
14.
15. Earth Switch: This is used for the maintenances of LMU.
The main function of Earth switch is to ground
the trapped charges.
Lightning Arrestor: This is used for arresting any A.C. high
voltages spike entering to the
line matching unit.
Co- Axial cable: This is used for interconnection between
PLCC Station and LMU for carrying high frequency signal.
16. Wave traps – (WT’s) are used between the transmission line and the power
stations to avoid carrier power dislocation in the power plant and cross talk
with other power line carrier circuits connected to the same power station.
WT’s also ensure proper operating conditions and signal levels at the
PLCC transmit receive equipment irrespective of switching conditions of
the power circuits and equipment in the station.
A wave trap must satisfy the following requirements:
1) It must block the carrier currents. By blocking, we mean that the
track should attenuate the H.F. signals by at least 8 to 10 dB.
2) It must carry the power frequency current safely during normal
operation as well as during short circuit fault conditions.
17.
18. The power frequency and radio frequency are sorted by
this arrangement
Carrier currents are prevented to enter station bus by
wave trap & power frequency current is blocked by
coupling capacitor, from the PLC equipment.
Hence we get the power current at the bus & carrier
current at PLC equipment.
23. PLCC work on rectified AC or main supply, when supply goes
off, it make use of a device for proper functioning of PLCC
called Battery Charger.
This is the device that provide supply to the PLCC equipment
for uninterrupted working.
It provide DC to the panel by battery.
24. FAULT analysis
In fault analysis the faulty devices are checked in this serial or
manner
1. Telephone or tale operation signal
2. Cabling low frequency circuit or DC power supply
3. PLC equipment.
4. HF transmission path.
25. PLCC Unit Provide Five type of operation:
1:TELEPHONE FACILITES
2:COMPRESSOR & EXPANDER
3:EMERGENCY CALL
4:SIGNAL BOOSTING
5:SUPERVISION & ALARMS
26. 1. No separate wires are needed for communication purposes, as the power
lines themselves carry power as well as communication signals. Hence the
cost is less.
2. Power lines have appreciably higher mechanical strength compared with
ordinary lines. They would normally remain unaffected under the
conditions, which might seriously damage telephone lines.
3. Power lines usually provide the shortest route between the power
stations.
4. Power lines have large cross-sectional area resulting in very low
resistance per unit length. Consequently carrier signals suffer much less
attenuation than when they travel on telephone lines of equal lengths.
5. Power lines are well insulated to provide only negligible leakage
between conductors and ground even in adverse weather conditions
6. Largest spacing between conductors reduces capacitance, which results
in smaller attenuation at high frequencies. The large spacing also reduces
the cross talk to a considerable extent.
27. 1. Proper care has to be taken to guard carrier equipment and
persons using them against high voltages and currents on the
lines.
2. High voltage lines have transformer connections, attenuate
carrier currents. Sub-station equipments adversely affect the
carrier currents.
3. Noise introduced by power lines is far more than in case of
telephone lines. This is due to the noise generated by discharge
across insulators, corona and switching processes.
4. The noise is also introduced in the signal due to bad
weather conditions.
28. Power line carrier communication has been found to be the
most economical and reliable method for communication in a
medium and over long distance in a power system.