Automatic power factor correction units use capacitor banks to improve power factor in electrical systems. They monitor power factor and switch capacitors in and out as needed to maintain power factor above a set value. This improves voltage regulation, reduces transmission costs, and allows the same real power to be delivered with less apparent power. The key components are a reactive power control relay, connection points, slow-blow switches, contactors, a capacitor bank, and control transformer. Maintenance involves checking connections, capacitance, current, voltage, and fuses.
Power quality improvement using upqc with soft computing method: Fuzzy logicSakti Prasanna Muduli
Now a days problems regarding power quality is more in large inter connected power systems. There are many method to mitigate these problems but using the latest most efficient compensation method is some what impressive. Here is the brief explanations regarding UPQC using soft computing method(fuzzy logic). This was my academic project along with my friends.
Power quality improvement using upqc with soft computing method: Fuzzy logicSakti Prasanna Muduli
Now a days problems regarding power quality is more in large inter connected power systems. There are many method to mitigate these problems but using the latest most efficient compensation method is some what impressive. Here is the brief explanations regarding UPQC using soft computing method(fuzzy logic). This was my academic project along with my friends.
These slides present an introduction to load flow analysis for distribution system. Later the detail algorithm, matlab coding and application to IEEE radial distribution system will be subsequently provided.
In the modern power system the reactive power compensation is one of the main issues, the transmission of active power requires a difference in angular phase between voltages at the sending and receiving points (which is feasible within wide limits), whereas the transmission of reactive power requires a difference in magnitude of these same voltages (which is feasible only within very narrow limits). The reactive power is consumed not only by most of the network elements, but also by most of the consumer loads, so it must be supplied somewhere. If we can't transmit it very easily, then it ought to be generated where it is needed." (Reference Edited by T. J. E. Miller, Forward Page ix).Thus we need to work on the efficient methods by which VAR compensation can be applied easily and we can optimize the modern power system. VAR control technique can provides appropriate placement of compensation devices by which a desirable voltage profile can be achieved and at the same time minimizing the power losses in the system. This report discusses the transmission line requirements for reactive power compensation. In this report thyristor switched capacitor is explained which is a static VAR compensator used for reactive power management in electrical systems.
Seminar Topic For Electrical and Electronics Engineering (EEE)
the ratio of the actual electrical power dissipated by an AC circuit to the product of the r.m.s. values of current and voltage. The difference between the two is caused by reactance in the circuit and represents power that does no useful work.
Micro-controller based Automatic Power Factor Correction System ReportTheory to Practical
This project report represents one of the most effective automatic power factor improvements by using static capacitors which will be controlled by a Microcontroller with very low cost although many existing systems are present which are expensive and difficult to manufacture. In this study, many small rating capacitors are connected in parallel and a reference power factor is set as standard value into the microcontroller IC. Suitable number of static capacitors is automatically connected according to the instruction of the microcontroller to improve the power factor close to unity. Some tricks such as using resistors instead of potential transformer and using one of the most low cost microcontroller IC (ATmega8) which also reduce programming complexity that make it one of the most economical system than any other controlling system.
These slides present an introduction to load flow analysis for distribution system. Later the detail algorithm, matlab coding and application to IEEE radial distribution system will be subsequently provided.
In the modern power system the reactive power compensation is one of the main issues, the transmission of active power requires a difference in angular phase between voltages at the sending and receiving points (which is feasible within wide limits), whereas the transmission of reactive power requires a difference in magnitude of these same voltages (which is feasible only within very narrow limits). The reactive power is consumed not only by most of the network elements, but also by most of the consumer loads, so it must be supplied somewhere. If we can't transmit it very easily, then it ought to be generated where it is needed." (Reference Edited by T. J. E. Miller, Forward Page ix).Thus we need to work on the efficient methods by which VAR compensation can be applied easily and we can optimize the modern power system. VAR control technique can provides appropriate placement of compensation devices by which a desirable voltage profile can be achieved and at the same time minimizing the power losses in the system. This report discusses the transmission line requirements for reactive power compensation. In this report thyristor switched capacitor is explained which is a static VAR compensator used for reactive power management in electrical systems.
Seminar Topic For Electrical and Electronics Engineering (EEE)
the ratio of the actual electrical power dissipated by an AC circuit to the product of the r.m.s. values of current and voltage. The difference between the two is caused by reactance in the circuit and represents power that does no useful work.
Micro-controller based Automatic Power Factor Correction System ReportTheory to Practical
This project report represents one of the most effective automatic power factor improvements by using static capacitors which will be controlled by a Microcontroller with very low cost although many existing systems are present which are expensive and difficult to manufacture. In this study, many small rating capacitors are connected in parallel and a reference power factor is set as standard value into the microcontroller IC. Suitable number of static capacitors is automatically connected according to the instruction of the microcontroller to improve the power factor close to unity. Some tricks such as using resistors instead of potential transformer and using one of the most low cost microcontroller IC (ATmega8) which also reduce programming complexity that make it one of the most economical system than any other controlling system.
Power point of automatic power factor controllerSatyapal Singh
Green Dot Electric Limited has developed a Variac Based Power Factor Panel. A Motorised
Variable Transformer ( the Motorised Dimmer Dot ) is used a source of Variable Voltage
that is applied to the required value of Capacitance rated for 440 Volts or so.
Engineering review on AC Power.
Presentation lecture for energy engineering class.
Course: MS in Renewable Energy Engineering, Oregon institute of technology
Application of Capacitors to Distribution System and Voltage RegulationAmeen San
Application of Capacitors to
Distribution System and Voltage
Regulation
POWER FACTOR IMPROVEMENT,
System Harmonics
Voltage Regulation
Methods of Voltage Control
Impact of APFC Panel at LT Side of TransformerIJERA Editor
The Development of automatic sensing technologies have significantly advanced in recent years in electrical systems.One of them is Automatic Power Factor Correction(APFC)Panels.It is very difficult to maintain consistent power factor by using fixed capacitors because they need to be operated manually which may result in over voltages,saturation of transformers etc. that may lead to the interruption in the power supply of the distribution system.APFC Panels automatically varies according to the load requirements on the L.T side i.e. distribution side which compensates the load requirements.Impact of automatic power factor correction panels (APFC) at L.T side of a transformer are discussed which are inductive in nature.
A New Topology for Power Quality Improvement using 3-Phase 4-Wire UPQC with R...IJMTST Journal
This paper introduces a new concept of optimal utilization of a Unified power quality conditioner (UPQC).
The series inverter of UPQC is controlled to perform simultaneous Methods: voltage sag/swell compensation
and load reactive power sharing with the shunt inverter. The active power control approach is used to
compensate voltage sag/swell and is integrated with theory of power angle control (PAC) of UPQC to
coordinate the load reactive power between the two inverters. MATLAB/SIMULINK-based simulation results
are discussed to support the developed concept. Finally, the proposed UPQC concept is validated.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
3. Power factor: An introduction
It is the ratio of real power flowing through
the load to the apparent power in the
circuit
It is also defined as the cosine of the angle
between the voltage and current phases
It is a dimensionless no between 0 and 1
Whether the current is leading or lagging
the power factor is termed as leading or
lagging PF correspondingly
4. Types of Circuit
There are two types of circuits based on the type
of current waveform
• Linear loads
• Non-linear loads
The type of loads which doesn’t change the
current waveform shape are known as linear loads
The loads on the others case which change the
shape (distort) the current waveform are termed
as non-linear loads
Distortion decreases average power transmitted
to the load
5. Variation of PF in transmission
systems
Generally due to inductive loads the power
factor never remains unity in reality
A capacitive network gives reactive power and
an inductive network takes the same
In both the cases the power factor becomes
less than 1 causing more current to be
transferred for the same amount of real
power
6. Disadvantages of low PF
Voltage regulation becomes poor
Greater amount of apparent power needed
to get the same amount of real power
The increase in reactive power increases the
current flowing through the network
Size of the transformer, switch gears etc.
increase thereby increasing the transmission
cost
7. Power Factor Correction for linear
loads
Various methods of power factor correction
(PFC) are adopted to minimize the apparent
power as:
Using capacitor banks in Automatic Power
Factor Correction (APFC) units
For high voltage rating the power electronic
devices such as Static VAR compensator or
STATCOM are used
It’s also a good practice to use an unloaded
synchronous motor
8. APFC unit
It’s an automatic system adjusting itself to
control the power factor above a desired value
by a bank of capacitors switched by means of
contractors
Contractors are controlled by a regulator that
measures PF in the network
Depending upon the load PF the controller will
adjust the PF by switching the necessary no of
capacitors from the bank
9. Parts of the APFC unit
1.Reactive power control
relay
Capable of measuring the
reactive and active power of
the network
Works in conjunction with a
capacitor bank
Controls the programmed
target PF by
activating/deactivating the
capacitors
10. The main functions of the reactive power control relay
Automatic connection detection (Star or Delta)
Automatic detection of capacitor stages
Patented characteristics avoiding compensation of very
low active power
Reactive power requirement-switching delay time
Alarm signals for
• Failure to reach the target PF
• Overcurrent in the capacitor
• Defects at capacitor stages
11. 2.Network connection points
Since the power factor of the loads is to be
compensated hence the connection of the APFC
unit is always done in parallel with the supply
connection. Generally Y- connection of the
capacitor bank is preferred because the
transmission distribution of three phase
distribution system above 132 kv is Y connected
always
12. 3.Slow-blow switches
Slow blow switches are always used because of
the following requirements
• To sustain the inrush and starting current surges
due to vehicular loads
• It offers a time delay between overloading and
fusing
• They can withstand heavy currents (about ten
times the rated)
13. 4.Inrush current contactors
Used for damping the inrush current arising due
to
• Remaining capacitor voltage due to fast
switching
• Short circuit power of supply
• Fault level of supply networks
The contractors also protect the welding of the
main contacts of the contactors
Prevent the capacitors from high stress
14. 5.Capacitor Bank
The capacitor bank is the main part of
the APFC units. Large capacitor banks
are installed in the APFC’s which switch
in order to meet
the desired power factor requirement.
Each capacitor is individually fused with
appropriately sized current limit fuse.
15. 6.Control Transformer
Monitors the switchboard load
(or load to be corrected)
Placed physically above
(towards the supply) the
connections for the PFC system
In case more than one
transformers are fitted they are
always connected in series as
they work as CT
16. Maintenance of the APFC unit
The major maintenance checks involved for the APFC
unit are
In “out of maximum demand hours” (eg. Late
nights or weekends) switch off the system after
internal and external checks
Remove contactor tops and inspect for contact
wear, check capacitance of each capacitor
Check (and adjust if necessary) all connections to
contactors, capacitors, fuses etc.
Re-energize system and check current (true RMS)
and harmonics drawn by each capacitor step.
Check voltage level and fuses
17. Conclusion
Hence the APFC units correct the power
factor above a decided value by switching
the appropriate no of capacitors from the
capacitor bank
In non-linear loads we use inductors,
filters, valley-fill circuit etc. to suppress
harmonics as they cause the current wave
form to be distorted